<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Embryonale Oberflächenmorphologie in der transvaginalen 3D-Sonographie 
			 Prospektive Longitudinalstudie zur Darstellbarkeit der embryonalen und frühen fetalen Morphogenese mittels digitaler 3D-Oberflächenrekonstruktionen</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Martin  Brauer
			</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100A8" part="N100A8" ref="N100A8" type="preface">
				
				VORWORT
			</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100AC" part="N100A8" ref="N100AC" type="pagenumber">V</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100BA" part="N100A8" ref="N100BA" type="mm">227#295</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100E4" part="chapter1" ref="N100E4" type="pagenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100E9" part="chapter1" ref="N100E9" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10115" part="chapter1" ref="N10115" type="pagenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10145" part="chapter1" ref="N10145" type="pagenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101A2" part="chapter1" ref="N101A2" type="pagenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101F8" part="chapter1" ref="N101F8" type="pagenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10209" part="chapter1" ref="N10209" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10237" part="chapter1" ref="N10237" type="pagenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10250" part="chapter1" ref="N10250" type="pagenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10267" part="chapter1" ref="N10267" type="pagenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1027E" part="chapter1" ref="N1027E" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102AC" part="chapter1" ref="N102AC" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1030D" part="chapter1" ref="N1030D" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1031D" part="chapter1" ref="N1031D" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1032C" part="chapter1" ref="N1032C" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10330" part="chapter1" ref="N10330" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10375" part="chapter2" ref="N10375" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1037A" part="chapter2" ref="N1037A" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10392" part="chapter2" ref="N10392" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103A3" part="chapter2" ref="N103A3" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103A8" part="chapter2" ref="N103A8" type="subsection">2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103AD" part="chapter2" ref="N103AD" type="block">2.2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103CF" part="chapter2" ref="N103CF" type="block">2.2.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103D3" part="chapter2" ref="N103D3" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103D8" part="chapter2" ref="N103D8" type="subblock">2.2.1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103F4" part="chapter2" ref="N103F4" type="subblock">2.2.1.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u22122" part="chapter2" ref="u22122" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10431" part="chapter2" ref="N10431" type="subsection">2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10435" part="chapter2" ref="N10435" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1043A" part="chapter2" ref="N1043A" type="block">2.2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10443" part="chapter2" ref="N10443" type="block">2.2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u2222" part="chapter2" ref="u2222" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10457" part="chapter2" ref="N10457" type="block">2.2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10462" part="chapter2" ref="N10462" type="section">2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10467" part="chapter2" ref="N10467" type="subsection">2.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1046F" part="chapter2" ref="N1046F" type="block">2.3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10473" part="chapter2" ref="N10473" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10480" part="chapter2" ref="N10480" type="block">2.3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1048E" part="chapter2" ref="N1048E" type="subsection">2.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1049A" part="chapter2" ref="N1049A" type="block">2.3.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104A7" part="chapter2" ref="N104A7" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104AD" part="chapter2" ref="N104AD" type="block">2.3.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104BD" part="chapter2" ref="N104BD" type="subblock">2.3.2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104CA" part="chapter2" ref="N104CA" type="subblock">2.3.2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u23222" part="chapter2" ref="u23222" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104DB" part="chapter2" ref="N104DB" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104EC" part="chapter2" ref="N104EC" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104F6" part="chapter2" ref="N104F6" type="subblock">2.3.2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104FF" part="chapter2" ref="N104FF" type="subblock">2.3.2.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1050B" part="chapter2" ref="N1050B" type="part">2.3.2.2.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u232241" part="chapter2" ref="u232241" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1051F" part="chapter2" ref="N1051F" type="part">2.3.2.2.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u232242" part="chapter2" ref="u232242" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1052D" part="chapter2" ref="N1052D" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1053D" part="chapter2" ref="N1053D" type="part">2.3.2.2.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u232243" part="chapter2" ref="u232243" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1057D" part="chapter2" ref="N1057D" type="block">2.3.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u2323" part="chapter2" ref="u2323" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10587" part="chapter2" ref="N10587" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105B3" part="chapter2" ref="N105B3" type="subsection">2.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105BF" part="chapter2" ref="N105BF" type="block">2.3.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105C7" part="chapter2" ref="N105C7" type="subblock">2.3.3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105CB" part="chapter2" ref="N105CB" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105D4" part="chapter2" ref="N105D4" type="subblock">2.3.3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10604" part="chapter2" ref="N10604" type="subblock">2.3.3.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u23313" part="chapter2" ref="u23313" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10612" part="chapter2" ref="N10612" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10621" part="chapter2" ref="N10621" type="part">2.3.3.1.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u233131" part="chapter2" ref="u233131" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1062E" part="chapter2" ref="N1062E" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10634" part="chapter2" ref="N10634" type="part">2.3.3.1.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u233132" part="chapter2" ref="u233132" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10648" part="chapter2" ref="N10648" type="subblock">2.3.3.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u23314" part="chapter2" ref="u23314" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10660" part="chapter2" ref="N10660" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1066B" part="chapter2" ref="N1066B" type="block">2.3.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u2332" part="chapter2" ref="u2332" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10698" part="chapter2" ref="N10698" type="block">2.3.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u2333" part="chapter2" ref="u2333" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1069F" part="chapter2" ref="N1069F" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106C6" part="chapter2" ref="N106C6" type="block">2.3.3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u2334" part="chapter2" ref="u2334" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N106DF" part="chapter2" ref="N106DF" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106E8" part="chapter2" ref="N106E8" type="block">2.3.3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u2335" part="chapter2" ref="u2335" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1070C" part="chapter2" ref="N1070C" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10718" part="chapter2" ref="N10718" type="block">2.3.3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u2336" part="chapter2" ref="u2336" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10722" part="chapter2" ref="N10722" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10727" part="chapter2" ref="N10727" type="subblock">2.3.3.6.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u23361" part="chapter2" ref="u23361" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10742" part="chapter2" ref="N10742" type="subblock">2.3.3.6.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1074D" part="chapter2" ref="N1074D" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10753" part="chapter2" ref="N10753" type="subblock">2.3.3.6.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10766" part="chapter2" ref="N10766" type="part">2.3.3.6.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10773" part="chapter2" ref="N10773" type="part">2.3.3.6.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10783" part="chapter2" ref="N10783" type="part">2.3.3.6.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10787" part="chapter2" ref="N10787" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10793" part="chapter2" ref="N10793" type="part">2.3.3.6.3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u233634" part="chapter2" ref="u233634" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N107A6" part="chapter2" ref="N107A6" type="part">2.3.3.6.3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107B3" part="chapter2" ref="N107B3" type="subblock">2.3.3.6.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107B7" part="chapter2" ref="N107B7" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107C6" part="chapter2" ref="N107C6" type="part">2.3.3.6.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107D2" part="chapter2" ref="N107D2" type="part">2.3.3.6.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107DE" part="chapter2" ref="N107DE" type="part">2.3.3.6.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107E8" part="chapter2" ref="N107E8" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107F2" part="chapter2" ref="N107F2" type="subblock">2.3.3.6.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107FA" part="chapter2" ref="N107FA" type="part">2.3.3.6.5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1080C" part="chapter2" ref="N1080C" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10815" part="chapter2" ref="N10815" type="part">2.3.3.6.5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u233652" part="chapter2" ref="u233652" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10829" part="chapter2" ref="N10829" type="pagenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1083F" part="chapter2" ref="N1083F" type="subblock">2.3.3.6.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1084B" part="chapter2" ref="N1084B" type="part">2.3.3.6.6.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10857" part="chapter2" ref="N10857" type="part">2.3.3.6.6.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10863" part="chapter2" ref="N10863" type="part">2.3.3.6.6.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1086A" part="chapter2" ref="N1086A" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10878" part="chapter2" ref="N10878" type="block">2.3.3.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10881" part="chapter2" ref="N10881" type="block">2.3.3.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10886" part="chapter2" ref="N10886" type="subblock">2.3.3.8.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u23381" part="chapter2" ref="u23381" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10893" part="chapter2" ref="N10893" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108C6" part="chapter2" ref="N108C6" type="subblock">2.3.3.8.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108D7" part="chapter3" ref="N108D7" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108DC" part="chapter3" ref="N108DC" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108E8" part="chapter3" ref="N108E8" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108ED" part="chapter3" ref="N108ED" type="subsection">3.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108FE" part="chapter3" ref="N108FE" type="subsection">3.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10909" part="chapter3" ref="N10909" type="pagenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10913" part="chapter3" ref="N10913" type="subsection">3.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10924" part="chapter3" ref="N10924" type="subsection">3.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10931" part="chapter3" ref="N10931" type="subsection">3.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1093E" part="chapter3" ref="N1093E" type="subsection">3.2.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1094B" part="chapter3" ref="N1094B" type="subsection">3.2.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10956" part="chapter3" ref="N10956" type="pagenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1096E" part="chapter3" ref="N1096E" type="subsection">3.2.