<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Die Bedeutung genetischer Polymorphismen im Enzym Cytochrom P450 2C9 für Pharmakokinetik und Wirkungen der Nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika Diclofenac und Ibuprofen</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Georg Freytag</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1010F" part="chapter1" ref="N1010F" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10114" part="chapter1" ref="N10114" type="subsection">1.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1011B" part="chapter1" ref="N1011B" type="citenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10123" part="chapter1" ref="N10123" type="subsection">1.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10132" part="chapter1" ref="N10132" type="citenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1013E" part="chapter1" ref="N1013E" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10151" part="chapter1" ref="N10151" type="citenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10157" part="chapter1" ref="N10157" type="mm">605#360</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10166" part="chapter1" ref="N10166" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1016B" part="chapter1" ref="N1016B" type="subsection">1.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10172" part="chapter1" ref="N10172" type="citenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10178" part="chapter1" ref="N10178" type="mm">604#235</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10184" part="chapter1" ref="N10184" type="subsection">1.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1018B" part="chapter1" ref="N1018B" type="citenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101AF" part="chapter1" ref="N101AF" type="mm">605#99</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101DD" part="chapter1" ref="N101DD" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101E2" part="chapter1" ref="N101E2" type="subsection">1.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101E9" part="chapter1" ref="N101E9" type="citenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101EE" part="chapter1" ref="N101EE" type="subsection">1.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101F9" part="chapter1" ref="N101F9" type="block">1.4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10200" part="chapter1" ref="N10200" type="citenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10205" part="chapter1" ref="N10205" type="block">1.4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1020F" part="chapter1" ref="N1020F" type="subsection">1.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10217" part="chapter1" ref="N10217" type="block">1.4.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1021E" part="chapter1" ref="N1021E" type="citenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1022C" part="chapter1" ref="N1022C" type="block">1.4.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10239" part="chapter1" ref="N10239" type="subsection">1.4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10246" part="chapter1" ref="N10246" type="citenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10249" part="chapter1" ref="N10249" type="mm">604#135</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10253" part="chapter1" ref="N10253" type="mm">603#434</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1025E" part="chapter1" ref="N1025E" type="citenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1026C" part="chapter1" ref="N1026C" type="subsection">1.4.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1027C" part="chapter1" ref="N1027C" type="citenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10297" part="chapter1" ref="N10297" type="citenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102AF" part="chapter1" ref="N102AF" type="citenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102B5" part="chapter1" ref="N102B5" type="section">1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102D6" part="chapter1" ref="N102D6" type="section">1.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102DD" part="chapter1" ref="N102DD" type="citenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102EF" part="chapter1" ref="N102EF" type="citenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102FA" part="chapter2" ref="N102FA" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102FF" part="chapter2" ref="N102FF" type="subsection">2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10304" part="chapter2" ref="N10304" type="helpercitenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1030B" part="chapter2" ref="N1030B" type="subsection">2.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1032A" part="chapter2" ref="N1032A" type="citenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1032D" part="chapter2" ref="N1032D" type="mm">604#211</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10336" part="chapter2" ref="N10336" type="subsection">2.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10340" part="chapter2" ref="N10340" type="citenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10343" part="chapter2" ref="N10343" type="mm">603#193</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1034C" part="chapter2" ref="N1034C" type="subsection">2.