<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry ref="I_Ref64643973" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="I_Ref64644513" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="I_Ref64644816" type="link"/><cms:entry type="title">Genetische Polymorphismen in Toll-like-Rezeptoren, rheumatoide Arthritis und Höhe von Rheumafaktor im Serum</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Axel Hamprecht</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref65256751" part="chapter1" ref="I_Ref65256751" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100C2" part="chapter1" ref="N100C2" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100C9" part="chapter1" ref="N100C9" type="citenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100E2" part="chapter1" ref="N100E2" type="mm">451#233</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100EF" part="chapter1" ref="N100EF" type="citenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100FF" part="chapter1" ref="N100FF" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10104" part="chapter1" ref="N10104" type="subsection">1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10120" part="chapter1" ref="N10120" type="subsection">1.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10127" part="chapter1" ref="N10127" type="citenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref73719104" part="chapter1" ref="I_Ref73719104" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1013A" part="chapter1" ref="N1013A" type="subsection">1.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref67763690" part="chapter1" ref="I_Ref67763690" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10170" part="chapter1" ref="N10170" type="subsection">1.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10177" part="chapter1" ref="N10177" type="citenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101BC" part="chapter1" ref="N101BC" type="citenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101C5" part="chapter1" ref="N101C5" type="subsection">1.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101EA" part="chapter1" ref="N101EA" type="subsection">1.2.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10210" part="chapter1" ref="N10210" type="citenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10228" part="chapter1" ref="N10228" type="subsection">1.2.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1024A" part="chapter1" ref="N1024A" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10251" part="chapter1" ref="N10251" type="citenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10281" part="chapter1" ref="N10281" type="citenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1028D" part="chapter1" ref="N1028D" type="subsection">1.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102A1" part="chapter1" ref="N102A1" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102A6" part="chapter1" ref="N102A6" type="subsection">1.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102BC" part="chapter1" ref="N102BC" type="citenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102DC" part="chapter1" ref="N102DC" type="subsection">1.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102F8" part="chapter1" ref="N102F8" type="citenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1031F" part="chapter1" ref="N1031F" type="mm">624#477</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1032E" part="chapter1" ref="N1032E" type="citenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10347" part="chapter1" ref="N10347" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N105F6" part="chapter1" ref="N105F6" type="block">1.4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105FD" part="chapter1" ref="N105FD" type="citenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1062F" part="chapter1" ref="N1062F" type="block">1.4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10636" part="chapter1" ref="N10636" type="citenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1066A" part="chapter1" ref="N1066A" type="citenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106AB" part="chapter1" ref="N106AB" type="citenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106C0" part="chapter1" ref="N106C0" type="block">1.4.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106D9" part="chapter1" ref="N106D9" type="citenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106EB" part="chapter1" ref="N106EB" type="mm">623#91</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref67501788" part="chapter1" ref="I_Ref67501788" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N106FF" part="chapter1" ref="N106FF" type="section">1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10718" part="chapter1" ref="N10718" type="citenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1074C" part="chapter1" ref="N1074C" type="citenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref67763527" part="chapter1" ref="I_Ref67763527" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10789" part="chapter2" ref="N10789" type="citenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1079C" part="chapter2" ref="N1079C" type="citenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref64644351" part="chapter2" ref="I_Ref64644351" type="link"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref64644723" part="chapter2" ref="I_Ref64644723" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107CE" part="chapter3" ref="N107CE" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107D3" part="chapter3" ref="N107D3" type="helpercitenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107E6" part="chapter3" ref="N107E6" type="citenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107F3" part="chapter3" ref="N107F3" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107FD" part="chapter3" ref="N107FD" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1096A" part="chapter3" ref="N1096A" type="section">3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10971" part="chapter3" ref="N10971" type="citenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1097A" part="chapter3" ref="N1097A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N109F0" part="chapter3" ref="N109F0" type="citenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109F3" part="chapter3" ref="N109F3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10A5C" part="chapter3" ref="N10A5C" type="section">3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A63" part="chapter3" ref="N10A63" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10B07" part="chapter3" ref="N10B07" type="section">3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B11" part="chapter3" ref="N10B11" type="citenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B14" part="chapter3" ref="N10B14" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10BFD" part="chapter3" ref="N10BFD" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10C9F" part="chapter3" ref="N10C9F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10D6C" part="chapter3" ref="N10D6C" type="section">3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D73" part="chapter3" ref="N10D73" type="citenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D76" part="chapter3" ref="N10D76" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10DBB" part="chapter3" ref="N10DBB" type="section">3.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DC2" part="chapter3" ref="N10DC2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10E52" part="chapter3" ref="N10E52" type="section">3.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E59" part="chapter3" ref="N10E59" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10F88" part="chapter3" ref="N10F88" type="section">3.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F8F" part="chapter3" ref="N10F8F" type="citenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FA2" part="chapter3" ref="N10FA2" type="section">3.10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FA7" part="chapter3" ref="N10FA7" type="subsection">3.10.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FB3" part="chapter3" ref="N10FB3" type="subsection">3.10.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FBA" part="chapter3" ref="N10FBA" type="citenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FD0" part="chapter3" ref="N10FD0" type="citenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FDA" part="chapter3" ref="N10FDA" type="mm">601#648</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11006" part="chapter3" ref="N11006" type="mm">304#211</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref71290246" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref71290246" type="link"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref71292268" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref71292268" type="link"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref71292293" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref71292293" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11024" part="chapter3" ref="N11024" type="subsection">3.10.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1102B" part="chapter3" ref="N1102B" type="citenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11036" part="chapter3" ref="N11036" type="block">3.10.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref71292243" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref71292243" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11047" part="chapter3" ref="N11047" type="citenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1104A" part="chapter3" ref="N1104A" type="mm">623#73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11060" part="chapter3" ref="N11060" type="citenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11063" part="chapter3" ref="N11063" type="table"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref71288856" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref71288856" type="link"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref78910455" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref78910455" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N111EC" part="chapter3" ref="N111EC" type="citenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111EF" part="chapter3" ref="N111EF" type="table"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref71288887" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref71288887" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11364" part="chapter3" ref="N11364" type="block">3.10.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref67501233" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref67501233" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11377" part="chapter3" ref="N11377" type="citenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1137A" part="chapter3" ref="N1137A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N114F9" part="chapter3" ref="N114F9" type="citenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114FC" part="chapter3" ref="N114FC" type="table"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref71288943" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref71288943" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11672" part="chapter3" ref="N11672" type="subsection">3.10.