Klinischer Verlauf und Analyse des Rezidivmusters von 111 Patienten mit anaplastischem Astrozytom oder Glioblastoma multiforme nach Operation und lokaler StrahlentherapieSebastian Graubner 111.121.231.3242.12.252.2.162.2.272.2.382.2.42.2.52.392.42.4.12.4.1.1102.4.1.22.4.2112.52.5.1122.5.22.5.2.1132.5.2.2142.5.2.2.12.5.2.2.22.5.31516172.62.6.12.6.2182.72.7.1192.7.22.7.3202.82.8.1212.8.22.8.32.8.4222.9232.10242.112.12252.12.12.12.2263273.13.1.13.1.2283.1.33.2293.33.3.13.3.23.43.5303.5.13.5.1.13.5.1.1.13.5.1.1.23.5.1.1.33.5.1.1.43.5.1.2313.5.23.63.7323.7.13.7.23.7.33.83.9333.9.1212#26634224#25535247#250244#250245#250363.9.2220#26837245#3013.9.2.138246#267249#2593.9.2.239245#231245#228245#2303.9.2.340252#260243#260413.10249#251423.114434.14.1.1338#2034.1.244341#2034.24.2.14.2.245337#2034.2.34.2.44.2.4.1464.2.4.24.2.54.2.5.147339#2014.2.5.248337#20349338#2034.2.5.3338#203504.2.5.44.2.5.54.2.6514.2.7524.34.3.1338#20353338#2034.3.2338#20354338#2034.3.34.3.455395#2374.3.5395#2374.3.656395#2374.3.7574.3.84.44.4.1584.4.24.4.34.4.44.4.5594.4.64.4.6.1604.4.6.24.4.7614.4.84.4.8.1624.4.8.24.4.94.4.1063394#2374.4.11644.54.5.14.5.24.5.3654.5.44.5.4.14.5.4.2664.5.54.5.64.5.74.5.7.1674.5.7.24.64.6.14.6.2684.6.34.6.44.6.4.14.6.4.24.6.5694.6.64.6.74.6.7.14.6.7.2704.6.84.74.7.1714.7.24.7.34.7.3.14.7.3.24.7.44.7.4.1724.7.4.24.7.54.7.6734.7.74.7.84.8744.8.14.8.24.8.34.8.3.1754.8.3.1.14.8.3.1.24.8.3.2764.8.44.8.4.14.8.4.25775.15.1.1785.1.25.25.2.15.2.2795.2.35.3805.3.15.3.1.15.3.1.2815.3.1.3825.3.25.4835.55.5.1845.5.25.6855.7865.7.15.7.1.15.7.1.2875.7.25.7.2.15.7.2.25.7.2.3885.8895.95.9.15.9.290691DanksagungI Literatur9293949596979899 Erklärung an Eides Statt100deInhaltsverzeichnisHilfe Literatur Arita-N, Taneda-M, Hayakawa-T (1994): Leptomeningeal dissemination of malignant gliomas. Incidence, diagnosis and outcome. Acta Neurochirurgia Wien 126(2-4): 84-92. Atlas-SW (1991): Intra-axial brain tumors. In: Atlas-SW (Hrsg.): Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Spine.