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10355" part="chapter2" ref="N10355" type="subsection">2.1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1035C" part="chapter2" ref="N1035C" type="citenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10361" part="chapter2" ref="N10361" type="subsection">2.1.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1036A" part="chapter2" ref="N1036A" type="subsection">2.1.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10373" part="chapter2" ref="N10373" type="subsection">2.1.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1037A" part="chapter2" ref="N1037A" type="citenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1037F" part="chapter2" ref="N1037F" type="subsection">2.1.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10388" part="chapter2" ref="N10388" type="subsection">2.1.10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10391" part="chapter2" ref="N10391" type="subsection">2.1.11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10398" part="chapter2" ref="N10398" type="citenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1039D" part="chapter2" ref="N1039D" type="subsection">2.1.12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103A6" part="chapter2" ref="N103A6" type="subsection">2.1.13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103B0" part="chapter2" ref="N103B0" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103B7" part="chapter2" ref="N103B7" type="citenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103BB" part="chapter2" ref="N103BB" type="subsection">2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103C5" part="chapter2" ref="N103C5" type="mm">603#259</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103CB" part="chapter2" ref="N103CB" type="subsection">2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103D2" part="chapter2" ref="N103D2" type="citenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103D8" part="chapter2" ref="N103D8" type="mm">599#354</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103DE" part="chapter2" ref="N103DE" type="subsection">2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103E5" part="chapter2" ref="N103E5" type="mm">603#359</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103F0" part="chapter2" ref="N103F0" type="citenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103FE" part="chapter2" ref="N103FE" type="subsection">2.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10407" part="chapter2" ref="N10407" type="subsection">2.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1041D" part="chapter2" ref="N1041D" type="citenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10420" part="chapter2" ref="N10420" type="mm">603#286</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10427" part="chapter2" ref="N10427" type="mm">605#179</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1042E" part="chapter2" ref="N1042E" type="mm">604#124</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10435" part="chapter2" ref="N10435" type="citenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10438" part="chapter2" ref="N10438" type="mm">604#467</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1043F" part="chapter2" ref="N1043F" type="mm">603#369</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10450" part="chapter2" ref="N10450" type="section">2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10455" part="chapter2" ref="N10455" type="subsection">2.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1045A" part="chapter2" ref="N1045A" type="block">2.3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10467" part="chapter2" ref="N10467" type="citenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10475" part="chapter2" ref="N10475" type="block">2.3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1048B" part="chapter2" ref="N1048B" type="citenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10493" part="chapter2" ref="N10493" type="block">2.3.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104AF" part="chapter2" ref="N104AF" type="citenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104B8" part="chapter2" ref="N104B8" type="subsection">2.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104BF" part="chapter2" ref="N104BF" type="mm">584#290</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104C6" part="chapter2" ref="N104C6" type="mm">590#547</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104CB" part="chapter2" ref="N104CB" type="block">2.3.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104D2" part="chapter2" ref="N104D2" type="citenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104E0" part="chapter2" ref="N104E0" type="block">2.3.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104E9" part="chapter2" ref="N104E9" type="block">2.3.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104F0" part="chapter2" ref="N104F0" type="citenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10505" part="chapter2" ref="N10505" type="subsection">2.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1050C" part="chapter2" ref="N1050C" type="mm">584#228</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10513" part="chapter2" ref="N10513" type="citenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10516" part="chapter2" ref="N10516" type="mm">590#578</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1051B" part="chapter2" ref="N1051B" type="block">2.3.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1052D" part="chapter2" ref="N1052D" type="block">2.3.