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11677" part="chapter3" ref="N11677" type="block">3.10.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11684" part="chapter3" ref="N11684" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N117A5" part="chapter3" ref="N117A5" type="citenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117CD" part="chapter3" ref="N117CD" type="block">3.10.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117DD" part="chapter3" ref="N117DD" type="citenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117E0" part="chapter3" ref="N117E0" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11903" part="chapter3" ref="N11903" type="block">3.10.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11917" part="chapter3" ref="N11917" type="citenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1191A" part="chapter3" ref="N1191A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11A3E" part="chapter3" ref="N11A3E" type="subsection">3.10.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A47" part="chapter3" ref="N11A47" type="subsection">3.10.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A4E" part="chapter3" ref="N11A4E" type="citenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A60" part="chapter3" ref="N11A60" type="citenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A65" part="chapter3" ref="N11A65" type="subsection">3.10.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref65471364" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref65471364" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11A72" part="chapter3" ref="N11A72" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11B6C" part="chapter3" ref="N11B6C" type="citenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B75" part="chapter3" ref="N11B75" type="section">3.11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref64646992" part="chapter3" ref="I_Ref64646992" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B8A" part="chapter4" ref="N11B8A" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref73979979" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref73979979" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11B94" part="chapter4" ref="N11B94" type="citenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BA2" part="chapter4" ref="N11BA2" type="mm">192#151</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222408" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222408" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11BB0" part="chapter4" ref="N11BB0" type="mm">192#157</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222421" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222421" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11BBD" part="chapter4" ref="N11BBD" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BC4" part="chapter4" ref="N11BC4" type="citenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BD5" part="chapter4" ref="N11BD5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222458" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222458" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11CC6" part="chapter4" ref="N11CC6" type="citenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CDB" part="chapter4" ref="N11CDB" type="mm">439#407</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222539" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222539" type="link"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref71298304" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref71298304" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11CF3" part="chapter4" ref="N11CF3" type="citenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CF6" part="chapter4" ref="N11CF6" type="mm">428#407</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222550" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222550" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D07" part="chapter4" ref="N11D07" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D23" part="chapter4" ref="N11D23" type="citenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D34" part="chapter4" ref="N11D34" type="mm">623#403</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222619" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222619" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D48" part="chapter4" ref="N11D48" type="mm">249#112</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222629" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222629" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D60" part="chapter4" ref="N11D60" type="citenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D63" part="chapter4" ref="N11D63" type="mm">200#115</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222714" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222714" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D76" part="chapter4" ref="N11D76" type="section">4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D7B" part="chapter4" ref="N11D7B" type="subsection">4.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D8D" part="chapter4" ref="N11D8D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222739" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222739" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N120EC" part="chapter4" ref="N120EC" type="citenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120F1" part="chapter4" ref="N120F1" type="subsection">4.