New York

, Raven: 249-264. Aydin-H, Sillenberg-I, von-Lieven-H (2001): Patterns of failure following CT-based 3-D irradiation for malignant glioma. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 177(8): 424-31. Barker-FG-2nd, Prados-MD, Chang-SM, Gutin-PH, Lamborn-KR, Larson-DA, Malec-MK, McDermott-MW, Sneed-PK, Wara-WM, Wilson-CB (1996): Radiation response and survival time in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 84(3): 442-8. Barnard-RO, Geddes-JF (1987): The incidence of multifocal cerebral gliomas. A histologic study of large hemisphere sections. Cancer 60(7): 1519-31. Barnholtz-Sloan-JS, Sloan-AE, Schwartz-AG (2003): Relative survival rates and patterns of diagnosis analyzed by time period for individuals with primary malignant brain tumor, 1973-1997. J Neurosurg 99(3):458-66. Bördlein-I (2003): Intensitätsmodulierte Strahlentherapie. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 100(14):703. Brada-M, Hoang-Xuan-K, Rampling-R, Dietrich-PY, Dirix-LY, Macdonald-D, Heimans-JJ, Zonnenberg-BA, Bravo-Marques-JM, Henriksson-R, Stupp-R, Yue-N, Bruner-J, Dugan-M, Rao-S, Zaknoen-S (2001): Multicenter phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with glioblastoma multiforme at first relapse. Ann Oncol 12(2):149-50. Brada-M, Yung-WK (2000): Clinical trial end points in malignant glioma: need for effective trial design strategy. Seminars in Oncology 27(3 Suppl 6 (Jun)): 11-19. Burger-PC, Dubois-PJ, Schold-SC Jr, Smith-KR Jr, Odom-GL, Crafts-DC, Giangaspero-F (1983): Computerized tomographic and pathologic studies of the untreated, quiescent, and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 58(2): 159-69. Burger-PC, Heinz-ER, Shibata-T, Kleihues-P (1988): Topographic anatomy and CT correlations in the untreated glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 68(5): 698-704. Burton-E, Prados-M (1999): New chemotherapy options for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Curr Opin Oncol 11(3): 157-61. Byrne-TN (1994): Imaging of gliomas. Seminars in Oncology 21(2): 162-71. Chang-CH, Horton-J, Schoenfeld-D, Salazer-O, Perez-Tamayo-R, Kramer-S, Weinstein-A, Nelson-JS, Tsukada-Y (1983): Comparison of postoperative radiotherapy and combined postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the multidisciplinary management of malignant gliomas. A joint Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. Cancer 52(6): 997-1007. Chang-CN, Chen-WC, Wei-KC, Ng-SH, Ho-YS, Huang-DY, Lee-SP, Hong-JH (2003): High-dose-rate stereotactic brachytherapy for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 61(1):45-55. Chang-EL, Yi-W, Allen-PK, Levin-VA, Sawaya-RE, Maor-MH (2003): Hypofractionated radiotherapy for elderly or younger low-performance status glioblastoma patients: outcome and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56:519-528. Chan-JL, Lee-SW, Fraass-BA, Normolle-DP, Greenberg-HS, Junck-LR, Gebarski-SS, Sandler-HM (2002): Survival and failure patterns of high-grade gliomas after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 20(6 (March 15)): 1635-1642. Chibbaro-S, Benvenuti-L, Caprio-A, Carnesecci-S, Pulera-F, Faggionato-F, Serino-D, Galli-C, Andreuccetti-M, Buxton-N, Gagliardi-R (2004): Temozolomide as first-line agent in treating high- grade gliomas: phase II study. J Neurooncol 67(1-2):77-81. Choucair-AK, Levin-VA, Gutin-PH, Davis-RL, Silver-P, Edwards-MS, Wilson-CB (1986): Development of multiple lesions during radiation therapy and chemotherapy in patients with gliomas. J Neurosurg 65(5): 654-8. Chua-SL, Rosenthal-MA, Wong-SS, Ashley-DM, Woods-AM, Dowling-A, Cher-LM (2004): Phase 2 study of temozolomide and Caelyx in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Neurooncol 6(1):38-43. Darwin-RH, Drayer-BP, Riederer-SJ, Wang-HZ, MacFall-JR (1986): T2 estimates in healthy and diseased brain tissue: a comparison using various MR pulse sequences. Radiology 160(2): 375-81. Daumas-Duport-C (2002): Commentary on the WHO classification of tumors of the nervous system. