<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry ref="_Toc28307317" type="link"/><cms:entry type="title">Reactive transport processes in artificially recharged aquifers -Field and modelling studies-</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Janek Johannes Greskowiak</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="_Toc116724177" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Toc148591811" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Toc148591812" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Toc116724178" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1008B" part="N1008B" ref="N1008B" type="preface">
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            Preface</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc112650972" part="N1008B" ref="_Toc112650972" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724179" part="N1008B" ref="_Toc116724179" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538317" part="N1008B" ref="_Toc118538317" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538612" part="N1008B" ref="_Toc118538612" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625920" part="N1008B" ref="_Toc118625920" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref119305553" part="N1008B" ref="_Ref119305553" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref119305568" part="N1008B" ref="_Ref119305568" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref119305575" part="N1008B" ref="_Ref119305575" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591810" part="N1008B" ref="_Toc148591810" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100AD" part="N1008B" ref="N100AD" type="citenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="OLE_LINK2" part="N1008B" ref="OLE_LINK2" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc148591814" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc148591814" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100CC" part="chapter1" ref="N100CC" type="helpercitenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724180" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc116724180" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538318" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538318" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538613" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538613" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625921" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118625921" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100E4" part="chapter1" ref="N100E4" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc148591815" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc148591815" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100F4" part="chapter1" ref="N100F4" type="citenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc112650974" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc112650974" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724181" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc116724181" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538319" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538319" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538614" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538614" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625922" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118625922" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591816" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc148591816" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10144" part="chapter1" ref="N10144" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1015D" part="chapter1" ref="N1015D" type="mm">606#315</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc119297892" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc119297892" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1017A" part="chapter1" ref="N1017A" type="citenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724182" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc116724182" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538320" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538320" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538615" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538615" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625923" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118625923" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591817" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc148591817" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N101A0" part="chapter1" ref="N101A0" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101AA" part="chapter1" ref="N101AA" type="citenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724183" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc116724183" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538321" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538321" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538616" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538616" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625924" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118625924" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc119070202" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc119070202" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591818" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc148591818" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N101D9" part="chapter1" ref="N101D9" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101E0" part="chapter1" ref="N101E0" type="citenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc118625925" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118625925" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc119070203" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc119070203" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591819" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc148591819" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10218" part="chapter1" ref="N10218" type="section">1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1021F" part="chapter1" ref="N1021F" type="citenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1022E" part="chapter1" ref="N1022E" type="citenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1023D" part="chapter1" ref="N1023D" type="citenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1024C" part="chapter1" ref="N1024C" type="citenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10261" part="chapter1" ref="N10261" type="citenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724186" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc116724186" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538324" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538324" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538619" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118538619" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625927" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc118625927" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591820" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc148591820" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724187" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc116724187" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538325" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc118538325" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538620" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc118538620" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102A2" part="chapter2" ref="N102A2" type="helpercitenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102A7" part="chapter2" ref="N102A7" type="citenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724218" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc116724218" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538340" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc118538340" