<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Einfluss verschiedener medikamentöser Interventionen auf den perioperativen Verlauf von ACTH, Cortisol und immunreaktiven &#946;-Endorphin sowie die postoperative Infektionsrate bei alkoholkranken Patienten</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Katrin Hegenscheid</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10087" part="N10087" ref="N10087" type="preface">
				Veröffentlichungen</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1008B" part="N10087" ref="N1008B" type="pagenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100B0" part="chapter1" ref="N100B0" type="pagenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101B1" part="chapter1" ref="N101B1" type="pagenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102B8" part="chapter1" ref="N102B8" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1034F" part="chapter1" ref="N1034F" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10372" part="chapter1" ref="N10372" type="mm">617#483</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10381" part="chapter1" ref="N10381" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10460" part="chapter1" ref="N10460" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104C9" part="chapter1" ref="N104C9" type="mm">613#444</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104D4" part="chapter1" ref="N104D4" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10519" part="chapter1" ref="N10519" type="mm">622#168</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10571" part="chapter1" ref="N10571" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105D2" part="chapter2" ref="N105D2" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105D7" part="chapter2" ref="N105D7" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10640" part="chapter2" ref="N10640" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10658" part="chapter2" ref="N10658" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10675" part="chapter2" ref="N10675" type="mm">634#372</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10684" part="chapter3" ref="N10684" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1068C" part="chapter3" ref="N1068C" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106D5" part="chapter3" ref="N106D5" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106DB" part="chapter3" ref="N106DB" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1075A" part="chapter3" ref="N1075A" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10785" part="chapter3" ref="N10785" type="section">3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1078F" part="chapter3" ref="N1078F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10848" part="chapter3" ref="N10848" type="section">3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1084C" part="chapter3" ref="N1084C" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10854" part="chapter3" ref="N10854" type="subsection">3.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10859" part="chapter3" ref="N10859" type="block">3.4.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10862" part="chapter3" ref="N10862" type="block">3.4.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1086F" part="chapter3" ref="N1086F" type="subsection">3.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10873" part="chapter3" ref="N10873" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10878" part="chapter3" ref="N10878" type="block">3.4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10881" part="chapter3" ref="N10881" type="block">3.4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1088E" part="chapter3" ref="N1088E" type="subsection">3.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10892" part="chapter3" ref="N10892" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10897" part="chapter3" ref="N10897" type="block">3.4.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108A3" part="chapter3" ref="N108A3" type="block">3.4.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108B2" part="chapter3" ref="N108B2" type="block">3.4.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108C4" part="chapter3" ref="N108C4" type="block">3.4.3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108C8" part="chapter3" ref="N108C8" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108E7" part="chapter3" ref="N108E7" type="subsection">3.4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108EB" part="chapter3" ref="N108EB" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108FD" part="chapter3" ref="N108FD" type="section">3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10916" part="chapter3" ref="N10916" type="subsection">3.5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1091A" part="chapter3" ref="N1091A" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10922" part="chapter3" ref="N10922" type="block">3.5.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10986" part="chapter3" ref="N10986" type="block">3.5.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109AC" part="chapter3" ref="N109AC" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109C1" part="chapter3" ref="N109C1" type="block">3.5.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A06" part="chapter3" ref="N10A06" type="block">3.5.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A14" part="chapter3" ref="N10A14" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A76" part="chapter3" ref="N10A76" type="block">3.5.1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AC4" part="chapter3" ref="N10AC4" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B2C" part="chapter3" ref="N10B2C" type="subsection">3.5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B31" part="chapter3" ref="N10B31" type="block">3.5.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B52" part="chapter3" ref="N10B52" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B56" part="chapter3" ref="N10B56" type="mm">598#572</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B60" part="chapter3" ref="N10B60" type="block">3.5.