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology , 61, 3:226-227. Davis-FG, Freels-S, Grutsch-J, Barlas-S, Brem-S (1998 ): Survival rates in patients with primary malignant brain tumors stratified by patient age and tumor histological type: an analysis based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, 1973-1991. J Neurosurg 88(1): 1-10. Devaux-BC, O'Fallon-JR, Kelly-PJ (1993): Resection, biopsy, and survival in malignant glial neoplasms. A retrospective study of clinical parameters, therapy, and outcome. J Neurosurg 78(5): 767-75. Duerr-EM, Rollbrocker-B, Hayashi-Y, Peters-N, Meyer-Puttlitz-B, Louis-DN, Schramm-J, Wiestler-OD, Parsons-R, Eng-C, von-Deimling-A (1998): PTEN mutations in gliomas and glioneuronal tumors. Oncogene 16(17): 2259-64. Earnest-F-4th, Kelly-PJ, Scheithauer-BW, Kall-BA, Cascino-TL, Ehman-RL, Forbes-GS, Axley-PL (1988): Cerebral astrocytomas: histopathologic correlation of MR and CT contrast enhancement with stereotactic biopsy. Radiology 166(3): 823-7. Fujimura-M, Kumabe-T, Tominaga-T, Jokura-H, Shirane-R, Yoshimoto-T (2004): Routine clinical adoption of magnetic resonance imaging was associated with better outcome after surgery in elderly patients with a malignant astrocytic tumour: a retrospective review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 146(3):251-5. Fuller-GN, Hess-KR, Rhee-Ch, Yung-WKA, Sawaya-RA, Bruner-JM, Zhang-W (2002): Molecular classification of human diffuse gliomas by multidimensional scaling analysis of gene expression profiles parallels morphology-based classification, correlates with survival, and reveals clinically-relevant novel glioma subsets. Brain Pathol 12:108-16. Fulton-DS, Urtasun-RC, Scott-Brown-I, Johnson-ES, Mielke-B, Curry-B, Huyser-Wierenga-D, Hanson-J, Feldstein-M (1992): Increasing radiation dose intensity using hyperfractionation in patients with malignant glioma. Final report of a prospective phase I-II dose response study. J Neurooncol 14(1): 63-72. Fults-D (1992): p53 Mutation and loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 17 and 10 during human astrocytoma progression. Cancer Research 52: 674-679. Garden-AS, Maor-MH, Yung-WK, Bruner-JM, Woo-SY, Moser-RP, Lee-YY (1991): Outcome and patterns of failure following limited-volume irradiation for malignant astrocytomas. Radiother Oncol 20(2): 99-110. Gaspar-LE, Fisher-BJ, Macdonald-DR, LeBer-DV, Halperin-EC, Schold-SC-Jr, Cairncross-JG (1992): Supratentorial malignant glioma: patterns of recurrence and implications for external beam local treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24(1): 55-7. Grabenbauer-GG (2004): Die Rolle der Radiotherapie beim höhergradigen Gliom des Erwachsenen. Onkologe (Suppl 1)10:23-25. Graves-EE, Nelson-SJ, Vigneron-DB, Verhey-L, McDermott-M, Larson-D, Chang-S, Prados-MD, Dillon-WP (2001): Serial proton MR spectroscopic imaging of recurrent malignant gliomas after gamma knife surgery. Am J Neuroradiol 22 :613-624. Grosu-AL, Feldmann-HJ, Albrecht-C, Kneschaurek-P, Wehrmann-R, Gross-MW, Zimmermann-FB, Molls-M (1998): Dreidimensionale Bestrahlungsplanung bei Hirntumoren. Vorteile der Methode und klinische Ergebnisse. Strahlenther Onkol 174(1): 7-13. Grosu-AL, Feldmann-HJ, Dick-S, Dzewas-B, Nieder-C, Gumprecht-H, Frank-A, Schwaiger-M, Molls-M, Weber-WA (2002): Implications of IMT-SPECT for postoperative radiotherapy planning in patients with glioma. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys 54(3): 842-854. Gruber-ML, Buster-WP (2004): Temozolomide in combination with irinotecan for treatment of recurrent malignant glioma . Am J Clin Oncol 27(1):33-8. Gudinaviciene-I, Pranys-D, Juozaityte-E (2004): Impact of morphology and biology on the prognosis of patients with gliomas. Medicina 40(2):112-120. Halperin-EC, Bentel-G, Heinz-ER, Burger-PC (1989): Radiation therapy treatment planning in supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme: an analysis based on post mortem topographic anatomy with CT correlations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 17(6): 1347-50. Halperin-EC, Gaspar-L, Imperato-J, Salter-M, Herndon-J 2d, Dowling-S (1993): An analysis of radiotherapy data from the CNS cancer consortium's randomized prospective trial comparing AZQ to BCNU in the treatment of patients with primary malignant brain tumors. The CNS cancer consortium. Am J Clin Oncol 16(4): 277-83. Hau-P, Baumgart-U, Pfeifer-K, Bock-A, Jauch-T, Dietrich-J, Fabel-K, Grauer-O, Wismeth-C, Klinkhammer-Schalke-M, Allgauer-M, Schuierer-G, Koch-H, Schlaier-J, Ulrich-W, Brawanski-A, Bogdahn-U, Steinbrecher-A (2003): Salvage therapy in patients with malignant glioblastoma: is there any benefit? Cancer 98(12):2678-86. Hau-P, Bogdahn-U (2004): Maligne Gliome – Chemotherapie. Onkologe (Suppl 1)10:S26-29. Hellwig-D, Mennel-HD, Bauer-BL, List-Hellwig-E, Koop-EA, Neidel-HO (1995): Malignant transformation of benign gliomas during interstitial irradiation. Acta Neurochir Wien Suppl 63: 101-8. Hochberg-FH, Pruitt-A (1980): Assumptions in the radiotherapy of glioblastoma. Neurology 30(9): 907-11. Huang-P, Allam-A, Taghian-A, Freeman-J, Duffy-M, Suit-HD (1995): Growth and metastatic behavior of five human glioblastomas compared with nine other histological types of human tumor xenografts in SCID mice. J Neurosurg 83(2): 308-15. Ino-Y, Betensky-RA, Zlatescu-MC, Sasaki-H, Macdonald-DR, Stemmer-Rachamimov-AO, Ramsay-DA, Cairncross-JG, Louis-DN (2001): Molecular subtypes of anaplastic Oligodendroglioma: implications for patient management at diagnosis. Clin Cancer Res 7(4): 839-45. James-CD (1991): Chromosome 9 deletion mapping reveals interferon alpha and interferon beta-1 gene deletions in human glial tumors. Cancer Research 51: 1684-1688. Janssen-J, Laatz-W (1999): Statistische Datenanalyse mit SPSS für Windows.

Berlin ... Tokio

, Springer. Jeremic-B, Milicic-B, Grujicic-D, Samardzie-M, Antunovic-V, Dagovic-A, Aleksandrovic-J (2004): Combined treatment modality for anaplastic oligodendroglioma and oligoastrocytoma: a 10-year update of a phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59(2):509-14. Kelly-PJ, Daumas-Duport-C, Kispert-DB, Kall-BA, Scheithauer-BW, Illig-JJ (1987a): Imaging-based stereotaxic serial biopsies in untreated intracranial glial neoplasms. J Neurosurg 66(6): 865-74. Kelly-PJ, Daumas-Duport-C, Scheithauer-BW, Kall-BA, Kispert-DB (1987b): Stereotactic histologic correlations of computed tomography- and magnetic resonance imaging-defined abnormalities in patients with glial neoplasms. Mayo Clin Proc 62(6): 450-9. Kiebert-GM, Curran-D, Aaronson-NK, et al.(1998): Quality of life after radiation therapy of cerebral low-grade gliomas of the adult: results of a randomised phase III trial on dose response (EORTC trial 22844). EORTC Radiotherapy Co-operative Group. Eur J Cancer 34: 1902-1909. Kim-HK, Thornton-AF, Greenberg-HS, Page-MA, Junck-L, Sandler-HM (1997): Results of re-irradiation of primary intracranial neoplasms with three-dimensional conformal therapy. Am J Clin Oncol 20(4): 358-63. Kleihues-P, Burger-PC, Collins-VP, Newcomb-EW, Ohgaki-H, Cavenee-WK (2000): Pathology and genetics of tumours of the central nervous system. In: Kleihues-P, Cavenee-WK (Hg.) World Health Organisation classification of tumours.

Lyon

, IARC Press, 6-69. Kleihues-P, Cavenee-WK, Hg. (2000): World Health Organisation classification of tumours.