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538635" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc118538635" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625949" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc118625949" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591821" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc148591821" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102D2" part="chapter3" ref="N102D2" type="helpercitenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102DD" part="chapter3" ref="N102DD" type="citenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724222" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc116724222" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538355" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc118538355" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538650" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc118538650" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625966" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc118625966" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538356" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc118538356" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538651" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc118538651" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625967" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc118625967" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591822" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc148591822" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1030B" part="chapter4" ref="N1030B" type="helpercitenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724224" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc116724224" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538370" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc118538370" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538665" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc118538665" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625981" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc118625981" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591823" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc148591823" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1033A" part="chapter5" ref="N1033A" type="citenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724225" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc116724225" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538371" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538371" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538666" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538666" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625982" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118625982" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc119070262" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc119070262" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1035C" part="chapter5" ref="N1035C" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc148591824" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc148591824" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724226" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc116724226" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538372" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538372" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538667" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538667" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625983" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118625983" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc119070263" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc119070263" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10385" part="chapter5" ref="N10385" type="subsection">5.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc148591825" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc148591825" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724227" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc116724227" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538373" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538373" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538668" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538668" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625984" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118625984" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc119070264" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc119070264" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591826" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc148591826" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103B5" part="chapter5" ref="N103B5" type="subsection">5.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103BC" part="chapter5" ref="N103BC" type="citenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724228" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc116724228" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538374" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538374" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538669" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538669" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625985" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118625985" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc119070265" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc119070265" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591827" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc148591827" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103EB" part="chapter5" ref="N103EB" type="subsection">5.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103F2" part="chapter5" ref="N103F2" type="citenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc116724229" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc116724229" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538375" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538375" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538670" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118538670" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625986" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc118625986" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc119070266" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc119070266" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591828" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc148591828" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1041C" part="chapter5" ref="N1041C" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1042F" part="chapter5" ref="N1042F" type="citenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc148591829" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc148591829" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10442" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N10444" part="N10444" ref="N10444" type="bibliography">Literature</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc118625987" part="N10444" ref="_Toc118625987" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591830" part="N10444" ref="_Toc148591830" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B1A" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B1A" type="appendix">Appendix A: Conference Paper 1 (supplement to Chapter 