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1098D" part="chapter3" ref="N1098D" type="subsection">3.2.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10998" part="chapter3" ref="N10998" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109B0" part="chapter3" ref="N109B0" type="subsection">3.2.10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109C4" part="chapter3" ref="N109C4" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109D3" part="chapter3" ref="N109D3" type="subsection">3.2.11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109F2" part="chapter3" ref="N109F2" type="subsection">3.2.12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109F6" part="chapter3" ref="N109F6" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A29" part="chapter3" ref="N10A29" type="subsection">3.2.13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A2D" part="chapter3" ref="N10A2D" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A3F" part="chapter3" ref="N10A3F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="t31" part="chapter3" ref="t31" type="link"/><cms:entry id="a317" part="chapter3" ref="a317" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11152" part="chapter3" ref="N11152" type="mm">605#347</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11164" part="chapter4" ref="N11164" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11169" part="chapter4" ref="N11169" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11171" part="chapter4" ref="N11171" type="subsection">4.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11176" part="chapter4" ref="N11176" type="block">4.1.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u4111" part="chapter4" ref="u4111" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11198" part="chapter4" ref="N11198" type="block">4.1.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111A0" part="chapter4" ref="N111A0" type="subblock">4.1.1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111B2" part="chapter4" ref="N111B2" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111C1" part="chapter4" ref="N111C1" type="subblock">4.1.1.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111F5" part="chapter4" ref="N111F5" type="block">4.1.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111FC" part="chapter4" ref="N111FC" type="pagenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11205" part="chapter4" ref="N11205" type="block">4.1.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1120F" part="chapter4" ref="N1120F" type="subsection">4.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11214" part="chapter4" ref="N11214" type="block">4.1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11219" part="chapter4" ref="N11219" type="subblock">4.1.2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11229" part="chapter4" ref="N11229" type="subblock">4.1.2.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1122D" part="chapter4" ref="N1122D" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1123A" part="chapter4" ref="N1123A" type="subblock">4.1.2.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1125C" part="chapter4" ref="N1125C" type="block">4.1.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u4122" part="chapter4" ref="u4122" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11269" part="chapter4" ref="N11269" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112A3" part="chapter4" ref="N112A3" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112AE" part="chapter4" ref="N112AE" type="subsection">4.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112B3" part="chapter4" ref="N112B3" type="block">4.1.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112B8" part="chapter4" ref="N112B8" type="subblock">4.1.3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112C1" part="chapter4" ref="N112C1" type="subblock">4.1.3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112C9" part="chapter4" ref="N112C9" type="part">4.1.3.1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112D4" part="chapter4" ref="N112D4" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112E2" part="chapter4" ref="N112E2" type="part">4.1.3.1.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11301" part="chapter4" ref="N11301" type="subblock">4.1.3.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u41313" part="chapter4" ref="u41313" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1130F" part="chapter4" ref="N1130F" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11345" part="chapter4" ref="N11345" type="pagenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11363" part="chapter4" ref="N11363" type="pagenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1137A" part="chapter4" ref="N1137A" type="block">4.1.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11387" part="chapter4" ref="N11387" type="block">4.1.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1138E" part="chapter4" ref="N1138E" type="pagenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11393" part="chapter4" ref="N11393" type="subblock">4.1.3.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1139F" part="chapter4" ref="N1139F" type="subblock">4.1.3.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u41332" part="chapter4" ref="u41332" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N113AD" part="chapter4" ref="N113AD" type="part">4.1.3.3.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="u413321" part="chapter4" ref="u413321" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N113B4" part="chapter4" ref="N113B4" type="pagenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113BD" part="chapter4" ref="N113BD" type="part">4.1.3.3.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113CE" part="chapter4" ref="N113CE" type="part">4.1.3.3.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113D5" part="chapter4" ref="N113D5" type="pagenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113DF" part="chapter4" ref="N113DF" type="part">4.1.3.3.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113EC" part="chapter4" ref="N113EC" type="subblock">4.1.3.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113F1" part="chapter4" ref="N113F1" type="part">4.1.3.3.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11404" part="chapter4" ref="N11404" type="part">4.1.3.3.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1140B" part="chapter4" ref="N1140B" type="pagenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11418" part="chapter4" ref="N11418" type="part">4.1.3.3.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11424" part="chapter4" ref="N11424" type="part">4.1.3.3.3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11430" part="chapter4" ref="N11430" type="part">4.1.3.3.3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1143B" part="chapter4" ref="N1143B" type="pagenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11444" part="chapter4" ref="N11444" type="part">4.1.3.3.3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11450" part="chapter4" ref="N11450" type="part">4.1.3.3.3.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1145E" part="chapter4" ref="N1145E" type="pagenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1146F" part="chapter4" ref="N1146F" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114B9" part="chapter4" ref="N114B9" type="pagenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114E4" part="chapter4" ref="N114E4" type="pagenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11528" part="chapter4" ref="N11528" type="pagenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11565" part="chapter4" ref="N11565" type="pagenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11570" part="chapter4" ref="N11570" type="subsection">4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1157C" part="chapter4" ref="N1157C" type="subsection">4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11588" part="chapter4" ref="N11588" type="subsection">4.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1158F" part="chapter4" ref="N1158F" type="pagenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1159B" part="chapter4" ref="N1159B" type="subsection">4.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115C5" part="chapter4" ref="N115C5" type="subsection">4.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115CC" part="chapter4" ref="N115CC" type="pagenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115FA" 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				DANKSAGUNGEN</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1323E" part="N1323A" ref="N1323E" type="pagenumber">126</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13259" part="N13259" ref="N13259" type="declaration">
				EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1325D" part="N13259" ref="N1325D" type="pagenumber">128</cms:entry><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><school>Aus der Klinik für Geburtsmedizin<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité -<br/>Universitätsmedizin Berlin</school><submission>Dissertation</submission><title>Embryonale Oberflächenmorphologie<br/>in der transvaginalen 3D-Sonographie<br/>
			<br/>Prospektive Longitudinalstudie zur Darstellbarkeit<br/>der embryonalen und frühen fetalen Morphogenese<br/>mittels digitaler 3D-Oberflächenrekonstruktionen</title><degree>zur<br/>Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité -<br/>Universitätsmedizin Berlin</major><author>von<br/>
			<given>Martin </given>
			<surname>Brauer
			</surname>
			<suffix>aus Dainrode</suffix>
		</author><dean>
			<br/>Prof. Dr. med. Joachim W. Dudenhausen<br/>Prof. Dr. med. Martin Paul</dean><approvals>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. Martin Vogel</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. Wolfgang Friedmannname</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. Joachim W. Dudenhausen</name>
		</approvals><date>Datum der Promotion:26. März 2004</date><abstract lang="de">
			<head>Abstract</head>
			<p>Die dreidimensionale Sonographie ermöglicht die Beobachtung der menschlichen Morphogenese in utero. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war die Evaluierung der Darstellung der embryonalen und frühen fetalen Oberflächenmorphogenese mittels transvaginaler 3D-Sonographie unter Anwendung eines neuen Verfahrens (3D-Cut) zur Sichtoptimierung. Fünf Schwangere mit datierten Embryonen wurden longitudinal zwischen der 4. und 12. Woche p.m. transvaginal sonographiert. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit einem 3D-Ultraschallgerät der Firma Kretztechnik (VoluSon® 530D MT) unter Verwendung einer 3D-Transvaginalsonde (5-8 MHz) durchgeführt. Die 3D-Daten wurden unter Einsatz des 3D-Cut-Verfahrens zu dreidimensionalen Oberflächenmodellen der Embryonen und Feten verarbeitet und mit embryologischen Präparaten gleichen Gestationsalters sowie den Ergebnissen bisheriger 3D-sonoembryologischer Studien verglichen. Die Darstellung der embryonalen und fetalen Oberflächenmorphologie gelang kontinuierlich ab der 6. Woche p.m.. Im chronologischen Verlauf zeigten die beobachteten Embryonen und Feten einen umfangreichen Gestaltwandel von einer C-förmigen Struktur ohne sonographisch fassbare Oberflächendetails hin zu einem Individuum von menschlicher Gestalt. Unter Berücksichtigung der sonographischen Auflösungsgrenzen war eine hohe Übereinstimmung zwischen den sonographischen Oberflächenmodellen und den korrespondierenden embryologischen Präparaten zu verzeichnen. Mit den Ergebnissen 3D-sonoembryologischer Voruntersuchungen ergab sich ebenfalls eine gute Korrelation. Die angewandte sonographische Methode ermöglicht auf nichtinvasive Weise eine detaillierte, systematische dreidimensionale Darstellung von Embryonen und frühen Feten in utero und vermittelt so wertvolle Informationen, die der embryologischen Forschung in dieser Weise bisher nicht zugänglich waren.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="de">
			<keyword>Embryo</keyword>
			<keyword>Fetus</keyword>
			<keyword>Morphogenese</keyword>
			<keyword>3D-Sonographie</keyword>
			<keyword>Sonoembryologie</keyword>
		</keywords><abstract lang="en">
			<head>Abstract </head>
			<p>Three-dimensional sonography allows the observation of the human morphogenesis in utero. The objective of the presented study was the evaluation of the demonstration of embryonic and early fetal surface morphogenesis by means of transvaginal 3D-sonography using a new procedure (3D-Cut) for the optimization of image quality. Five pregnant women with dated embryos were examined longitudinally by transvaginal 3D-sonography between 3 and 11 completed weeks p.m.. The examinations were performed with a 3D-Ultrasoundmachine (VoluSon® 530D MT) developed by Kretztechnik (Zipf/Austria) using a transvaginal 5-8 MHz-3D-transducer. The 3D-data were processed to three-dimensional surface models of the embryos and fetuses using the 3D-Cut-procedure and compared with embryologic specimens of corresponding gestational age as well as with the results of prior 3D-sonoembryological studies. Embryonic and early fetal surface morphology could be demonstrated continuously starting from 5 completed weeks p.m.. The observed embryos and fetuses showed an extensive morphological change from a C-shaped structure without sonographically detectable surface details to an individual of human shape. With consideration of the limited sonographic resolution a high agreement between sonographic surface models and the corresponding embryologic specimens was registered. A good correlation was also found with the results of prior 3D-sonoembryological studies. The applied sonographic method allows in a noninvasive way a detailed systematic three-dimensional demonstration of embryos and early fetuses in utero and provides thus valuable information, which was not accessible to embryological research in this way so far.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="en">
			<keyword>embryo</keyword>
			<keyword>fetus</keyword>
			<keyword>morphogenesis</keyword>
			<keyword>3D-sonography</keyword>
			<keyword>sonoembryology</keyword>
		</keywords><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>
			<strong>
				<em>Für Andrea, Dorothée und Constantin</em>
			</strong>
		</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N100A8">
				