Lyon

, IARC Press. Kleihues-P, Louis-DN, Scheithauer-BW, Rorke-LB, Reifenberger-G, Burger-PC, Cavenee-WK (2002): The WHO classification of tumors of the nervous system. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 61(3): 215-225. Komiyama-M, Yagura-H, Baba-M, Yasui-T, Hakuba-A, Nishimura-S, Inoue-Y (1987): MR imaging: possibility of tissue characterization of brain tumors using T1 and T2 values. Am J Neuroradiol 8(1): 65-70. Kortmann-RD, Becker-G, Kühl-J, Bamberg-M (1998): Strahlentherapie bei malignen Gliomen. Onkologe 4(7): 608-17. Krueck-WG, Schmiedl-UP, Maravilla-KR, Spence-AM, Starr-FL, Kenney-J (1994): MR assessment of radiation-induced blood-brain barrier permeability changes in rat glioma model. Am J Neuroradiol 15(4 ): 625-32. Kyritsis-AP, Levin-VA, Yung-WK, Leeds-NE (1993): Imaging patterns of multifocal gliomas. Eur J Radiol 16(3 (Apr.)): 163-70. Lacroix-M, Abi-Said-D, Fourney-DR, Gokaslan-ZL, Shi-W, DeMonte-F, Lang-FF, McCutcheon-IE, Hassenbusch-SJ, Holland-E, Hess-K, Michael-C, Miller-D, Sawaya-R (2001): A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J Neurosurg 95(2):190-8. Laperriere-N, Zuraw-L, Cairncross-G (2002): Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guidelines Initiative Neuro-Oncology Disease Site Group. Radiotherapy for newly diagnosed malignant glioma in adults: a systematic review. Radiother Oncol 64:259-273. Laperriere-NJ, Leung-PM, McKenzie-S, Milosevic-M, Wong-S, Glen-J, Pintilie-M, Bernstein-M (1998): Randomized study of brachytherapy in the initial management of patients with malignant astrocytoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 41: 1005-1011. Laramore-GE, Spence-AM (1996): Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for high-grade gliomas of the brain: a cautionary note. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 36(1): 241-6. Laws-ER Jr, Taylor-WF, Clifton-MB, Okazaki-H (1984): Neurosurgical management of low-grade astrocytoma of the cerebral hemispheres. J Neurosurg 61(4): 665-73. Lee-SW, Fraass-BA, Marsh-LH, Herbort-K, Gebarski-SS, Martel-MK, Radany-EH, Lichter-AS, Sandler-HM (1999): Patterns of failure following high-dose 3-D conformal radiotherapy for high-grade astrocytomas: a quantitative dosimetric study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43(1): 79-88. Liang-BC, Thornton-AF Jr, Sandler-HM, Greenberg-HS (1991): Malignant astrocytomas: focal tumor recurrence after focal external beam radiation therapy. J Neurosurg 75(4): 559-63. Lutterbach-J, Sauerbrei-W, Guttenberger-R (2003): Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in patients with glioblastoma. Strahlenther Onkol 179(1):8-15. Madison-MT, Hall-WA, Latchaw-RE, Loes-DJ (1994): Radiologic diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of adult central nervous system primary malignant glioma. Radiologic Clinics of North America 32(1): 183-196. Mathieu-NT, Genet-D, Labrousse-F, Bouillet-P, Denes-SL, Martin-J, Labourey-JL, Venat-L, Clavere-P, Moreau-JJ (2004): Pre-irradiation chemotherapy for newly diagnosed high grade astrocytoma. Anticancer Res 24(2C):1249-53. Matkovic-A, Jelicic-I, Negovetic-L, Lupret-V, Ferber-D (1984): Das Glioblastom des Großhirns. Klinischer Verlauf der Krankheit mit besonderer Rücksicht auf den Tumorsitz. Neurochirurgia Stuttg 27(6): 174-80. Maxwell-HP (1946): The incidence of interhemispheric extension of glioblastoma multiforme through the corpus callosum. J Neurosurg 3: 54-57. McGirt-MJ, Villavicencio-AT, Bulsara-KR, Friedman-AH (2003): MRI-guided stereotactic biopsy in the diagnosis of glioma: comparison of biopsy and surgical resection specimen. Surg Neurol 59 : 277-81. Mehdorn-HM, Stark-A (2004): Maligne Gliome – operative Therapie. Onkologe (Suppl 