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120FE" part="chapter4" ref="N120FE" type="citenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12101" part="chapter4" ref="N12101" type="table"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222776" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222776" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1242D" part="chapter4" ref="N1242D" type="section">4.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12432" part="chapter4" ref="N12432" type="subsection">4.5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12447" part="chapter4" ref="N12447" type="citenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1244A" part="chapter4" ref="N1244A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222809" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222809" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N127A9" part="chapter4" ref="N127A9" type="subsection">4.5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127B7" part="chapter4" ref="N127B7" type="citenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127BA" part="chapter4" ref="N127BA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222823" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222823" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12AF3" part="chapter4" ref="N12AF3" type="section">4.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12AF8" part="chapter4" ref="N12AF8" type="subsection">4.6.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B0E" part="chapter4" ref="N12B0E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref114222843" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref114222843" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12E31" part="chapter4" ref="N12E31" type="citenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E3B" part="chapter4" ref="N12E3B" type="section">4.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E45" part="chapter4" ref="N12E45" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13041" part="chapter4" ref="N13041" type="citenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13044" part="chapter4" ref="N13044" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1324E" part="chapter4" ref="N1324E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13407" part="chapter4" ref="N13407" type="citenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13410" part="chapter4" ref="N13410" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N135A5" part="chapter4" ref="N135A5" type="citenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N135AA" part="chapter4" ref="N135AA" type="section">4.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N135B4" part="chapter4" ref="N135B4" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1398D" part="chapter4" ref="N1398D" type="citenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref65255720" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref65255720" type="link"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref66360703" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref66360703" type="link"/><cms:entry id="I_Ref74299365" part="chapter4" ref="I_Ref74299365" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N139AD" part="chapter5" ref="N139AD" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N139B2" part="chapter5" ref="N139B2" type="helpercitenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N139D3" part="chapter5" ref="N139D3" type="citenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N139E1" part="chapter5" ref="N139E1" type="subsection">5.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N139E8" part="chapter5" ref="N139E8" type="citenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N139F7" part="chapter5" ref="N139F7" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N139FE" part="chapter5" ref="N139FE" type="citenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A10" part="chapter5" ref="N13A10" type="subsection">5.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A23" part="chapter5" ref="N13A23" type="subsection">5.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A2A" part="chapter5" ref="N13A2A" type="citenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A35" part="chapter5" ref="N13A35" type="subsection">5.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A51" part="chapter5" ref="N13A51" type="section">5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A56" part="chapter5" ref="N13A56" type="subsection">5.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A5D" part="chapter5" ref="N13A5D" type="citenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A80" part="chapter5" ref="N13A80" type="citenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A9B" part="chapter5" ref="N13A9B" type="citenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13AAC" part="chapter5" ref="N13AAC" type="section">5.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13ACA" part="chapter5" ref="N13ACA" type="citenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13AE6" part="chapter5" ref="N13AE6" type="section">5.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13AF0" part="chapter5" ref="N13AF0" type="citenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="I_Ref74295853" 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type="acknowledgement">Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><p>
         <link id="I_Ref64643973"/>
      </p><p>
         <link id="I_Ref64644513"/>
      </p><p>
         <link id="I_Ref64644816"/>
      </p><school>Aus dem Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité &#8211; Universitätsmedizin Berlin</school><submission>DISSERTATION</submission><title>Genetische Polymorphismen in Toll-like-Rezeptoren, rheumatoide Arthritis und Höhe von Rheumafaktor im Serum</title><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades <br/>Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité  &#8211; Universitätsmedizin Berlin</major><author>von <given>Axel</given>