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B6E" part="chapter3" ref="N10B6E" type="section">3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B72" part="chapter3" ref="N10B72" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B8C" part="chapter4" ref="N10B8C" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B91" part="chapter4" ref="N10B91" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B9B" part="chapter4" ref="N10B9B" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10ECA" part="chapter4" ref="N10ECA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10ED1" part="chapter4" ref="N10ED1" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11075" part="chapter4" ref="N11075" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1107A" part="chapter4" ref="N1107A" type="subsection">4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11091" part="chapter4" ref="N11091" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11095" part="chapter4" ref="N11095" type="mm">617#760</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110A2" part="chapter4" ref="N110A2" type="subsection">4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110A6" part="chapter4" ref="N110A6" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110BC" part="chapter4" ref="N110BC" type="subsection">4.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110D8" part="chapter4" ref="N110D8" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110DC" part="chapter4" ref="N110DC" type="mm">617#759</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110EA" part="chapter4" ref="N110EA" type="pagenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110EE" part="chapter4" ref="N110EE" type="mm">617#761</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110FC" part="chapter4" ref="N110FC" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11100" part="chapter4" ref="N11100" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1110D" part="chapter4" ref="N1110D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11341" part="chapter4" ref="N11341" type="subsection">4.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11345" part="chapter4" ref="N11345" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11351" part="chapter4" ref="N11351" type="subsection">4.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1135E" part="chapter4" ref="N1135E" type="section">4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11368" part="chapter4" ref="N11368" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1136C" part="chapter4" ref="N1136C" type="mm">457#393</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11376" part="chapter4" ref="N11376" type="section">4.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11380" part="chapter4" ref="N11380" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N114E0" part="chapter4" ref="N114E0" type="pagenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114E7" part="chapter4" ref="N114E7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11619" part="chapter4" ref="N11619" type="section">4.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11626" part="chapter4" ref="N11626" type="pagenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1162D" part="chapter4" ref="N1162D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1181C" part="chapter4" ref="N1181C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11911" part="chapter5" ref="N11911" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1193E" part="chapter5" ref="N1193E" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11943" part="chapter5" ref="N11943" type="subsection">5.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11991" part="chapter5" ref="N11991" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A06" part="chapter5" ref="N11A06" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A6C" part="chapter5" ref="N11A6C" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11ACD" part="chapter5" ref="N11ACD" type="subsection">5.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11AD1" part="chapter5" ref="N11AD1" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B98" part="chapter5" ref="N11B98" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BF5" part="chapter5" ref="N11BF5" type="pagenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C1B" part="chapter5" ref="N11C1B" type="subsection">5.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C4D" part="chapter5" ref="N11C4D" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CC1" part="chapter5" ref="N11CC1" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CC5" part="chapter5" ref="N11CC5" type="mm">449#256</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D0E" part="chapter5" ref="N11D0E" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D44" part="chapter5" ref="N11D44" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D48" part="chapter5" ref="N11D48" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11DB4" part="chapter5" ref="N11DB4" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11DDD" part="chapter5" ref="N11DDD" type="section">5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E50" part="chapter5" ref="N11E50" type="pagenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E90" part="chapter5" ref="N11E90" type="pagenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E94" part="chapter5" ref="N11E94" type="mm">421#351</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E9F" part="chapter5" ref="N11E9F" type="mm">455#345</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EAA" part="chapter5" ref="N11EAA" type="pagenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EAE" part="chapter5" ref="N11EAE" type="mm">564#355</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EF3" part="chapter5" ref="N11EF3" type="pagenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11F3F" part="chapter5" ref="N11F3F" type="pagenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11F61" part="chapter5" ref="N11F61" type="section">5.