				<strong>VORWORT</strong>
			</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> 
				EINLEITUNG<ul><li><p><link ref="N100E9">1.1</link> Hintergrund</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10209">1.2</link> Forschungsstand</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1031D">1.3</link>  Zielsetzung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1032C">1.4</link> 
					Fragestellungen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> 
				METHODEN<ul><li><p><link ref="N1037A">2.1</link> Übersicht</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103A3">2.2</link> Kollektiv<ul><li><p><link ref="N103A8">2.2.1</link> Ein- und Auschlusskriterien<ul><li><p><link ref="N103AD">2.2.1.1</link> Einschlusskriterien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103CF">2.2.1.2</link> 
							Ausschlusskriterien<ul><li><p><link ref="N103D8">2.2.1.2.1</link> Primäre Ausschlusskriterien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103F4">2.2.1.2.2</link> 
								Sekundäre Ausschlusskriterien</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10431">2.2.2</link> 
						Primär- und Sekundärkollektiv<ul><li><p><link ref="N1043A">2.2.2.1</link> Primärkollektiv</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10443">2.2.2.2</link> 
							Sekundärkollektiv</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10457">2.2.2.3</link> Nachbeobachtung</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10462">2.3</link> Methodik<ul><li><p><link ref="N10467">2.3.1</link> Prinzip der 3D-Sonographie<ul><li><p><link ref="N1046F">2.3.1.1</link> 
							Erzeugung von 3D-Bilddatensätzen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10480">2.3.1.2</link> Berechnung von 3D-Oberflächenmodellen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1048E">2.3.2</link> Das VoluSon®-3D-Verfahren<ul><li><p><link ref="N1049A">2.3.2.1</link> Prinzip des VoluSon®-Verfahrens</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104AD">2.3.2.2</link> Komponenten des VoluSon®-Systems<ul><li><p><link ref="N104BD">2.3.2.2.1</link> Bildgebungssystem</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104CA">2.3.2.2.2</link> 
								3D-Volumenschallköpfe</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104F6">2.3.2.2.3</link> Datenspeichersystem</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104FF">2.3.2.2.4</link> 3D-Funktionseinheit<ul><li><p><link ref="N1050B">2.3.2.2.4.1</link> 
									Positionsgeber</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1051F">2.3.2.2.4.2</link> 
									Schallkopfsteuerung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1053D">2.3.2.2.4.3</link> 
									3D-Bildverarbeitungsmodul</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1057D">2.3.2.3</link> 
							Vorteile des VoluSon®-Verfahrens</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N105B3">2.3.3</link> Untersuchungsvorgang<ul><li><p><link ref="N105BF">2.3.3.1</link> Vorbereitungen<ul><li><p><link ref="N105C7">2.3.3.1.1</link> 
								Aufsuchen der Region of Interest</p></li><li><p><link ref="N105D4">2.3.3.1.2</link> Optimierung der B-Bildparameter</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10604">2.3.3.1.3</link> 
								Definition der Volumenbox<ul><li><p><link ref="N10621">2.3.3.1.3.1</link> 
									Volumenbox- und Schwenkwinkel</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10634">2.3.3.1.3.2</link> 
									Länge und Lage der Volumenbox</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10648">2.3.3.1.4</link> 
								Festlegung der Aufnahmegeschwindigkeit</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1066B">2.3.3.2</link> 
							Aufnahmevorgang</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10698">2.3.3.3</link> 
							