         <surname>Hamprecht</surname>
         <suffix>aus Köln</suffix>
      </author><p>
         
      </p><abstract lang="de">
         <head>Abstract</head>
         <p>Die rheumatoide Arthritis (RA) ist die häufigste entzündliche Gelenkerkrankung der Welt. Sie verläuft meist chronisch-progressiv und kann schließlich zu Gelenkdestruktion und Invalidität führen. Trotz intensiver Forschungen bleibt die Pathogenese der RA weiterhin unklar. Neuere Untersuchungen weisen auf die wichtige Rolle des angeborenen Immunsystems hin, insbesondere der Toll-like-Rezeptoren (TLRs) TLR2 und TLR9. Genetische Polymorphismen in TLR2 und TLR9 könnten daher zur Erkrankung einer RA prädisponieren, davor schützen oder den Verlauf der RA beeinflussen. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, die Assoziation zwischen RA-Erkrankung, dem Rheumafaktor (RF)-Serostatus und der Höhe des RF im Serum und genetischen Polymorphismen im TLR2- und TLR9-Gen zu analysieren. </p>
         <p>Zur Untersuchung der TLR9-Polymorphismen T-1237C und T-1486C wurde ein real-time-PCR-basiertes Verfahren am LightCycler (LC) etabliert, das den schnellen Nachweis beider Polymorphismen in einer Reaktion mittels fluoreszenzmarkierter Hybridisierungssonden ermöglicht. Desweiteren wurde ein neues Puffersystem verwendet, das die LC-PCR unter Verwendung einer konventionellen <em>Taq</em>-Polymerase zu erheblich günstigeren Kosten ermöglicht.</p>
         <p>Die Genotypisierung der DNA von 118 RA-Patienten (89 weiblich, 29 männlich, Durchschnittsalter 56,2 Jahre) und einer geschlechtsgematchten Kontrollgruppe von 118 Personen (Durchschnittsalter 44,1 Jahre) zeigte, dass die TLR9-Polymorphismen T-1486C und T-1237C sowie der TLR2-Polymorphismus G2408A nicht für das Auftreten von RA prädisponieren. Träger des seltenen C-Allels sind signifikant häufiger RF-positiv (p=0,049) und ihre RF-Antikörperspiegel sind höher als bei Patienten, die das C-Allel nicht aufweisen (p=0,023). Der TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1486C könnte daher die Krankheitsausprägung beeinflussen.</p>
          </abstract><keywords lang="de">
         <keyword>Rheumatoide Arthritis</keyword>
         <keyword>Rheumafaktor</keyword>
         <keyword>Toll-like-Rezeptor</keyword>
         <keyword>Genetischer Polymorphismus</keyword>
         <keyword>LightCycler PCR</keyword>
      </keywords><p><br/></p><abstract lang="en">
         <head>Abstract</head>
         <p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory joint disease worldwide. It is a chronic progressive disease which can eventually lead to joint destruction and disability. The pathogenesis of RA remains uncertain in spite of the intensive research in this field. Recent data indicate the important role of the innate immune system, especially of the toll like receptors (TLRs) TLR2 and TLR9 in the pathogenesis of RA. Genetic polymorphisms in the TLR2 and TLR9 gene could therefore predispose to RA, protect against it or influence its course.</p>
         <p>The aim of this work was to analyse the association of RA, the serostatus of rheumatoid factor (RF) and its levels with genetic polymorphisms in the TLR2 and TLR9 gene.</p>
         <p>A new real time PCR based method was developed on the LightCycler (LC) in order to analyse the TLR9 polymorphisms T-1237C and T-1486C. This method permits the fast detection of both polymorphisms in a single reaction using fluorescence labelled hybridization probes. Furthermore, a new reaction mix was developed which allows the use of a conventional <em>Taq</em> polymerase for the LC-PCR at much lower costs. </p>
         <p>The genotyping of 118 RA patients (89 female, 29 male; average age 56.2 years) and a control group of 118 healthy individuals (average age 44.1 years) showed that the TLR9 polymorphisms T-1237C and T-1486C and the TLR2 polymorphism G2408A do not predispose to RA disease. The TLR9 polymorphism T-1486C might influence the course of the disease as individuals with the rare C-allele are significantly more frequent RF-positive (p=0.049) and their RF-antibody levels are higher than in patients who do not bear the C-allele (p=0.023).</p>
          </abstract><keywords lang="en">
         <keyword>rheumatoid arthritis</keyword>
         <keyword>rheumatoid factor</keyword>
         <keyword>toll like receptor</keyword>
         <keyword>LightCycler PCR</keyword>
         <keyword>genetic polymorphism</keyword>
      </keywords><dean>Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. Martin Paul</dean><approvals>
            <name>Prof. Dr. med. Ralf Schumann</name>
            <name>Prof. Dr. med. Andreas Krause</name>
            <name>Prof. Dr. med. Eicke Latz</name>
         </approvals><date>Datum der Promotion: 18.07.2005</date><p>Teile dieser Arbeit sind bereits veröffentlicht unter</p><p>Hamann, L.*, <u>Hamprecht, A.</u>*, Gomma, A. und Schumann, R.R. (2004) </p><p>
            <em>Rapid and inexpensive real-time PCR for genotyping functional polymorphisms within the Toll-like receptor -2, -4, and -9 genes</em>. </p><p>J Immunol Methods <strong>285</strong>, 281-91</p><p>*contributed equally</p><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> 