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10534" part="chapter2" ref="N10534" type="citenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10539" part="chapter2" ref="N10539" type="block">2.3.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10555" part="chapter2" ref="N10555" type="subsection">2.3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1055A" part="chapter2" ref="N1055A" type="block">2.3.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10561" part="chapter2" ref="N10561" type="citenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1056F" part="chapter2" ref="N1056F" type="block">2.3.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10578" part="chapter2" ref="N10578" type="block">2.3.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1057F" part="chapter2" ref="N1057F" type="citenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1059B" part="chapter2" ref="N1059B" type="section">2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105A0" part="chapter2" ref="N105A0" type="subsection">2.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105AA" part="chapter2" ref="N105AA" type="citenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105AD" part="chapter2" ref="N105AD" type="mm">603#366</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105B7" part="chapter2" ref="N105B7" type="subsection">2.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105C3" part="chapter2" ref="N105C3" type="subsection">2.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105E5" part="chapter2" ref="N105E5" type="section">2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105EC" part="chapter2" ref="N105EC" type="citenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1062C" part="chapter3" ref="N1062C" type="helpercitenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10634" part="chapter3" ref="N10634" type="citenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10637" part="chapter3" ref="N10637" type="mm">595#425</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1063C" part="chapter3" ref="N1063C" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10641" part="chapter3" ref="N10641" type="subsection">3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1064E" part="chapter3" ref="N1064E" type="mm">603#518</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10653" part="chapter3" ref="N10653" type="block">3.1.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1065D" part="chapter3" ref="N1065D" type="citenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10663" part="chapter3" ref="N10663" type="mm">894#540</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1067C" part="chapter3" ref="N1067C" type="block">3.1.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10686" part="chapter3" ref="N10686" type="citenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10692" part="chapter3" ref="N10692" type="subsection">3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106A2" part="chapter3" ref="N106A2" type="mm">605#525</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106A9" part="chapter3" ref="N106A9" type="citenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106AC" part="chapter3" ref="N106AC" type="mm">971#578</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106BF" part="chapter3" ref="N106BF" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106C4" part="chapter3" ref="N106C4" type="subsection">3.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106CE" part="chapter3" ref="N106CE" type="mm">604#559</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106D5" part="chapter3" ref="N106D5" type="citenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106E5" part="chapter3" ref="N106E5" type="block">3.2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10703" part="chapter3" ref="N10703" type="block">3.2.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1071E" part="chapter3" ref="N1071E" type="block">3.2.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10728" part="chapter3" ref="N10728" type="citenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10748" part="chapter3" ref="N10748" type="block">3.2.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1076A" part="chapter3" ref="N1076A" type="mm">901#529</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1077A" part="chapter3" ref="N1077A" type="subsection">3.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10781" part="chapter3" ref="N10781" type="citenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107B1" part="chapter3" ref="N107B1" type="mm">604#591</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107B8" part="chapter3" ref="N107B8" type="citenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107E8" part="chapter3" ref="N107E8" type="mm">899#593</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10802" part="chapter4" ref="N10802" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10807" part="chapter4" ref="N10807" type="subsection">4.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10811" part="chapter4" ref="N10811" type="citenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1082A" part="chapter4" ref="N1082A" type="block">4.1.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10863" part="chapter4" ref="N10863" type="block">4.1.