							Datenaggregation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N106C6">2.3.3.4</link> 
							Qualitätskontrolle</p></li><li><p><link ref="N106E8">2.3.3.5</link> 
							Datenspeicherung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10718">2.3.3.6</link> 
							Bildberechnung<ul><li><p><link ref="N10727">2.3.3.6.1</link> 
								Grundprinzip</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10742">2.3.3.6.2</link> Datenauswahl</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10753">2.3.3.6.3</link> Parameterwahl<ul><li><p><link ref="N10766">2.3.3.6.3.1</link> Definition der Renderbox</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10773">2.3.3.6.3.2</link> Wahl des Abbildungsmaßstabes</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10783">2.3.3.6.3.3</link> 
									Optimale Positionierung des Objekts in der Renderbox</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10793">2.3.3.6.3.4</link> 
									Einstellung der Grauschwelle für die Oberflächenerkennung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N107A6">2.3.3.6.3.5</link> Definition des Algorithmus für die Oberflächenabbildung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N107B3">2.3.3.6.4</link> 
								Bildoptimierung<ul><li><p><link ref="N107C6">2.3.3.6.4.1</link> Farboptimierung (Grundfarbe)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N107D2">2.3.3.6.4.2</link> Kontrastoptimierung (Gamma-Kurve)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N107DE">2.3.3.6.4.3</link> Beleuchtungsoptimierung (Textur/Licht-Verhältnis)</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N107F2">2.3.3.6.5</link> Sichtoptimierung<ul><li><p><link ref="N107FA">2.3.3.6.5.1</link> Semiselektive Verfahren</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10815">2.3.3.6.5.2</link> 
									Hochselektives Verfahren</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1083F">2.3.3.6.6</link> Modellberechnung<ul><li><p><link ref="N1084B">2.3.3.6.6.1</link> Definition des Gesamtberechnungswinkels</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10857">2.3.3.6.6.2</link> Definition der Einzelbildwinkeldifferenz</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10863">2.3.3.6.6.3</link> Durchführung des Berechnungsvorgangs</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10878">2.3.3.7</link> Dokumentation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10881">2.3.3.8</link> Auswertungen<ul><li><p><link ref="N10886">2.3.3.8.1</link> 
								Biometrische Beurteilung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N108C6">2.3.3.8.2</link> Morphologische Bildanalysen</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> 
				ERGEBNISSE<ul><li><p><link ref="N108DC">3.1</link> Vorbemerkungen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N108E8">3.2</link> Darstellung der Bildergebnisse<ul><li><p><link ref="N108ED">3.2.1</link> Erste Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N108FE">3.2.2</link> Zweite Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10913">3.2.3</link> Dritte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10924">3.2.4</link> Vierte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10931">3.2.5</link> Fünfte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1093E">3.2.6</link> Sechste Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1094B">3.2.7</link> Siebte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1096E">3.2.8</link> Achte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1098D">3.2.9</link> Neunte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N109B0">3.2.10</link> Zehnte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N109D3">3.2.11</link> Elfte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N109F2">3.2.12</link> 
						Zwölfte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A29">3.2.13</link> 
						Synopse der Ergebnisse</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> 
				DISKUSSION<ul><li><p><link ref="N11169">4.1</link> Kritische Studienbetrachtung<ul><li><p><link ref="N11171">4.1.1</link> Design<ul><li><p><link ref="N11176">4.1.1.1</link> 
							Beobachtungsschema</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11198">4.1.1.2</link> Beobachtungszeitraum<ul><li><p><link ref="N111A0">4.1.1.2.1</link> Kriterien zur Definition der Untergrenze</p></li><li><p><link ref="N111C1">4.1.1.2.2</link> Kriterien zur Definition der Obergrenze</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N111F5">4.1.1.3</link> Beobachtungsintervalle</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11205">4.1.1.4</link> Untersucheranzahl</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1120F">4.1.2</link> Kollektive<ul><li><p><link ref="N11214">4.1.2.1</link> Studienkollektiv<ul><li><p><link ref="N11219">4.1.2.1.1</link> Anzahl der Patientinnen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11229">4.1.2.1.2</link> 
								Auswahl der Patientinnen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1123A">4.1.2.1.3</link> Nachverfolgung der Embryonen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1125C">4.1.2.2</link> 
							Referenzkollektiv</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N112AE">4.1.3</link> Methodik<ul><li><p><link ref="N112B3">4.1.3.1</link> Sicherheit<ul><li><p><link ref="N112B8">4.1.3.1.1</link> Hintergrund der Sicherheitsüberlegungen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N112C1">4.1.3.1.2</link> Risikoabschätzung für Ultraschalluntersuchungen<ul><li><p><link ref="N112C9">4.1.3.1.2.1</link> Thermische Effekte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N112E2">4.1.3.1.2.2</link> Nicht-thermische Effekte</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11301">4.1.3.1.3</link> 
								Sicherheitsbewertung der vorliegenden Studie</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1137A">4.1.3.2</link> Objektgröße</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11387">4.1.3.3</link> Bildqualität<ul><li><p><link ref="N11393">4.1.3.3.1</link> Schallfenster</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1139F">4.1.3.3.2</link> 
								Bildauflösung<ul><li><p><link ref="N113AD">4.1.3.3.2.1</link> 
									