            Einleitung<ul><li><p><link ref="N100C2">1.1</link> Entzündung und Krankheitsabwehr</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100FF">1.2</link> Rheumatoide Arthritis<ul><li><p><link ref="N10104">1.2.1</link> Definition und Epidemiologie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10120">1.2.2</link> Pathologische Charakteristika</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1013A">1.2.3</link> Rheumafaktor</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10170">1.2.4</link> Diagnostik</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101C5">1.2.5</link> Therapie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101EA">1.2.6</link> Ätiologie und Pathogenese</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10228">1.2.7</link> Verlauf und Prognose</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1024A">1.3</link> Genetische Polymorphismen und Krankheitsdisposition<ul><li><p><link ref="N1028D">1.3.1</link> Methoden zur SNP-Erkennung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N102A1">1.4</link> Regulation der Immunantwort<ul><li><p><link ref="N102A6">1.4.1</link> Angeborenes und adaptives Immunsystem</p></li><li><p><link ref="N102DC">1.4.2</link> Toll-like-Rezeptoren<ul><li><p><link ref="N105F6">1.4.2.1</link> Toll-like-Rezeptor 2</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1062F">1.4.2.2</link> Toll-like-Rezeptor 9</p></li><li><p><link ref="N106C0">1.4.2.3</link> Genetische Polymorphismen in TLR-Genen</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N106FF">1.5</link> Rheumatoide Arthritis und das angeborene Immunsystem</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> Aufgabenstellung</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> Materialien und Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N107CE">3.1</link> Patientenproben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N107F3">3.2</link> Chemikalien und Reagenzien </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1096A">3.3</link> Enzyme</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A5C">3.4</link> Puffer</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B07">3.5</link> Synthetische Oligonukleotide</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D6C">3.6</link> Kitsysteme</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DBB">3.7</link> Einwegmaterialien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E52">3.8</link> Geräte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F88">3.9</link> Software</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10FA2">3.10</link> Molekularbiologische Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N10FA7">3.10.1</link> Isolierung von DNA durch Phenol-/Chloroform-/Isoamylextraktion und Ethanolpräzipitation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10FB3">3.10.2</link> Genotypisierung durch Restriktionsfragmentlängenpolymorphismen (RFLP) und Hybridisierungssonden</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11024">3.10.3</link> Real-time-PCR-basierte Genotypisierung von Polymorphismen am LightCycler mittels eines neuen Reaktionsmixes<ul><li><p><link ref="N11036">3.10.3.1</link> 
                     Genotypisierung der TLR9-Polymorphismen T-1486C und T-1237C</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11364">3.10.3.2</link> 
                     Genotypisierung des TLR-2-Polymorphismus G2408A</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11672">3.10.4</link> Genotypisierung durch Restriktionsfragmentlängenpolymorphismen <ul><li><p><link ref="N11677">3.10.4.1</link> RFLP des TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1486C</p></li><li><p><link ref="N117CD">3.10.4.2</link> RFLP des TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1237C</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11903">3.10.4.3</link> RFLP des TLR2-Polymorphismus G2408A</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A3E">3.10.5</link> Agarose-Gelelektrophorese von PCR-Produkten für analytische Zwecke</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A47">3.10.6</link> Bestimmung der DNA-Konzentration von genomischer DNA </p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A65">3.10.7</link> 
                  Cycle Sequencing von PCR-Produkten</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11B75">3.11</link> Statistische Auswertung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> Resultate<ul><li><p><link ref="N11B8A">4.1</link> 
               Analyse der Transkriptionsfaktorbindungsstellen an den Positionen der TLR9-Polymorphismen T-1237C und T-1486C</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11BBD">4.2</link> LightCycler-PCR zur Detektion der TLR9-Polymorphismen T-1486C und T-1237C</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D07">4.3</link> RFLP zur Detektion der TLR9-Polymorphismen T-1237C und T-1486C</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D76">4.4</link> Der TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1237C bei RA-Patienten und Gesunden<ul><li><p><link ref="N11D7B">4.4.1</link> Verteilung der Genotypen des T-1237-Polymorphismus</p></li><li><p><link ref="N120F1">4.4.2</link> Allelhäufigkeiten des T-1237-Polymorphismus</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1242D">4.5</link> Der TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1486C bei RA-Patienten und Gesunden<ul><li><p><link ref="N12432">4.5.1</link> Verteilung der Genotypen des T-1486C-Polymorphismus </p></li><li><p><link ref="N127A9">4.5.2</link> Allelhäufigkeiten des T-1486C-Polymorphismus</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12AF3">4.6</link> Der TLR2-Polymorphismus G2408A bei RA-Patienten und Gesunden<ul><li><p><link ref="N12AF8">4.6.1</link> Verteilung der Genotypen des G2408A-Polymorphismus</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12E3B">4.7</link> TLR-Polymorphismen bei RF-positiven und RF-negativen