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10870" part="chapter4" ref="N10870" type="citenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1088B" part="chapter4" ref="N1088B" type="citenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108B5" part="chapter4" ref="N108B5" type="subsection">4.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108C6" part="chapter4" ref="N108C6" type="block">4.1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108CD" part="chapter4" ref="N108CD" type="citenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108D2" part="chapter4" ref="N108D2" type="block">4.1.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108DD" part="chapter4" ref="N108DD" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108E2" part="chapter4" ref="N108E2" type="subsection">4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10913" part="chapter4" ref="N10913" type="citenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10929" part="chapter4" ref="N10929" type="block">4.2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10933" part="chapter4" ref="N10933" type="subsection">4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1093D" part="chapter4" ref="N1093D" type="citenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1094E" part="chapter4" ref="N1094E" type="subsection">4.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10973" part="chapter4" ref="N10973" type="citenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10981" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N10983" part="N10983" ref="N10983" type="abbreviation">Abkürzungen</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1098A" part="N10983" ref="N1098A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11017" part="N11017" ref="N11017" type="bibliography">Literaturverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BF2" part="N11BF2" ref="N11BF2" type="declaration">Erklärung an Eides Statt</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BFE" part="N11BFE" ref="N11BFE" type="appendix">
				Publikationsliste
			</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C00" part="N11BFE" ref="N11C00" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N11C06" part="N11BFE" ref="N11C06" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11C0A" part="N11C0A" ref="N11C0A" type="vita">Zur Person</cms:entry><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><school>Aus dem Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité &#8211; Universitätsmedizin Berlin</school><submission>DISSERTATION</submission><title>Die Bedeutung genetischer Polymorphismen im Enzym Cytochrom P450 2C9 für Pharmakokinetik und Wirkungen der Nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika Diclofenac und Ibuprofen</title><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité <br/>Universitätsmedizin Berlin</major><author>von <given>Georg</given>
			<surname>Freytag</surname>
			<suffix>aus Uslar</suffix>
		</author><dean>Prof. Dr. Joachim W. Dudenhausen<br/>Prof. Dr. med. Martin Paul</dean><approvals>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. I. Roots</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. J. Brockmöller</name>
			<name>PD Dr. med. K. L. Rost</name>
		</approvals><date>Datum der Promotion: 7.4.2005</date><abstract lang="de">
			<head>Die Bedeutung genetischer Polymorphismen im Enzym Cytochrom P450 2C9 für Pharmakokinetik und Wirkungen von Diclofenac und Ibuprofen</head>
			<p>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">Es wird angenommen, dass Cytochrom-P450 2C9 die 4&#8217;-Hydroxylierung des Nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistikums Diclofenac und die Hydroxylierung von S-Ibuprofen beim Menschen katalysiert. Es existieren zwei Varianten von Cyp2C9. Deren Auswirkungen auf die Diclofenac- bzw. Ibuprofen-Pharmakokinetik und die Hemmung von Cox-1 und -2 wurde an 21 gesunden Probanden, die sämtliche Kombination der genetischen Varianten *2 und *3 aufwiesen, untersucht. Es zeigten sich keinerlei Hinweise auf eine Einschränkung des Metabolismus von Diclofenac bei heterozygoten und homozygoten Trägern der </em>
				<em color="000000">Cyp2C9-</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">Allele *2 und </em>
				<em color="000000">*3</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">. Darüber hinaus lagen auch die Serumkonzentrationen des Metaboliten 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac bei Trägern der Allele </em>
				<em color="000000">Cyp2C9 *2</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman"> und </em>
				<em color="000000">*3</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman"> nicht niedriger. Obwohl verschiedene </em>
				<em color="000000">in vitro</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">-Untersuchungen Cyp2C9 als metabolisierendes Enzym identifizierten, ist die Pharmakokinetik von Diclofenac ist beim Menschen entweder überhaupt nicht oder nur in geringem Ausmaß von Cyp2C9-Aminosäurenpolymorphismen abhängig. Möglicherweise sind die Auswirkungen der Cyp2C9-Aminosäurenvarianten substratabhängig, oder es ist </em>
				<em color="000000">in vivo</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman"> ein anderes Enzym als Cyp2C9 verantwortlich für die Bildung von 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac. Im Unterschied dazu hing die Pharmakokinetik von razemischem und von S-Ibuprofen vom </em>