									Auflösung der 3D-Primärdatensätze</p></li><li><p><link ref="N113BD">4.1.3.3.2.2</link> Auflösung der 3D-Sekundärdatensätze</p></li><li><p><link ref="N113CE">4.1.3.3.2.3</link> Auflösung der 3D-Oberflächenberechnungsfunktion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N113DF">4.1.3.3.2.4</link> Folgerungen für die vorliegende Untersuchung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N113EC">4.1.3.3.3</link> Bildartefakte<ul><li><p><link ref="N113F1">4.1.3.3.3.1</link> Akustische Artefakte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11404">4.1.3.3.3.2</link> Sondenartefakte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11418">4.1.3.3.3.3</link> Bewegungsartefakte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11424">4.1.3.3.3.4</link> Konturierungsartefakte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11430">4.1.3.3.3.5</link> Schwellenwertartefakte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11444">4.1.3.3.3.6</link> Überlagerungsartefakte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11450">4.1.3.3.3.7</link> Bildbearbeitungsartefakte</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1146F">4.2</link> Diskussion der Bildergebnisse<ul><li><p><link ref="N11570">4.2.1</link> Erste Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1157C">4.2.2</link> Zweite Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11588">4.2.3</link> Dritte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1159B">4.2.4</link> Vierte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N115C5">4.2.5</link> Fünfte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N115FA">4.2.6</link> Sechste Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1162C">4.2.7</link> Siebte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11670">4.2.8</link> Achte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N116BF">4.2.9</link> Neunte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N116F5">4.2.10</link> Zehnte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1173A">4.2.11</link> Elfte Woche p.m.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11770">4.2.12</link> Zwölfte Woche p.m.</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N117BF">4.3</link> 
					Schlussfolgerungen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11803">4.4</link> 
					Perspektivische Betrachtungen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1180C">4.4.1</link> Diagnostische Relevanz</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11862">4.4.2</link> 
						Psychologische Relevanz
					</p></li><li><p><link ref="N118B1">4.4.3</link> Wissenschaftliche Relevanz</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5</link> 
				ZUSAMMENFASSUNG</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1192C">
				BIBLIOGRAPHIE</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N124DA">
				ABBILDUNGEN</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12FDB">ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1323A">
				DANKSAGUNGEN</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13259">
				EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10A3F">
								