2)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B1C" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B1C" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N10B1F" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B1F" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724209" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc116724209" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B25" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B25" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538331" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118538331" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B2B" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B2B" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538626" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118538626" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B31" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B31" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625988" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118625988" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B37" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B37" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10B3D" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B3D" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724210" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc116724210" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B43" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B43" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538332" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118538332" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B49" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B49" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538627" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118538627" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B4F" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B4F" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625989" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118625989" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B55" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B55" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10B5B" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B5B" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10B5E" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B5E" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724211" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc116724211" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B64" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B64" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538333" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118538333" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B6A" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B6A" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538628" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118538628" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B70" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B70" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625990" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118625990" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B76" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B76" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10B7C" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B7C" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10B91" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B91" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10B9A" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B9A" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10B9D" part="N10B1A" ref="N10B9D" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724212" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc116724212" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BA3" part="N10B1A" ref="N10BA3" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538334" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118538334" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BA9" part="N10B1A" ref="N10BA9" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538629" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118538629" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BAF" part="N10B1A" ref="N10BAF" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625991" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118625991" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BB5" part="N10B1A" ref="N10BB5" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10BBB" part="N10B1A" ref="N10BBB" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10BC1" part="N10B1A" ref="N10BC1" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10BC3" part="N10B1A" ref="N10BC3" type="mm">494#284</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc119302752" 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part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc118625996" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D10" part="N10B1A" ref="N10D10" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591831" part="N10B1A" ref="_Toc148591831" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D17" part="N10D17" ref="N10D17" type="appendix">Appendix B: Conference Paper 2 (supplement to Chapter 3)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D19" part="N10D17" ref="N10D19" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N10D1C" part="N10D17" ref="N10D1C" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724219" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc116724219" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538348" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118538348" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538643" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118538643" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118625997" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118625997" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D2B" part="N10D17" ref="N10D2B" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10D31" part="N10D17" ref="N10D31" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc116724220" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc116724220" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D37" part="N10D17" ref="N10D37" 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type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10DC1" part="N10D17" ref="N10DC1" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118626001" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118626001" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10DC7" part="N10D17" ref="N10DC7" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10DCD" part="N10D17" ref="N10DCD" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10DD0" part="N10D17" ref="N10DD0" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10DD2" part="N10D17" ref="N10DD2" type="mm">435#234</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DDE" part="N10D17" ref="N10DDE" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538353" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118538353" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10DE4" part="N10D17" ref="N10DE4" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538648" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118538648" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10DEA" part="N10D17" ref="N10DEA" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118626002" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118626002" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10DF0" part="N10D17" ref="N10DF0" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10DF6" part="N10D17" ref="N10DF6" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10DF9" part="N10D17" ref="N10DF9" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10DFF" part="N10D17" ref="N10DFF" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E01" part="N10D17" ref="N10E01" type="mm">522#416</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E13" part="N10D17" ref="N10E13" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E16" part="N10D17" ref="N10E16" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E1C" part="N10D17" ref="N10E1C" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E22" part="N10D17" ref="N10E22" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E28" part="N10D17" ref="N10E28" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