RA-Patienten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N135AA">4.8</link> Rheumafaktorspiegel in Abhängigkeit vom TLR9- und TLR2-Genotyp</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5</link> Diskussion<ul><li><p><link ref="N139AD">5.1</link> Real-time-PCR zur Detektion der TLR9-Polymorphismen T-1237C und T-1486C<ul><li><p><link ref="N139E1">5.1.1</link> Vor- und Nachteile gegenüber der bisherigen Methode zur TLR9-Genotypisierung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N139F7">5.2</link> Assoziation von genetischen Polymorphismen in TLR9 und TLR2 mit dem Auftreten von rheumatoider Arthritis<ul><li><p><link ref="N13A10">5.2.1</link> Der TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1486C</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13A23">5.2.2</link> Der TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1237C</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13A35">5.2.3</link> Der TLR2-Polymorphismus G2408A</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13A51">5.3</link> TLR9- und TLR2-Polymorphismen bei RF-positiven und -negativen Patienten und Höhe von RF bei verschiedenen Genotypen<ul><li><p><link ref="N13A56">5.3.1</link> Bedeutung des TLR9-Genotyps für die Rheumafaktor-Produktion</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13AAC">5.4</link> Fehlermöglichkeiten und Grenzen dieser Studie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13AE6">5.5</link> Ausblick</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6</link> Zusammenfassung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13B40">Literaturverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14B8C">Abkürzungsverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14F6A">Erklärung an Eides statt</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14F7B">Danksagung</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10347">Tab. 1: TLRs mit ihren wichtigsten Liganden (modifiziert nach Takeda et al, 2003)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B14">Tab. 2: Primer für Standard-PCR</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BFD">Tab. 3: Primer für real-time-PCR</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C9F">Tab. 4: Sonden für real-time-PCR Fluoreszein (FL), LightCycler Red-640 (LC Red640), LightCycler Red-705 (LC Red705)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11063">
                           Tab. 5: Parameter für die LC-PCR zur TLR9-Genotypisierung (Roche-Puffer)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N111EF">
                           Tab. 6: Parameter für die LC-PCR zur TLR9-Genotypisierung (ABgene-Puffer)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1137A">Tab. 7: Parameter für die LC-PCR zur G2408A-Genotypisierung (Roche-Puffer)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N114FC">
                           Tab. 8: Parameter für die LC-PCR zur G2408A-Genotypisierung (ABgene-Puffer)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11684">Tab. 9: PCR-Parameter zur Genotypisierung des T-1486C-Polymorphismus mittels RFLP</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N117E0">Tab. 10: PCR-Parameter zur Genotypisierung des T-1237C-PM mittels RFLP</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1191A">Tab. 11: PCR-Parameter zur Genotypisierung des G2408A-PM mittels RFLP</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A72">Tab. 12: Parameter zum Cycle-Sequencing von PCR-Produkten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11BD5">
                     Tab. 13: Schmelzpunkte der Sonden</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D8D">
                        Tab. 14: Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Genotypen im TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1237C Fallzahl (N), Freiheitsgrade (Fg)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12101">
                        Tab. 15: Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Allele im TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1237C Freiheitsgrade (Fg), Odds ratio (OR), Konfidenzintervall (KI)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1244A">
                        Tab. 16: Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Genotypen des TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1486C</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N127BA">
                        Tab. 17: Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Allele im TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1486C</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12B0E">
                        Tab. 18: Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Genotypen des TLR2-Polymorphismus G2408A</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12E45">Tab. 19: Allelhäufigkeit des TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1237C bei RF-positiven und RF-negativen Patienten; Freiheitsgrade (Fg), Odds ratio (OR), Konfidenzintervall (KI)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13044">Tab. 20: Allelhäufigkeit des TLR9-Polymorphismus T-1486C bei RF-positiven und RF-negativen Patienten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1324E">Tab. 21: Allelhäufigkeit des TLR2-Polymorphismus G2408A bei RF-positiven und RF-negativen Patienten (&#967;<sup>2</sup>-Test nicht anwendbar, da zwei Zellwerte &lt; 5)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13410">Tab. 22: T-1486C-Genotypen bei RF-positiven und &#8211;negativen RA-Patienten (&#967;<sup>2</sup>-Test nicht anwendbar, da ein Zellwert &lt; 5)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N135B4">Tab. 23: RF-Werte (ELISA, units/ml) bei den verschiedenen TLR2- und TLR9-Genotypen C: Alle Träger eines C-Allels (Genotypen CT und CC)</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N100E2">Abb. 1: Akute und chronische Inflammation  Nach einer Verletzung entwickelt sich abhängig von Mediatoren und weiteren Faktoren die akute oder chronische Entzündung, die schließlich zur kompletten Wiederherstellung (restitutio ad integrum), zur Abszessbildung oder zur Reparation führen (verändert nach Cotran, 1999a)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1031F">Abb. 2: Signaltransduktion bei IL-1R/TLR/Toll (nach Dunne und O&#8217;Neill, 2003)  Nach Bindung eines Liganden (z.B. LPS) kommt es über mehrere Adaptermoleküle zur Aktivierung eines Transkriptionsfaktors (NF-&#954;B oder Dorsal), der die Expression verschiedener Gene induziert. Interleukin (IL), IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), Inhibitor von &#954;B (I&#954;B), nuclear transcription factor &#954;B (NF-&#954;B), Peptidoglykan (PGN), IL-1-Rezeptor (IL-1R), Adapterproteine MD-2 und MyD88, Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N106EB">Abb. 3: Das TLR9-Gen mit einer Auswahl von SNPs  Der Austausch der Basen ist gekennzeichnet, die Lage der SNPs ist jeweils relativ zum Translationsstart (Startcodon=0) angegeben. Der Transkriptionsstart (TS) liegt bei &#8211; 638 bp (nach Lazarus et al., 2003). </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10FDA">Abb. 4: <em>Genotypisierung am LightCycler</em>
                        <em><br/>A: Prinzip der LightCycler-PCR. Die Sensorsonde hybridisiert mit dem DNA-Bereich, in dem der SNP vorliegt. Das 3&#8217;-Ende der Sensorsonde ist mit Fluoreszein markiert (Donor-Fluorophor). Die Ankersonde bindet wenige Basenpaare entfernt vom 3&#8217;-Ende der Sensorsonde. Das 5&#8217;-Ende der Ankersonde ist mit LightCycler Red markiert (Akzeptor-Fluorophor)</em>
                        <em><br/>B: Prinzip des FRET. Wird der Donor-Fluorophor durch einen Lichtimpuls (h</em>&#957;<em>) angeregt, kommt es zur Energieübertragung auf den Akzeptor-Fluorophor. Bei niedrigen Temperaturen kommt es sowohl beim Wildtyp-Allel (linke Abb.) wie auch beim mutierten Allel (rechte Abb.) zum FRET.</em>
                        <em><br/>C: Bei höheren Temperaturen löst sich die Sonde bei Vorliegen des mutierten Allels (SNP), während sie beim Wildtyp-Allel noch bindet. Es kann daher bei Existenz des mutierten Allels keine Energie</em>
                        <em>über</em>
                        <em>tragung mehr stattfinden.</em>D: Resultierende Schmelzkurven. Das Wildtyp-Allel weist einen höheren Schmelzpunkt (SP) als das mutierte Allel auf (verändert <em>nach Roche AG, 1998)</em>Fluorescein (FL), Schmelzpunkt (SP), Lichtimpuls <em>(h</em>&#957;<em>)</em>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11006">Abb. 5: Erste negative Ableitung der Schmelzkurven, Darstellung der Schmelzpunkte (SP)  Die homozygote Mutante (HM) weist einen niedrigen Schmelzpunkt auf, bei Vorliegen des Polymorphismus in heterozygoter Form (HZ) treten zwei Schmelzpunkten auf. Der Wildtyp (WT) hat einen höheren Schmelzpunkt als die homozygote Mutante.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1104A">Abb. 6: Prinzip der TLR9-LightCycler-PCR  Fluoreszein (FL), LightCycler Red (LCred), Primer TLR9s/TLR9as, Polymorphismen T-1486C und T-1237C. Die Länge des PCR-Produktes beträgt 499 Basenpaare.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11BA2">
                     Abb. 7: Neue c-Rel/NF-&#954;B-Bindungsstelle durch den T-1237C-Polymorphismus</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11BB0">
                     Abb. 8: Zusätzliche Sp-1-Bindungsstelle durch T/C-Austausch beim T-1486C-Polymorphismus</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CDB">
					   Abb. 9: Repräsentative Schmelzkurven des T-1237C-Polymorphismus A: Roche FastStart, dargestellt sind Schmelzkurven der Genotypen TT, CT und CC B: ABgene, Schmelzkurven der Genotypen TT, CT und CC
				   </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CF6">
                     Abb. 10: Repräsentative Schmelzkurven des T-1486C-Polymorphismus A: Roche FastStart, Schmelzkurven der Genotypen TT, CT und CC  B: Abgene, Schmelzkurven der Genotypen TT, CT und CC</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D34">
                     Abb. 11: Prinzip des RFLP  A: T-1237C-Polymorphismus. Durch den Austausch von Thymin durch Cytosin entsteht eine zusätzliche BstN I-Restriktionschnittstelle.   B: T-1486C-Polymorphismus. Durch den T/C-Austausch fällt die beim Wildtyp-Allel vorhandene Afl II-Schnittstelle bei der Mutante weg.  &#9650; kennzeichnet die Schnittstelle eines Restriktionsenzymes, bp= Basenpaare</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D48">
                     Abb. 12: T-1237C-Polymorphismus, Gelelektrophorese mit charakteristischem Bandenmuster nach BstN<em color="000000"> </em>I-Verdau  Proben des TT-Genotyp zeigen Fragmente der Längen 108 bp und 27 bp, Proben des CC-Genotyps Fragmente von 60, 48 und 27 bp. Bei heterozygoten Proben (CT) führt der BstN<em color="000000"> </em>I-Verdau zu Fragmenten aller vier möglichen Längen (27, 48, 60 und 108 bp). bp= Basenpaare</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D63">
                     Abb. 13: T-1486-Polymorphismus, Gelelektrophorese mit charakteristischem Bandenmuster nach Afl<em color="000000"> </em>II-Verdau  Proben des TT-Genotyps zeigen nach Verdau Banden der Länge 327 und 172 bp. Proben des CC-Genotyps besitzen keine Afl II-Schnittstelle, die Fragmentlänge beträgt daher 499 bp.</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>