								Tabelle 3-1
								Nachweis embryonaler/fetaler Strukturen in der transvaginalsonographischen 3D-Oberflächendarstellung in Abhängigkeit vom jeweiligen Gestationsalter</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N11152">
								Abb. 3-17
								 Synoptisch-chronologische Darstellung der 3D-transvaginalsonographisch dargestellten embryonalen bzw. frühen fetalen Morphogenese am Beispiel des Embryos / Fetus Nr. 3</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N124EF">
						Abb. 1-1
						 Embryo im Stadium 21.  Embryologische 3D-Rekonstruktion im Segmentationsverfahren. Quelle: O&#8217;Rahilly u. Müller 1992.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12503">
						Abb. 1-2
						 Embryo von 29 mm GL. Sonographische 3D-Rekonstruktion im Segmentationsverfahren. Quelle: Blaas 1999.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12517">
						Abb. 1-3
						 Embryo von 22 mm GL. Sonographische 3D-Rekonstruktion im VoluSon®- Ray-Tracing-Verfahren nach Sichtoptimierung durch 3D-Cut-Anwendung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12533">
						Abb. 2-1
						 Erzeugung einer koordinierten Schnittbildfolge durch Fächerscan. Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12545">
						Abb. 2-2
						 3D-Prinzip der &#8222;Zentralperspektive&#8221; nach Leon Battista Alberti. Quelle: Häßler 1996.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12561">
						Abb. 2-3
						 Geräteeinheit des VoluSon® 530D MT 3D-Ultraschallsystems. Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12573">
						Abb. 2-4
						 Komponenten und Funktionsweise des VoluSon®-Verfahrens. Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1258C">
						Abb. 2-5
						 3D-Transvaginalsonde &#8222;S-VDW 5-8&#8220; des VoluSon®-Systems.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1259C">
						Abb. 2-6
						 Schematische Darstellung der fächerartigen Volumenerfassung. Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N125B5">
						Abb. 2-7
						 Erfassung der ROI (Fetus 12. Woche p.m.) in der Volumenbox.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N125C5">
						Abb. 2-8
						 Erfassung der ROI durch Fächerbewegung des Schallelements. Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N125DE">
						Abb. 2-9 a 
						 Schema 2D-Schnittbild bestehend aus 2D-Bildelementen (Pixeln). Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N125F0">
						Abb. 2-9 b
						 Schema 3D-Datensatz bestehend aus 3D-Bildelementen (Voxeln). Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12609">
						Abb. 2-10
						 Lage und Bezeichnung der virtuellen Bildebenen im 3D-Datensatz. Graphik modifiziert nach Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1261B">
						Abb. 2-11
						 Fetus 12. Woche p.m. im multiplanaren Schnittbildmodus: Frontal: A-Ebene oben links. Sagittal: B-Ebene oben rechts. Horizontalschnitt durch den Thorax in der C-Ebene unten links.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12636">
						Abb. 2-12 a
						 Schema Rotation der Schnittebenen im multiplanaren Modus. Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12648">
						Abb. 2-12 b
						 Schema Translation der Schnittebenen im multiplanaren Modus. Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12661">
						Abb. 2-13
						 Prinzip der 3D-Bildberechnung mittels Ray-Tracing-Algorithmus. Quelle: Kretztechnik.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12673">Abb. 2-14 Multiplanarer Schnittbildmodus mit 3D-Vorschau (unten rechts).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1268D">
						Abb. 2-15
						 Oberflächendiskriminierung nach Definition der Grauschwelle. 
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1269C">
						Abb. 2-16 a 3D-sonographische Darstellung eines Fetus der 12. Woche p.m.: a) Inkomplette Darstellung des Fetus vor Sichtoptimierung mit 3D-Cut.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N126AA">
						Abb. 2-16 b
						 3D-sonographische Darstellung eines Fetus der 12. Woche p.m.:  b) Komplette Oberflächendarstellung des Fetus nach Sichtoptimierung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12704">
						Abb. 2-17 a Schematische Darstellung GL und SSL zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten: 
								In den frühen Entwicklungsstadien (hier 7. Woche p.m.) ist die SSL (dünne Linie) aus anatom. Gründen kleiner als die GL (dicke Linie).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12712">
						Abb. 2-17 b
						 Schematische Darstellung GL und SSL zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten: 
										Ab der 9. Woche p.m. sind GL und SSL (dicke Linie) durch die beginnende Aufrichtung des Kopfes identisch. Quelle: Hinrichsen 1990.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1276F">
						