1)10:19-22. Moots-PL, Maciunas-RJ, Eisert-DR, Parker-RA, Laporte-K, Abou-Khalil-B (1995): The course of seizure disorders in patients with malignant gliomas . Arch Neurol 52(7): 717-24. Müller-B (1998): Supportive Therapie maligner Gliome. Onkologe 4(7): 622-31. Nagashima-G, Suzuki-R, Hokaku-H, Takahashi-M, Miyo-T, Asai-J, Nakagawa-N, Fujimoto-T (1999): Graphic analysis of microscopic tumor cell infiltration, proliferative potential, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in an autopsy brain with glioblastoma. Surg Neurol 51:292-299. Nakagawa-K, Aoki-Y, Fujimaki-T, Tago-M, Terahara-A, Karasawa-K, Sakata-K, Sasaki-Y, Matsutani-M, Akanuma-A (1998): High-dose conformal radiotherapy influenced the pattern of failure but did not improve survival in glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40(5): 1141-9. NCCN (1997): National Comprehensive Cancer Network adult brain tumor practice guidelines. Oncology 11:237-277. Nelson-DF, Curran-WJ-Jr, Scott-C, Nelson-JS, Weinstein-AS, Ahmad-K, Constine-LS, Murray-K, Powlis-WD, Mohiuddin-M, et al. (1993): Hyperfractionated radiation therapy and bis-chlorethyl nitrosourea in the treatment of malignant glioma--possible advantage observed at 72.0 Gy in 1.2 Gy B.I.D. fractions: report of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 8302. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 25(2): 193-207. Phillips-C, Guiney-M, Smith-J, Hughes-P, Narayan-K, Quong-G (2003): A randomized trial comparing 35 Gy in ten fractions with 60 Gy in 30 fractions of cerebral irradiation for glioblastoma multiforme and older patients with anaplastic astrocytoma. Radiother Oncol 68:23-26. Prados-MD, Levin-V (2000): Biology and treatment of malignant glioma. Semin-Oncol. 27(3 Suppl 6 (Jun.)): 1-10. Prados-MD, Scott-C, Sandler-H, Buckner-JC, Phillips-T, Schultz-C, Urtasun-R, Davis-R, Gutin-P, Cascino-TL, Greenberg-HS, Curran-WJ-Jr. (1999): A phase 3 randomized study of radiotherapy plus procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine (PCV) with or without BUdR for the treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma: a preliminary report of RTOG 9404. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45(5): 1109-15. Prados-MD, Seiferheld-W, Sandler-HM, Buckner-JC, Phillips-T, Schultz-C, Urtasun-R, Davis-R, Gutin-P, Cascino-TL, Greenberg-HS, Curran-WJ-Jr. (2004): Phase III randomized study of radiotherapy plus procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine with or without BudR for treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma: final report of RTOG 9404. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58(4):1147-52. Prados-MD, Wara-WM, Sneed-PK, McDermott-M, Chang-SM, Rabbitt-J, Page-M, Malec-M, Davis-RL, Gutin-PH, Lamborn-K, Wilson-CB, Phillips-TL, Larson-DA (2001): Phase III trial of accelerated hyperfractionation with or without difluromethylornithine (DFMO) versus standard fractionated radiotherapy with or without DFMO for newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49:71-77. Reifenberger-G, Reifenberger-J, Ichimura-K, Meltzer-PS, Collins-VP (1994): Amplification of multiple genes from chromosomal region 12q13-14 in human malignant gliomas: preliminary mapping of the amplicons shows preferential involvement of CDK4, SAS, and MDM2. Cancer Res 54(16): 299-303. Roelcke-U, Leenders-KL (1998): PET in der klinischen Neuro-Onkologie. Onkologe 4(7): 595-98. Rudoler-S, Corn-BW, Werner-Wasik-M, Flanders-A, Preston-PE, Tupchong-L, Curran-WJ Jr. (1998): Patterns of tumor progression after radiotherapy for low-grade gliomas: analysis from the computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging era . Am J Clin Oncol 21(1): 23-7. Russell-DS, Rubinstein-LJ (1977): Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System.