E31" part="N10D17" ref="N10E31" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E33" part="N10D17" ref="N10E33" type="mm">467#416</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E45" part="N10D17" ref="N10E45" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E4B" part="N10D17" ref="N10E4B" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E54" part="N10D17" ref="N10E54" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E56" part="N10D17" ref="N10E56" type="mm">467#416</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E6B" part="N10D17" ref="N10E6B" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538354" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118538354" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E71" part="N10D17" ref="N10E71" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118538649" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118538649" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E77" part="N10D17" ref="N10E77" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118626003" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118626003" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E7D" part="N10D17" ref="N10E7D" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E83" part="N10D17" ref="N10E83" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc118626004" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc118626004" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E8C" part="N10D17" ref="N10E8C" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E92" part="N10D17" ref="N10E92" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E95" part="N10D17" ref="N10E95" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10E9E" part="N10D17" ref="N10E9E" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EA7" part="N10D17" ref="N10EA7" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EB0" part="N10D17" ref="N10EB0" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EB9" part="N10D17" ref="N10EB9" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EBF" part="N10D17" ref="N10EBF" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EC5" part="N10D17" ref="N10EC5" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10ECB" part="N10D17" ref="N10ECB" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10ED4" part="N10D17" ref="N10ED4" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EDD" part="N10D17" ref="N10EDD" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EE6" part="N10D17" ref="N10EE6" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EEF" part="N10D17" ref="N10EEF" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EF8" part="N10D17" ref="N10EF8" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10EFB" part="N10D17" ref="N10EFB" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F04" part="N10D17" ref="N10F04" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F0D" part="N10D17" ref="N10F0D" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F13" part="N10D17" ref="N10F13" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F19" part="N10D17" ref="N10F19" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F1F" part="N10D17" ref="N10F1F" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F28" part="N10D17" ref="N10F28" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591832" part="N10D17" ref="_Toc148591832" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10F2F" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F2F" type="appendix">Appendix C: Additional Figures and Tables</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F31" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F31" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N10F34" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F34" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F36" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F36" type="mm">529#396</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F42" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F42" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F44" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F44" type="mm">491#367</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F50" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F50" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F52" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F52" type="mm">529#397</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F5E" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F5E" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F60" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F60" type="mm">529#397</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F6C" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F6C" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F6E" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F6E" type="mm">529#397</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F7A" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F7A" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F7C" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F7C" type="mm">504#312</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F88" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F88" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N10F8A" part="N10F2F" ref="N10F8A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11BE3" part="N10F2F" ref="N11BE3" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11BE5" part="N10F2F" ref="N11BE5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11EBF" part="N10F2F" ref="N11EBF" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc148591833" part="N10F2F" ref="_Toc148591833" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11EC6" part="N11EC6" ref="N11EC6" type="acknowledgement">Acknowledgements</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11ED2" part="N11ED2" ref="N11ED2" type="declaration">Eidesstattliche Erklärung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EE9" part="N11EE9" ref="N11EE9" type="appendix">Liste der Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EEB" part="N11EE9" ref="N11EEB" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N11EEE" part="N11EE9" ref="N11EEE" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11EF4" part="N11EE9" ref="N11EF4" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11EFD" part="N11EE9" ref="N11EFD" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F06" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F06" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F0F" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F0F" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F18" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F18" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F21" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F21" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F27" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F27" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F2F" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F2F" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F35" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F35" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F3B" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F3B" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F41" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F41" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F47" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F47" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F4D" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F4D" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F53" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F53" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F59" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F59" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F5F" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F5F" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F65" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F65" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F6B" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F6B" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F71" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F71" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F77" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F77" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F7D" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F7D" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F83" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F83" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F89" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F89" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F8F" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F8F" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F95" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F95" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11F9E" part="N11EE9" ref="N11F9E" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11FA7" part="N11EE9" ref="N11FA7" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11FAD" part="N11EE9" ref="N11FAD" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11FB6" part="N11EE9" ref="N11FB6" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N11FC0" part="N11FC0" ref="N11FC0" type="vita">Wissenschaftlicher Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><p>
         <link id="_Toc28307317"/>
      </p><title>Reactive transport processes in artificially recharged aquifers<br/>-Field and modelling studies-</title><submission>Dissertation</submission><degree>zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>Doctor rerum naturalium<br/>(Dr. rer. nat.)<br/>im Fach Geographie</degree><major>eingereicht an der<br/>Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät II</major><school>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</school><author>von<br/>Dipl. Geol. <given>Janek Johannes</given>
         <surname>Greskowiak</surname>
      </author><dean> der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät II<br/>Prof. Dr. U. Küchler</dean><p>Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin<br/>Prof. Dr. Hans Jürgen Prömel</p><approvals>
         <name>Herr Prof. Dr. Gunnar Nützmann</name>
         <name>Herr Prof. Dr. Wilfried Endlicher</name>
         <name>Herr Prof. Dr. Asaf Pekdeger</name>
      </approvals><date>eingereicht:27.11.2005</date><date>Datum der Promotion:10.02.2006</date><abstract lang="en">
         <head>
            <link id="_Toc116724177"/>
            <link id="_Toc148591811"/>Abstract</head>
         <p>Managed aquifer recharge is becoming increasingly popular to secure and enhance water resources through a variety of techniques such as riverbank filtration, aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) or ponded infiltration. In this thesis, three major studies were carried out in order to understand the key factors controlling the water quality changes that occurred during an ASR experiment at Bolivar, South Australia and during ponded infiltration in Berlin, Germany.</p>
         <p>In the first study, multi-component reactive transport modelling was used to provide a consistent process-based interpretation of the observed hydrochemical changes that occurred during a reclaimed water ASR experiment at Bolivar. The major geochemical processes considered in the model were microbially mediated redox-reactions driven by the mineralisation of organic carbon, mineral dissolution/precipitation and ion exchange. The results suggest that during the storage phase, dynamic changes in bacterial mass have a significant influence on the local geochemistry in the vicinity of the injection well. Water quality changes further away from the injection well were mainly driven by ion exchange and calcite dissolution. </p>
         <p>The aim of the second study was to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of the redox zones directly below an artificial recharge pond in Berlin, Germany. The system is characterised by regular hydraulic changes between saturated and unsaturated conditions due to the periodic formation of a clogging layer at the pond&#8217;s bottom. Geochemical and hydraulic measurements showed that during summer nitrate and manganese reducing conditions generally dominated below the pond as long as water saturated conditions prevailed. Iron and sulphate reduction occurred only locally due to chemical and physical heterogeneity of the aquifer sediment. During unsaturated conditions, atmospheric oxygen penetrated from the pond margins to the centre below the pond, leading to (i) a sudden re-oxidation of the previously formed sulphide minerals and (ii) an enhanced mineralisation of sedimentary particulate organic carbon. During the entire winter period, the redox environment below the pond remains aerobic despite variable hydraulic conditions.</p>
         <p>In the third study, multi-component reactive transport modelling was carried out to evaluate and quantify the processes controlling the redox dynamics and the related fate of the pharmaceutically active compound phenazone within the aquifer that surrounds the recharge pond. The simulation results showed that seasonal temperature changes of the infiltration water are the key control for the observed temporal and spatial redox dynamics. Variable residence times resulting from varying recharge rates appeared to be less important. It could also be shown that the phenazone&#8217;s attenuation behaviour solely depends on the distribution of dissolved oxygen concentration within the aquifer.</p>
         <p>Overall this thesis shows that a sound understanding and analysis of the key processes affecting the water quality changes during artificial recharge of groundwater could only be achieved when flow, transport and reactive processes are considered simultaneously, both in the field and during modelling.</p>
      </abstract><abstract lang="de">
         <head>
            <link id="_Toc148591812"/>Zusammenfassung</head>
         <p>Künstliche Grundwasseranreicherung (GWA) gewährleistet zunehmend die Sicherung von Wasserressourcen. Techniken der künstlichen GWA umfassen dabei die Uferfiltration, Anreicherung über Injektionsbrunnen (engl.: Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)) und Versickerung über so genannte Grundwasseranreichungsbecken. In der vorliegenden Dissertation sollten die hydrogeochemischen Prozesse herausgearbeitet werden, die für die Wasserqualitätsänderung während eines ASR Experiments in Bolivar, Südaustralien und während der Versickerung in einem künstlichen Grundwasseranreicherungsbecken in Berlin von Bedeutung waren.</p>
         <p>Im Rahmen einer ersten Studie wurde eine reaktive Stofftransportmodellierung durchgeführt, mit dem Ziel, die im Bolivar ASR Experiment beobachteten hydrochemischen Veränderungen im Aquifer zu interpretieren. Die Modellierung zeigte, dass die hydrochemischen Veränderungen in der direkten Umgebung des Injektionsbrunnens während der Speicherphase nur durch rapide Konzentrationsänderungen der Sauerstoff- und Nitrat reduzierenden Bakterien erklärt werden können. Die hydrochemischen Veränderungen in größerer Distanz zum Injektionsbrunnen wurden überwiegend durch Ionenaustauschprozesse und Kalzitlösung verursacht.</p>
         <p>In einer zweiten Studie sollte im Wesentlichen die räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung von Redoxzonen direkt unter einem Sickerbecken in Berlin untersucht werden. Hydraulisch ist das betrachtete System durch wechselnde gesättigte und ungesättigte Bedingungen charakterisiert, verursacht durch die natürliche Bildung einer Kolmationsschicht am Beckenboden. Geochemische und hydraulische Messungen zeigten, dass im Sommer Nitrat- und Manganreduzierende Bedingungen vorherrschend sind, solange das Sediment unter dem Becken voll wassergesättigt ist. Eisen- und Sulfatreduktion findet nur marginal in einigen anaeroben Mikrozonen statt. Während der nachfolgenden ungesättigten Phase wird Luft unter das Becken gezogen und führt zur plötzlichen Reoxidierung von zuvor gebildeten Eisensulfiden und zur beschleunigten Mineralisation von sedimentärem organischem Kohlenstoff. Im Winter bleibt das Sediment unter dem Becken trotz der variablen gesättigt/ungesättigen hydraulischen Bedingungen im aeroben Zustand.</p>