						Abb./Vid. 3-1 a
						 Uterus, 7. Zyklustag. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung Anschnitt des Endometriums.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1277B">
						
						Abb./Vid. 3-1 b
						 Ovar, 7. Zyklustag.
				3D-Oberflächendarstellung.
				Anschnitt mehrerer Follikel.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N127DD">
						
							Abb./Vid. 3-2 a
						 
					Uterus, 13. Zyklustag.
3D-Oberflächendarstellung.
Anschnitt des Endometriums</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N127E9">
						
						Abb./Vid. 3-2 b
						 Ovar, 13. Zyklustag.
				3D-Oberflächendarstellung.
				Anschnitt des sprungreifen Follikels.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12852">
						
						Abb./Vid. 3-3 a
						 
					Uterus, 21. Zyklustag.
				3D-Oberflächendarstellung.
				Anschnitt des Endometriums</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1285E">
						
						Abb./Vid. 3-3 b
						 Ovar, 21. Zyklustag.
3D-Oberflächendarstellung.
Anschnitt des Corpus luteum.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N128C3">
						Abb./Vid. 3-4
						 
Gravida Nr. 3, 3 Wochen + 6 Tage p.m..
Anschnitt des Cavum uteri, Chorionhöhle 1,7 mm.
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-4.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N128E1">
						Abb./Vid. 3-5
						 
Gravida Nr. 3, 4 Wochen + 6 Tage p.m..
Anschnitt der Chorionhöhle, Dottersack 2,5 mm. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-5.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N128FA">
						Abb./Vid. 3-6
						 
Embryo Nr. 3, 5 Wochen + 6 Tage p.m., GL 3,4 mm. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-6.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1291A">
						Abb./Vid. 3-7
						 
Embryo Nr. 3, 6 Wochen + 6 Tage p.m., GL 8,9 mm. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-7.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12933">
						Abb./Vid. 3-8
						 
Embryo Nr. 3, 7 Wochen + 6 Tage p.m., GL 17,4 mm. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-8.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12953">
						Abb./Vid. 3-9
						 
Embryo Nr. 3, 8 Wochen + 6 Tage p.m., GL 21,9 mm. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-9.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1296C">
						Abb./Vid. 3-10
						 
Embryo Nr. 3, 9 Wochen + 6 Tage p.m., GL 31,4 mm. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-10.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1298C">
						Abb./Vid. 3-11
						 
Fetus Nr. 3, 10 Wochen + 6 Tage p.m., GL 46,0 mm. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-11.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N129A5">
						Abb./Vid. 3-12
						 