London

, FJ Arnold. Salazar-OM, Rubin-P, Feldstein-ML, Pizzutiello-R (1979): High dose radiation therapy in the treatment of malignant gliomas: final report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 5(10): 1733-40. Salminen-E, Nuutinen-JM, Huhtala-S (1996): Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 106 patients with malignant glioma. Eur J Cancer 11(23): 1918-23. Schackert-G (1998): Neurochirurgische Therapie der malignen Gliome. Onkologe 4(7): 599-607. Scherer-HJ (1940): The forms of growth in gliomas and their practical significance. Brain 63: 1-35. Schmidt-MH, Berger-MS, Lamborn-KR, Aldape-K, McDermott-MW, Prados-MD, Chang-SM (2003): Repeated operations for infiltrative low-grade gliomas without intervening therapy. J Neurosurg 98(6):1165-9. Shapiro-WR, Green-SB, Burger-PC, Selker-RG, VanGilder-JC, Robertson-JT, Mealey-J-Jr, Ransohff-J, Mahaley-MS, Jr. (1992): A randomized comparison of intra-arterial versus intravenous BCNU, with or without intravenous 5-fluorouracil, for newly diagnosed patients with malignant glioma. J Neurosurg 76(5): 772-81. Sheline-GE (1977): Radiation therapy of brain tumors. Cancer 39(2 Suppl): 873-81. Shibamoto-Y, Yamashita-J, Takahashi-M, Yamasaki-T, Kikuchi-H, Abe-M (1990): Supratentorial malignant glioma: an analysis of radiation therapy in 178 cases. Radiother Oncol 18(1): 9-17. Shrieve-DC, Alexander-E-3rd, Wen-PY, Fine-HA, Kooy-HM, Black-PM, Loeffler-JS (1995): Comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery and brachytherapy in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Neurosurgery 36(2): 275-82. Silbergeld-DL, Chicoine-MR (1997): Isolation and characterization of human malignant glioma cells from histologically normal brain. J Neurosurg 86(3): 525-31. Silbergeld-DL, Rostomily-RC, Alvord-EC, Jr. (1991): The cause of death in patients with glioblastoma is multifactorial: clinical factors and autopsy findings in 117 cases of supratentorial glioblastoma in adults. J Neurooncol 10(2): 179-85. Skirboll-SS, Ojemann-GA, Berger-MS et al. (1996): Functional cortex and subcortical white matter located within gliomas. Neurosurgery 38: 678-684. Sneed-PK, Gutin-PH, Larson-DA, Malec-MK, Phillips-TL, Prados-MD, Scharfen-CO, Weaver-KA, Wara-WM (1994): Patterns of recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme after external irradiation followed by implant boost. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 29(4): 719-27. Sneed-PK, Stauffer-PR, McDermott-MW, Diederich-CJ, Lamborn-KR, Prados-MD, Chang-S, Weaver-KA, Spry-L, Malec-MK, Lamb-SA, Voss-B, Davis-RL, Wara-WM, Larson-DA, Phillips-TL, Gutin-PH (1998): Survival benefit of hyperthermia in a prospective randomized trial of brachytherapy boost +/- hyperthermia for glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40(2): 287-95. Stark-AM, Witzel-P, Strege-RJ, Hugo-HH, Mehdorn-HM (2003): p53, mdm2, EGFR, and msh2 expression in paried initial and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:779-783. Stewart-LA and Glioma Meta-analysis Trialists (GMT) Group (2002 ): Chemotherapy in adult high-grade glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from 12 randomised trials. Lancet 359:1011-1018. Stummer-W, Novotny-A, Stepp-H, Goetz-C, Bise-K, Reulen-H (2000): Fluorescence-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme by using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins: a prospective study in 52 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg 93:1003-1013. Stupp-R, Dietrich-PY, Ostermann-Kraljevic-S, Pica-A, Maillard-I, Maeder-P, Meuli-R, Janzer-R, Pizzolato-G, Miralbell-R, Porchet-F, Regli-L, de-Tribolet-N, Mirimanoff-RO, Leyvraz-S (2002): Promising survival for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme treated with concomitant radiation plus temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide. J Clin Oncol 20(5):1375-82. Tamura-M, Ohye-C, Nakazato-Y (1993): Pathological anatomy of autopsy brain with malignant glioma. Neurol Med Chir Tokyo 33(2): 77-80. Ten Haken-RK, Thornton-AF Jr, Sandler-HM, LaVigne-ML, Quint-DJ, Fraass-BA, Kessler-ML, McShan-DL (1992): A quantitative assessment of the addition of MRI to CT-based, 3-D treatment planning of brain tumors. Radiother Oncol 25(2): 