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11FAE" part="chapter5" ref="N11FAE" type="pagenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12026" part="chapter5" ref="N12026" type="section">5.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1202A" part="chapter5" ref="N1202A" type="pagenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1202F" part="chapter5" ref="N1202F" type="subsection">5.5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12082" part="chapter5" ref="N12082" type="subsection">5.5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120A0" part="chapter5" ref="N120A0" type="pagenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120BD" part="chapter5" ref="N120BD" type="subsection">5.5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120C2" part="chapter5" ref="N120C2" type="block">5.5.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120F3" part="chapter5" ref="N120F3" type="pagenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12109" part="chapter5" ref="N12109" type="block">5.5.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12177" part="chapter5" ref="N12177" type="pagenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121C4" part="chapter5" ref="N121C4" type="block">5.5.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121EA" part="chapter5" ref="N121EA" type="subsection">5.5.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121EE" part="chapter5" ref="N121EE" type="pagenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121F3" part="chapter5" ref="N121F3" type="block">5.5.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1221F" part="chapter5" ref="N1221F" type="block">5.5.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12272" part="chapter5" ref="N12272" type="pagenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122BD" part="chapter5" ref="N122BD" type="section">5.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122C1" part="chapter5" ref="N122C1" type="pagenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122D5" part="chapter6" ref="N122D5" type="pagenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122EE" part="chapter6" ref="N122EE" type="pagenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N12304" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N12306" part="N12306" ref="N12306" type="bibliography">
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				Abkürzungsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N135C3" part="N135BF" ref="N135C3" type="pagenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N135CA" part="N135BF" ref="N135CA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13846" part="N13846" ref="N13846" type="vita">
				Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1384A" part="N13846" ref="N1384A" type="pagenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13851" part="N13846" ref="N13851" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13A26" part="N13A26" ref="N13A26" type="acknowledgement">
				Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A2A" part="N13A26" ref="N13A2A" type="pagenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A40" part="N13A26" ref="N13A40" type="pagenumber">85</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A52" part="N13A52" ref="N13A52" type="declaration">
				Erklärung an Eides Statt</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A56" part="N13A52" ref="N13A56" type="pagenumber">86</cms:entry><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><school>Aus der Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité &#8211; Universitätsmedizin Berlin,<br/>Campus Charité Mitte</school><submission>Dissertation</submission><title>Einfluss verschiedener medikamentöser Interventionen auf den perioperativen Verlauf von ACTH, Cortisol und immunreaktiven &#946;-Endorphin sowie die postoperative Infektionsrate bei alkoholkranken Patienten</title><degree>zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité &#8211; Universitätsmedizin Berlin</major><author>von <given>Katrin</given>
			<surname>Hegenscheid</surname>
			<suffix>aus Berlin</suffix>
		</author><dean>
			<br/>Prof. Dr. med. Joachim W. Dudenhausen<br/>Prof. Dr. med. Martin Paul</dean><approvals>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. Stefan R. Bornstein</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. Michael Schäfer </name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. Claudia Spies </name>
		</approvals><date>Datum der Promotion:22. November 2004</date><abstract lang="de">
			<head>Zusammenfassung</head>
			<p>Alkoholkranke Patienten haben postoperativ ein 2- bis 4fach erhöhtes Infektionsrisiko und eine verlängerte intensivmedizinische Behandlungszeit. Als Ursache werden durch chronischen Alkoholkonsum und operativen Stress induzierte Veränderungen der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennieren (HHN) Achse diskutiert. Ziel dieser Studie war es, zu klären, ob die Intervention mit niedrig dosiertem Ethanol, Morphin oder Ketoconazol im Vergleich zu Placebo einen Einfluss auf die HHN-Achse hat und ob dadurch die postoperative Infektionsrate und intensivstationäre Behandlungszeit verkürzt werden können. 64 alkoholkranke Patienten mit elektiver Tumorresektion des oberen Aerodigestivtraktes wurden in diese randomisierte, doppelblinde, kontrollierte Studie eingeschlossen. Chronisch alkoholkranke Patienten konsumierten täglich &gt;60g Alkohol und erfüllten die DSM-IV Kriterien für Alkoholabhängigkeit oder &#8211;abusus. Die perioperative Intervention begann am Vorabend der Operation und endete am 3. postoperativen Tag. Blutproben zur Bestimmung von ACTH, beta-Endorphin und Cortisol wurden präoperativ sowie am 1., 3. und 7. postoperativen Tag entnommen. Chirurgischer Stress induzierte in der Placebo-Gruppe einen signifikanten postoperativen Anstieg von ACTH und Cortisol. Ethanol, Morphin und Ketoconazol verhinderten den postoperativen Anstieg von ACTH und Cortisol. Für den perioperativen Verlauf von beta-Endorphin gab es keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Placebo-Patienten hatten eine deutlich erhöhte postoperative Infektionsrate, die jede der Interventionen signifikant reduzierte. Zusätzlich konnte im Vergleich zu Placebo-Patienten die intensivstationäre Behandlungszeit um 9 Tage gesenkt werden.</p>