				<em color="000000">Cyp2C9 *3</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">-Polymorphismus ab. Die Bildung von Tx B</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">2</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman"> (Cox-1) hing signifikant von </em>
				<em color="000000">Cyp2C9 *3</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">-Polymorphismus ab, derselbe Trend ließ sich auch für Pg E</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">2</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman"> (Cox-2) beobachten. Die eingeschränkte Clearance von S-Ibuprofen, die mit einer erhöhten pharmakodynamischen Aktivität einhergeht, legt nahe, dass Träger des Allels </em>
				<em color="000000">Cyp2C9*3 </em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">ein höheres Risiko tragen, nach Einnahme einer oralen Standarddosis unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen zu erleiden.</em>Cytochrom P450, Cyp 2C9, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Cox-1, Cox-2</p>
		</abstract><abstract lang="en">
			<head>Consequences of genetic polymorphisms in Cytochrome P450 2C9 for pharmacokinetics and effects of Diclofenac and Ibuprofen. </head>
			<p>Cytochrome-P450 2C9 is considered to catalyse the 4&#8217;-hydroxylation of the nonsteroidal analgesic drug diclofenac and the hydroxylation of S-ibuprofen in humans. T<em color="000000" slant="roman">here are two variants of </em>
				<em color="000000">Cyp2C9.</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman"> Their impact on diclofenac/ ibuprofen pharmacokinetics and on the inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 was studied in 21 healthy volunteers with all combinations of the </em>
				<em color="000000">Cyp2C9</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman"> variants *2 and *3. Blood concentrations of diclofenac/ racemic ibuprofen (and of S-ibuprofen and R-ibuprofen) were measured by HPLC. Thromboxane B</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">2</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman"> and prostaglandin E</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman">2</em>
				<em color="000000" slant="roman"> were measured with use of an enzyme immunoassay. </em>There was no evidence of impaired metabolism of diclofenac in heterozygous and homozygous carriers of the <em>Cyp2C9</em> alleles *2 and *3 compared to the wildtype. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of the metabolite 4&#8217;-OH-diclofenac were not lower in carriers of <em>Cyp2C9</em>
				<em>*2</em> and <em>*3</em>. Marked diclofenac mediated inhibition of Cox-1- and Cox-2 activity was detected in all individuals without any <em>Cyp2C9</em> genotype dependent differences. Even though several <em>in vitro </em>studies identified Cyp2C9 as the metabolising enzyme, Diclofenac pharmacokinetics in humans is either not or only to a minor extend dependent on the Cyp2C9 amino acid polymorphisms. It may be that the Cyp2C9 amino acid variants have differential effects depending on the substrates. Alternatively, an enzyme other than Cyp2C9 may be responsible for 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac formation <em>in vivo</em>.In contrast, the pharmacokinetics of racemic and of S-ibuprofen depended on the <em>Cyp2C9</em> *3-polymorphism. The <em>Cyp2C9</em> variant *2 exhibited no significant effect. Formation of Tx B2 (cox-1) depended significantly on the Cyp2C9 polymorphism, the same trend was observed for Pg E2 (cox-2). The reduced S-ibuprofen total clearance accompanied by increased pharmacodynamic activity indicates an increased risk for carriers of <em>Cyp2C9</em>*3 to suffer from adverse effects after intake of a standard oral dose. <br/>
				<br/>Cytochrom P450, Cyp 2C9, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Cox-1, Cox-2</p>
		</abstract><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> Einleitung<ul><li><p><link ref="N1010F">1.1</link> Biotransformation<ul><li><p><link ref="N10114">1.1.1</link> Biotransformation und arzneimetabolisierende Enzyme </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10123">1.1.2</link> Erbliche Polymorphismen arzneimetabolisierender Enzyme</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1013E">1.2</link> Das Cytochrom P450-Enzymsystem </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10166">1.3</link> Das Enzym Cytochrom P450 2C9<ul><li><p><link ref="N1016B">1.3.1</link> Das Cytochrom P450 2C9 und seine Funktion im Arzneistoffwechsel</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10184">1.3.2</link> Genetische Polymorphismen von Cytochrom P450 2C9</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N101DD">1.4</link> Nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistika<ul><li><p><link ref="N101E2">1.4.1</link> Entwicklung und Bedeutung der Nichsteroidalen Antiphlogistika </p></li><li><p><link ref="N101EE">1.4.2</link> Indikationen der Nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika<ul><li><p><link ref="N101F9">1.4.2.1</link> Indikationen für Diclofenac</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10205">1.4.2.2</link> Indikationen für Ibuprofen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1020F">1.4.3</link> Pharmakokinetik der Nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika <ul><li><p><link ref="N10217">1.4.3.1</link> Pharmakokinetik von Diclofenac</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1022C">1.4.3.2</link> Pharmakokinetik von Ibuprofen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10239">1.4.4</link> Wirkung der Nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1026C">1.4.5</link> Nebenwirkungen der Nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N102B5">1.5</link> Phänotypisierung und Genotypisierung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N102D6">1.6</link> Herleitung der Aufgabenstellung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> Material und Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N102FA">2.1</link> Probandenrekrutierung und Studiendurchführung<ul><li><p><link ref="N102FF">2.1.1</link> Studiendesign </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1030B">2.1.2</link> Probandenauswahl und Einschlusskriterien </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10336">2.1.3</link> Ausschlusskriterien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1034C">2.1.4</link> Art und Dosis der verwendeten Arzneimittel</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10355">2.1.5</link> Diätetische Maßnahmen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10361">2.1.6</link> Überprüfung der Probandencompliance und Vorsichtsmaßnahmen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1036A">2.1.7</link> Studienablauf</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10373">2.1.8</link> Dokumentation der Studie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1037F">2.1.9</link> Datenschutz und Vertraulichkeit der Daten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10388">2.1.10</link> Erfassung von Nebenwirkungen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10391">2.1.11</link> Fehlerminimierung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1039D">2.1.12</link> Versicherungsschutz</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103A6">2.1.13</link> Weiterverarbeitung und Aufarbeitung der Proben zur Messung der Medikamenten- und Prostanoidkonzentrationen </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N103B0">2.2</link> Genotypisierung<ul><li><p><link ref="N103BB">2.2.1</link> Erythrozyten-Lyse</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103CB">2.2.2</link> DNA-Extraktion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103DE">2.2.3</link> Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR) </p></li><li><p><link ref="N103FE">2.2.4</link> Restriktionsfragmentlängenpolymorphismen (RFLP)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10407">2.2.5</link> Bestimmung des <em>Cyp2C9-</em>Allels durch PCR-RFLP-Tests</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10450">2.3</link> Bestimmung von Medikamentenkonzentrationen mittels HPLC-Analyse<ul><li><p><link ref="N10455">2.3.1</link> Prinzip der Bestimmung von Medikamentenkonzentrationen mittels HPLC-Analyse<ul><li><p><link ref="N1045A">2.3.1.1</link> Vorbereitung der HPLC </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10475">2.3.1.2</link> Durchführung der HPLC</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10493">2.3.1.3</link> Statistische Qualitätskontrolle der Analyseergebnisse </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N104B8">2.3.2</link> HPLC von Diclofenac und 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac<ul><li><p><link ref="N104CB">2.3.2.1</link> Vorbereitung der HPLC von Diclofenac und 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104E0">2.3.2.2</link> Durchführung der HPLC von Diclofenac und 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104E9">2.3.2.3</link> Statistische Qualitätskontrolle für Diclofenac und 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac.</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10505">2.3.3</link> HPLC von Ibuprofen und OH-Ibuprofen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1051B">2.3.3.1</link> Vorbereitung der HPLC von Ibuprofen und OH-Ibuprofen.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1052D">2.3.3.2</link> Durchführung der HPLC von razemischem Ibuprofen und OH-Ibuprofen.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10539">2.3.3.3</link> Statistische Qualitätskontrolle von razemischem Ibuprofen und OH-Ibuprofen.</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10555">2.3.4</link> HPLC von R- und S-Ibuprofen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1055A">2.3.4.1</link> Vorbereitung der HPLC von R- und S-Ibuprofen.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1056F">2.3.4.2</link> Durchführung der HPLC von R- und S-Ibuprofen.</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10578">2.3.4.3</link> Statistische Qualitätskontrolle von R- und S-Ibuprofen.</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1059B">2.4</link> Konzentrationsbestimmung von Tx B2 und Pg E2 mittels ELISA<ul><li><p><link ref="N105A0">2.4.1</link> Funktionsprinzip des ELISA</p></li><li><p><link ref="N105B7">2.4.2</link> Bestimmung der Tx B2- und Pg E2&#8211;Plasmakonzentrationen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N105C3">2.4.3</link> Statistische Qualitätskontrolle</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N105E5">2.5</link> Analyse der Messdaten und Statistik</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> Ergebnisse<ul><li><p><link ref="N1063C">3.1</link> Ergebnisse für Diclofenac<ul><li><p><link ref="N10641">3.1.1</link> Pharmakokinetische Parameter von Diclofenac und 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac<ul><li><p><link ref="N10653">3.1.1.1</link> Pharmakokinetik von Diclofenac