121-33. Thornton-AF-Jr, Sandler-HM, Ten-Haken-RK, McShan-DL, Fraass-BA, La-Vigne-ML, Yanke-BR (1992): The clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging in 3-dimensional treatment planning of brain neoplasms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24(4): 767-75. Trattnig-S, Schindler-E, Ungersbock-K, Schmidbauer-M, Heimberger-K, Hubsch-P, Stiglbauer-R (1990): Extra-CNS metastases of glioblastoma: CT and MR studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14(2): 294-6. Uhm-JH, Dooley-NP, Villemure-JG, Yong-VW (1997): Mechanisms of glioma invasion: role of matrix-metalloproteinases. Can J Neurol Sci 24(1): 3-15. Vajkoczy-P, Schilling-L, Ullrich-A, Schmiedek-P, Menger-MD (1998): Characterization of angiogenesis and microcirculation of high-grade glioma: an intravital multifluorescence microscopic approach in the athymic nude mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18(5): 510-20. Van Tassel-P, Lee-YY, Bruner-JM (1988): Synchronous and metachronous malignant gliomas: CT findings. Am J Neuroradiol 9(4): 725-32. von Deimling-A (1994): Loci associated with malignant progression in astrocytomas: A candidate on chromosome 19q. Cancer Research 54: 1397-1401. Walker-MD, Strike-TA, Sheline-GE (1979): An analysis of dose-effect relationship in the radiotherapy of malignant gliomas. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 5(10): 1725-31. Wallner-KE, Galicich-JH, Krol-G, Arbit-E, Malkin-MG (1989): Patterns of failure following treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16(6): 1405-9. Watanabe-M, Tanaka-R, Takeda-N (1992): Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology of cerebral gliomas. Neuroradiology 34(6): 463-9. Weber-RG, Sabel-M, Reifenberger-J, Sommer-C, Oberstrass-J, Reifenberger-G, Kiessling-M, Cremer-T (1996): Characterization of genomic alterations associated with glioma progression by comparative genomic hybridization. Oncogene. 13(5): 983-994. Weller-M, Muller-B, Koch-R, Bamberg-M, Krauseneck-P; Neuro-Oncology Working Group of the German Cancer Society (2003): Neuro-Oncology Working Group 01 trial of nimustine plus teniposide versus nimustine plus cytarabine chemotherapy in addition to involved-field radiotherapy in the first-line treatment of malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 21(17):3276-3284. Werner-Wasik-M, Scott-CB, Nelson-DF, Gaspar-LE, Murray-KJ, Fischbach-JA, Nelson-JS, Weinstein-AS, Curran-WJ, Jr (1996): Final report of a phase I/II trial of hyperfractionated and accelerated hyperfractionated radiation therapy with carmustine for adults with supratentorial malignant gliomas. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 83-02. Cancer 77(8 (Apr. 15)): 1535-43. Westphal-M (1998): Lokale Therapiekonzepte bei malignen Gliomen. Onkologe 4(7): 632-8. Westphal-M, Hilt-DC, Bortey-E, Delavault-P, Olivares-R, Warnke-PC, Whittle-IR, Jaaskelainen-J, Ram-Z (2003): A phase 3 trial of local chemotherapy with biodegradable carmustine (BCNU) wafers (Gliadel wafers) in patients with primary malignant glioma. Neuro Oncol 5:79-88. Wiestler-OD, Schmidt-MC (1998): Neuropathologie maligner Gliome. Onkologe 4(7): 580-8. Wild-Bode-C, Weller-M, Rimner-A, Dichgans-J, Wick-W (2001): Sublethal irradiation promotes migration and invasiveness of glioma cells: implications for radiotherapy of human glioblastoma. Cancer-Res. 61(6 (Mar. 15)): 2744-50. Wirtz-CR, Albert-FK, Schwaderer-M, Heuer-C, Staubert-A, Tronnier-VM, Knauth-M, Kunze-S (2000): The benefit of neuronavigation for neurosurgery analyzed by its impact on glioblastoma surgery. Neurol Res 22:354-360. Würschmidt-F, Bunemann-H, Heilmann-HP (1995): Prognostic factors in high-grade malignant glioma. A multivariate analysis of 76 cases with postoperative radiotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol 171(6): 315-21. Yung-WKA, Albright-RE, Olson-J, Fredericks-R, Fink-K, Prados-MD, Brada-M, Spence-A, Hohl-RJ, Shapiro-W, Glantz-M, Greenberg-H, Selker-RG, Vick-NA, Rampling-R, Friedman-H, Phillips-P, Bruner-J, Yue-N, Osoba-D, Zaknoen-S, Levin-VA (2000): A phase II study of temozolomide vs. procarbazine in patients with glioblastoma multiforme at first relapse. Br J Cancer 83: 588-93. Zimmerman-RA (1991): Imaging of adult central nervous system primary malignant gliomas. Staging and follow-up. Cancer 67(4 Suppl): 1278-83.