			<p>Eine prophylaktische Intervention mit niedrig dosiertem Ethanol, Morphin oder Ketoconazol verhinderte ein perioperatives Entgleisen der HHN-Achse bei alkoholkranken Patienten. Dadurch wurden die postoperative Infektionsrate und die intensivstationäre Behandlungsdauer bei diesen Patienten reduziert.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="de">
			<keyword>Alkohol,</keyword>
			<keyword>Infektion,</keyword>
			<keyword>ACTH,</keyword>
			<keyword>Cortisol,</keyword>
			<keyword>beta-Endorphin, </keyword>
			<keyword>Intervention</keyword>
		</keywords><abstract lang="en">
			<head>Abstract</head>
			<p>Postoperative infections are 2- to 4-times more frequent in patients with alcohol use disorders with the sequel of prolonged ICU stay. Its association with an altered perioperative hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as response to chronic alcohol consumption and surgical stress is discussed. The aim of this study was to evaluate an intervention with low-dose ethanol, morphine or ketoconazole compared to placebo on the HPA axis and the postoperative infections rate as well as the ICU stay in chronic alcoholic patients. 64 patients with alcohol use disorders undergoing elective surgery of the aerodigestive tract were included in this randomized, double-blind controlled study. Chronic alcoholic patients were defined as having a daily ethanol consumption of at least 60 g and fulfilling the DSM-IV criteria for either alcohol abuse or dependence. Perioperative intervention was started on the evening before surgery and continued for three days after surgery. Blood samples to analyze ACTH, immune reactive beta-endorphine and cortisol were obtained on the morning before intervention and continued on day 1, 3 and 7 after surgery. In the placebo group surgical stress induced a significant increase of ACTH and cortisol. Perioperative intervention with ethanol, morphin or ketoconazol decreased the postoperative ACTH and cortisol increase in these patients. Plasma immune reactive beta-endorphine levels did not differ between groups. Placebo patients had a significantly increased postoperative infections rate whereas any intervention decreased the incidence of infections. Additionally ICU stay was reduced by 9 days in each intervention group compared to placebo.</p>
			<p>Prophylactic intervention with low dose ethanol, morphine or ketoconazole prevented a postoperative alteration of the HPA axis in chronic alcoholic patients. This was associated with a decreased postoperative infections rate and decreased ICU stay in these patients.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="en">
			<keyword>alcohol,</keyword>
			<keyword>infection,</keyword>
			<keyword>ACTH,</keyword>
			<keyword>cortisol,</keyword>
			<keyword>beta-endorphine,</keyword>
			<keyword>intervention</keyword>
		</keywords><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10087">
				Veröffentlichungen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> 
				Einleitung</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> 
				Fragestellung und Ziel<ul><li><p><link ref="N105D7">2.1</link> Fragestellung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10658">2.2</link> Ziel</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> 
				Patienten und Methodik<ul><li><p><link ref="N1068C">3.1</link> Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N106DB">3.2</link> Diagnostik der chronischen Alkoholkrankheit</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10785">3.3</link> Gruppeneinteilung und Randomisierung </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10848">3.4</link> 
					Laborparameter <ul><li><p><link ref="N10854">3.4.1</link> Adrenocorticotropes Hormon (ACTH)<ul><li><p><link ref="N10859">3.4.1.1</link> Blutentnahme und Aufbereitung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10862">3.4.1.2</link> Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) für ACTH</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1086F">3.4.2</link> 
						Cortisol<ul><li><p><link ref="N10878">3.4.2.1</link> Blutentnahme und Aufbereitung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10881">3.4.2.2</link> Kompetitiver Immunoassay für Cortisol</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1088E">3.4.3</link> 
						Immunreaktives &#946;-Endorphin (irBE) <ul><li><p><link ref="N10897">3.4.3.1</link> Blutentnahme und Aufbereitung </p></li><li><p><link ref="N108A3">3.4.3.2</link> Allgemeine Angaben zum Radioimmunoassay</p></li><li><p><link ref="N108B2">3.4.3.3</link> Plasmaextraktion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N108C4">3.4.3.4</link> 
							Radioimmunoassay für immunreaktives &#946;-Endorphin</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108E7">3.4.4</link> 
						Konventionelle Laborparameter </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108FD">3.5</link> Dokumentation<ul><li><p><link ref="N10916">3.5.1</link> 
						Postoperative Infektionen<ul><li><p><link ref="N10922">3.5.1.1</link> Frühe Infektionen &#8211; Pneumonie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10986">3.5.1.2</link> Frühe Infektionen &#8211; Tracheobronchitis</p></li><li><p><link ref="N109C1">3.5.1.3</link> Späte Infektionen - Wundinfektion und Wundabszess</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A06">3.5.1.4</link> Späte Infektionen &#8211; Harnweginfektion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A76">3.5.1.5</link> Späte Infektionen &#8211; Sepsis</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B2C">3.5.2</link> Weitere interkurrente Komplikationen<ul><li><p><link ref="N10B31">3.5.2.1</link> Alkoholentzugssyndrom</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B60">3.5.2.2</link> Postoperative Nachblutungen und Kardiale Komplikationen</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B6E">3.6</link> 