         <p>
            <link id="_Toc116724178"/>
         </p>
         <p>In der letzten Studie wurde eine reaktive Stofftransportmodellierung durchgeführt, um zu untersuchen welche Prozesse in welchem Maße die Dynamik von Redoxzonen und das Abbauverhalten der Arzneimittelsubstanz Phenazon in dem Sickerbecken umgebenden Aquifer steuern. Die Modellierung zeigte, dass allein die saisonalen Temperaturunterschiede im Infiltrationswasser für die beobachtete zeitliche und räumliche Dynamik der Redoxzonen verantwortlich sind. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Phenazonabbau ausschließlich von der Verteilung der Sauerstoffkonzentration im Aquifer abhängt. </p>
         <p>In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird deutlich, dass ein adäquates und umfassendes Verständniss der wasserqualitätsändernden Prozesse in künstlichen Grundwasseranreicherungsystemen nur dann erreicht werden kann wenn Strömung, Transport und reaktive Prozesse, im Feld als auch in der Modellierung, simultan betrachtet werden.</p>
      </abstract><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N1008B">
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            Preface</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> 
            General introduction<ul><li><p><link ref="N100E4">1.1</link> 
               Artificial recharge of groundwater</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10144">1.2</link> Processes and water quality issues </p></li><li><p><link ref="N101A0">1.3</link> Scientific problems</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101D9">1.4</link> Scope of this work</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10218">1.5</link> Structure of this thesis</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> Modelling of carbon cycling and biogeochemical changes during injection and recovery of reclaimed water at Bolivar, South Austalia
            
            
         </p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> The impact of variably saturated conditions on hydrogeochemical changes during artificial recharge of groundwater</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> Modeling seasonal redox dynamics and the corresponding fate of the pharmaceutical residue phenazone during artificial recharge of groundwater</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5</link> Synthesis<ul><li><p><link ref="N1035C">5.1</link> 
               Major conclusions  <ul><li><p><link ref="N10385">5.1.1</link> 
                  Bolivar site</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103B5">5.1.2</link> Berlin site</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103EB">5.1.3</link> Reactive transport modelling</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1041C">5.2</link> Prospects</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10444">Literature</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B1A">Appendix A: Conference Paper 1 (supplement to Chapter 2)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D17">Appendix B: Conference Paper 2 (supplement to Chapter 3)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F2F">Appendix C: Additional Figures and Tables</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EC6">Acknowledgements</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11ED2">Eidesstattliche Erklärung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EE9">Liste der Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11FC0">Wissenschaftlicher Lebenslauf</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10F8A">
                  <strong>Table C.1:</strong> Supplement to Chapter 2: Parameter correlation coefficient matrix.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11BE5">
                  <strong>Table C.2:</strong> Supplement to Chapter 2: Confidence intervals for the estimated parameter values.</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N1015D">
                     <strong>Figure 1 a.</strong> (adapted from van Breukelen (2003)): Theoretical sequence of terminal electron acceptor (TEA) processes related to the biodegradation of organic matter in hydrogeochemical systems. RRS = reduced redox species. <strong>b.</strong> Schematic illustration of spatially distinct redox zones (O<sub>2</sub>=aerobic-, NO<sub>3</sub>=denitrifying-, Mn=Mn-reducing- , Fe=Fe-reducing- and SO<sub>4</sub>=sulfate reducing conditions) along the ground water flow direction during riverbank filtration.  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BC3">
                  <strong>Figure A.1</strong>: Cumulative volume of injected water</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C4C">
                  <strong>Figure A.2:</strong> Concentrations of DOC, ammonia/ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, calcium, alkalinity, pH and bacteria at the ASR and the 50m well. Concentrations of the injectant (crosses), observations (circles), alternative A (dash-dot lines), alternative B (solid lines) and non-reactive simulations (dotted lines) are shown.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DD2">
                  <strong>Figure B.1:</strong> Schematic cross-sectional view of study area and locations of measurement devices.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E01">
                  <strong>Figure B.2:</strong>
                  <strong>a.</strong> Infiltration rate and piezometric head; <strong>b.</strong> temperature of the pond water; the numbers 1-4 refer to Stages 1-4.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E33">
                  <strong>Figure B.3:</strong> Concentrations of <strong>a.</strong> dissolved oxygen (DO), <strong>b.</strong> nitrate (NO3-) in the pond water, groundwater and at depths of 50 cm; the numbers 1-4 refer to Stages 1-4.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E56">
                  <strong>Figure B.4:</strong> Concentrations of <strong>a.</strong> dissolved manganese (Mn<sup>2+</sup>), <strong>b.</strong> total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the pond water, groundwater and at depths of 50 cm; the numbers 1-4 refer to Stages 1-4.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F36">
                  <strong>Figure C.1:</strong> Supplement to Chapter 2: Simulated concentration of methane at the injection/extraction well and at the 50 m well.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F44">
                  <strong>Figure C.2:</strong> Supplement to Chapter 2: Simulated concentration profile of Bacteria at 100, 530 and 780 days after the start of the trial.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F52">
                  <strong>Figure C.3:</strong> Supplement to Chapter 2: Simulated and observed concentration of calcium at the injection/extrac tion well and at the 50 m well. The comparison of simulations with and without biodegradation indicates that biodegradation of organic carbon only had a minor impact on calcite dissolution.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F60">
                  <strong>Figure C.4:</strong> Supplement to Chapter 2: Simulated and observed concentration of Fe (ferric+ferrous) at the injection/extraction well and at the 50 m well. Simulation with and without FeS precipitation allowed. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F6E">
                  <strong>Figure C.5:</strong> Supplement to Chapter 2: Simulated and observed concentration of sulfate and Fe (ferric+ferrous) at the 4m well. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F7C">
                  <strong>Figure C.6:</strong> Supplement to Chapter 3: Pressures at depths of 50 cm and 150 cm below the pond; the numbers 1-4 refer to the Stages 1-4 of the operational cycle. Note that the pond was dry during Stage 4.</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>