in Abhängigkeit vom <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genotyp</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1067C">3.1.1.2</link> Pharmakokinetik von 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac in Abhängigkeit vom <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genotyp </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10692">3.1.2</link> Pharmakodynamische Parameter von Diclofenac</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N106BF">3.2</link> Ergebnisse für Ibuprofen<ul><li><p><link ref="N106C4">3.2.1</link> Pharmakokinetische Parameter von Ibuprofen und OH-Ibuprofen<ul><li><p><link ref="N106E5">3.2.1.1</link> Pharmakokinetik von razemischem Ibuprofen in Abhängigkeit vom <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genotyp</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10703">3.2.1.2</link> Pharmakokinetik von R-Ibuprofen in Abhängigkeit vom <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genotyp</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1071E">3.2.1.3</link> Pharmakokinetik von S-Ibuprofen in Abhängigkeit vom <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genotyp</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10748">3.2.1.4</link> Pharmakokinetik von OH-Ibuprofen in Abhängigkeit vom <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genotyp</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1077A">3.2.2</link> Pharmakodynamische Parameter von Ibuprofen</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> Diskussion<ul><li><p><link ref="N10802">4.1</link> Diskussion der Diclofenac-Ergebnisse <ul><li><p><link ref="N10807">4.1.1</link> Auswirkungen von <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genpolymorphismen auf den Diclofenac-Metabolismus<ul><li><p><link ref="N1082A">4.1.1.1</link> Vergleich der gefundenen Daten mit anderen <em>in vivo</em>-Untersuchungen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10863">4.1.1.2</link> Denkbare Ursachen für die Diskrepanz zwischen I<em>n vitro</em>- und I<em>n vivo</em>-Daten</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108B5">4.1.2</link> Auswirkungen von <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genpolymorphismen auf die Diclofenac-Pharmakodynamik<ul><li><p><link ref="N108C6">4.1.2.1</link> Besonderheiten der Tx B2-Konzentrationsverläufe und deren mögliche Ursachen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N108D2">4.1.2.2</link> Hemmung der Cyclooxygenase-Isoenzyme durch Diclofenac</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108DD">4.2</link> Diskussion der Ibuprofen-Ergebnisse <ul><li><p><link ref="N108E2">4.2.1</link> Auswirkungen von <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genpolymorphismen auf den Ibuprofen-Metabolismus<ul><li><p><link ref="N10929">4.2.1.1</link> Besonderheiten der Pharmakokinetik (Konversion von R-Ibuprofen zu S-Ibuprofen)</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10933">4.2.2</link> Auswirkungen von <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genpolymorphismen auf die Ibuprofen-Pharmakodynamik</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1094E">4.2.3</link> Zusammenfassung und Ausblick</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10983">Abkürzungen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11017">Literaturverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11BF2">Erklärung an Eides Statt</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11BFE">
				<strong>Publikationsliste</strong>
			</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11C0A">Zur Person</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10253">Abbildung 1: Biosynthese von Cyclooxygenaseprodukten des Arachidonsäurestoffwechsels und der Angriffspunkt von Nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika bzw. Thromboxan-Synthese-Hemmstoffen (aus Forth et al., 1996)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N103E5">Abbildung 2: Amplifizierung einer spezifischen DNA-Sequenz durch die Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (aus Löffler, 2001)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1043F">Abbildung 3: Elektrophoretische Auftrennung der durch PCR-RFLP amplifizierten und geschnittenen DNA bei Trägern der Genotypen <em>Cyp2C9 *3/*3, *1/*3</em> und <em>*1/*1</em>
							</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N105AD">Abbildung 4: Schematische Darstellung der A rbeitsschritte bei der ELISA (aus Stryer,1996)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10663">Abbildung 5: Orale Diclofenac-Clearance bzw. AUC von 4&#8217;-OH-Diclofenac in Abhängigkeit vom <em>Cyp2C9</em>- Genotyp (Cl/F: Clearance/Orale Bioverfügbarkeit)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N106AC">Abbildung 6: TxB<sub>2</sub>- und PgE<sub>2</sub>-Konzentrationen nach Diclofenac-Gabe bei Probanden mit homozygotem <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genotyp</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1076A">Abbildung 7: Orale Clearances von razemischem Ibuprofen, R-Ibuprofen und S-Ibuprofen in Abhängigkeit vom<em> Cyp2C9</em>-Genotyp  (CL/F: Clearance/Orale Bioverfügbarkeit)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N107E8">Abbildung 8: TxB<sub>2</sub> und PgE<sub>2</sub>-Konzentrations-Zeit-Verläufe nach Ibuprofen-Gabe in Abhängigkeit vom <em>Cyp2C9</em>-Genotyp</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>