Fetus Nr. 3, 11 Wochen + 6 Tage p.m., GL 60,7 mm. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-12.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N129C5">
						Abb./Vid. 3-13
						 
Fetus Nr. 3, 11 Wo.+ 6 Tg. p.m., Ansicht des Kopfes. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-13.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N129DE">
						Abb./Vid. 3-14
						 
Fetus Nr. 3, 11 Wo.+ 6 Tg. p.m., Ansicht des Genitale. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-14.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N129FE">
						Abb./Vid. 3-15
						 
Fetus Nr. 3, 11 Wo. + 6 Tg. p.m., Ansicht der Hand. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-15.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12A17">
						Abb./Vid. 3-16
						 
Fetus Nr. 3, 11 Wo. + 6 Tg. p.m., Ansicht des Fußes. 
Sonographische 3D-Oberflächendarstellung (3D-Cut). 
						<url href="../mm/3-16.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12A34">
						Abb. 4-1 a Gravidität Stad. 6 (13-15 Tage p.c.).Chorionhöhle mit Trophoblastsaum. Anatomisches Schnittpräparat.Quelle: HDAC 2002.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12A42">
						Abb. 4-1 b
						 Gravida Nr. 3 (14 Tage p.c.), Cavum uteri mit Chorionhöhle. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächenanschnitt.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12A98">
						Abb. 4-2 a Embryo Stadium 9,19 Tage p.c., GL 2 mm.  Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Nishimura et al. 1977.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12AA6">
						Abb. 4-2 b
						 Gravida Nr. 3 (21 Tage p.c.). Chorionhöhle mit Dottersack. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächenanschnitt</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12B03">
						Abb. 4-3 a Embryo Stadium 13. 28 Tage p.c., GL 4,5 mm. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Nishimura et al. 1977.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12B11">
						Abb. 4-3 b
						 Embryo Nr. 3. 28 Tage p.c., GL 3,7 mm. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12B67">
						Abb. 4-4 a Embryo Stadium 15. 36 Tage p.c., GL 6 mm. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Nishimura et al. 1977.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12B75">
						Abb. 4-4 b
						 Embryo Nr. 3. 35 Tage p.c., GL 8,9 mm. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12BD2">
						Abb. 4-5 a Embryo Stadium 17. 42 Tage p.c., GL 11 mm. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Nishimura et al. 1977</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12BE0">
						Abb. 4-5 b
						 Embryo Nr. 3. 42 Tage p.c., GL 17,4 mm. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12C36">
						Abb. 4-6 a Embryo Stadium 19. 48 Tage p.c., GL 16 mm. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Nishimura et al. 1977.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12C44">
						Abb. 4-6 b
						 Embryo Nr. 3. 49 Tage p.c., GL 21,9 mm. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12CA1">
						Abb. 4-7 a Embryo Stadium 23. 56 Tage p.c., GL 30 mm. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Nishimura et al. 1977.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12CAF">
						Abb. 4-7 b
						 Embryo Nr. 3. 56 Tage p.c., GL 31,4 mm. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12D05">
						Abb. 4-8 a Früher Fetus. 11. Woche p.m., GL 45 mm. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Hinrichsen 1990.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12D13">
						Abb. 4-8 b
						 Fetus Nr. 3. 63 Tage p.c., GL 46 mm. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12D70">
						Abb. 4-9 a Früher Fetus. 12. Woche p.m., GL 55 mm. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Hinrichsen 1995.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12D7E">
						Abb. 4-9 b
						 Fetus Nr. 3. 70 Tage p.c., GL 60,7 mm. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12DD4">
						Abb. 4-10 a Früher Fetus. 12. Woche p.m., GL 55 mm. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Hinrichsen 1995.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12DE2">
						Abb. 4-10 b
						 Fetus Nr. 3. 70 Tage p.c., GL 60,7 mm. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12E3F">
						Abb. 4-11 a Früher Fetus. Hand, 12.Woche p.m.. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Hinrichsen 1990.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12E4D">
						Abb. 4-11 b
						 Fetus Nr. 3. Hand, 70 Tage p.c.. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12EA3">
						Abb. 4-12 a Früher Fetus. Fuß, 12. Woche p.m.. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Hinrichsen 1990.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12EB1">
						Abb. 4-12 b
						 Fetus Nr. 3. Fuß, 70 Tage p.c.. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F0E">
						Abb. 4-13 a Früher Fetus. Genitale, 12. Woche p.m.. Embryologisches Präparat. Quelle: Hinrichsen 1990.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F1C">
						Abb. 4-13 b
						 Fetus Nr. 3. Genitale, 70 Tage p.c.. Ultraschallaufnahme. 3D-Oberflächendarstellung.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F7C">
						Abb./Vid. 4-14 a
						 
Gemini 10 W + 4 T, Pagusfehlbildung. 
						<url href="../mm/4-14a.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F93">
						Abb./Vid. 4-14 b
						 
Fetus 10 W + 2 T, dorsonuchales Ödem. 
						<url href="../mm/4-14b.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12FAA">
						Abb./Vid. 4-14 c
						 
Fetus 10 W + 6 T, große Omphalocele. 
						<url href="../mm/4-14c.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12FC8">
						Abb./Vid. 4-15
						 
Drillingsgravidität der 15. Woche p.m. in 3D-Realtime-Technik. 
						<url href="../mm/4-15.avi" type="URL">Video</url>
					</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>