					Statistische Analyse</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> 
				Ergebnisse<ul><li><p><link ref="N10B91">4.1</link> Basischarakteristika und Parameter zur Erfassung der Alkoholkrankheit</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11075">4.2</link> Perioperativer Verlauf der HHN-Achse<ul><li><p><link ref="N1107A">4.2.1</link> ACTH</p></li><li><p><link ref="N110A2">4.2.2</link> 
						Cortisol</p></li><li><p><link ref="N110BC">4.2.3</link> Immunreaktives &#946;-Endorphin (irBE)</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110FC">4.3</link> 
					Postoperative Infektionen<ul><li><p><link ref="N11341">4.3.1</link> 
						Früh auftretende Infektionen </p></li><li><p><link ref="N11351">4.3.2</link> Spät auftretende Infektionen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1135E">4.4</link> Assoziation zwischen der HHN-Achse und postoperativen Infektionen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11376">4.5</link> Weitere interkurrente Komplikationen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11619">4.6</link> Intensivstationäre Behandlungsphase</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5</link> 
				Diskussion<ul><li><p><link ref="N1193E">5.1</link> Perioperativer Verlauf der HHN-Achse<ul><li><p><link ref="N11943">5.1.1</link> ACTH</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11ACD">5.1.2</link> 
						Cortisol</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11C1B">5.1.3</link> Immunreaktives &#946;-Endorphin (irBE)</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D44">5.2</link> 
					Postoperative Infektionen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11DDD">5.3</link> Assoziation zwischen der HHN-Achse und postoperativen Infektionen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11F61">5.4</link> Intensivstationäre Behandlungsphase</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12026">5.5</link> 
					Methodendiskussion<ul><li><p><link ref="N1202F">5.5.1</link> Diagnostik der chronischen Alkoholkrankheit</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12082">5.5.2</link> Diagnostik interkurrenter Komplikationen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N120BD">5.5.3</link> Medikamentöse Interventionen<ul><li><p><link ref="N120C2">5.5.3.1</link> Intervention mit niedrig dosiertem Ethanol (0,5g/kg/d)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12109">5.5.3.2</link> Intervention mit Ketoconazol (4x200mg/d)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N121C4">5.5.3.3</link> Intervention mit Morphin (15&#956;g/kg/h)</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121EA">5.5.4</link> 
						Laborparameter<ul><li><p><link ref="N121F3">5.5.4.1</link> Bestimmung von ACTH und Cortisol</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1221F">5.5.4.2</link> Bestimmung von immunreaktivem &#946;-Endorphin</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N122BD">5.6</link> 
					Schlussfolgerung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6</link> 
				Zusammenfassung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12306">
				Literaturverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N135BF">
				Abkürzungsverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13846">
				Lebenslauf</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13A26">
				Danksagung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13A52">
				Erklärung an Eides Statt</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N1078F">Tab. 1: Medikamentöse Konzepte</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B9B">Tab. 2: Basischarakteristika und präoperative Vorerkrankungen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10ECA">
							Tab. 3: Parameter zur Erfassung der Alkoholkrankheit</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1110D">Tab. 4: Inzidenz nosokomialer Infektionen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11380">Tab. 5: Alkoholentzugssyndrom</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N114E7">Tab. 6: Inzidenz postoperativer Nachblutungen und kardialer Komplikationen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1162D">Tab. 7: Intensivstationäre Behandlung und Krankenhausverweildauer</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1181C">Tab. 8: Physiologische Scores der Patienten</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10372">Abb. 1: HHN-Achse (übersetzt nach Jessop, DS, 1999 [61])</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N104C9">Abb. 2: Einfluss des akuten Alkoholentzugs bzw. operativen Stresses auf die Hormone der HHN-Achse: Ausschüttung von CRH und Vasopressin (VP), ACTH und Glucocorticoiden, Mangel an &#946;-Endorphin bzw. dessen negatives Feedback auf Hypothalamus und Hypophyse</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10519">Abb. 3: Proopiomelanocortin und davon abgeleitete Peptide</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10675">Abb. 4: Vorstellung über den Einfluss von Ethanol, Morphin und Ketoconazol auf die verschiedenen Ebenen der HHN-Achse während des akuten Alkoholentzugs</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B56">Abb. 5: Algorithmus zur Definition des Alkoholentzugssyndroms</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11095">Abb. 6: Perioperativer Verlauf von ACTH unter den verschiedenen Interventionen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110DC">Abb. 7: Perioperativer Verlauf von Cortisol unter den verschiedenen Interventionen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110EE">Abb. 8: Perioperativer Verlauf von &#946;-Endorphin unter den verschiedenen Interventionen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1136C">Abb. 9: ROC-Kurve für ACTH, Cortisol und immunreaktives &#946;-Endorphin am ersten postoperativen Tag in Bezug auf das postoperative Infektionsrisiko</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CC5">Abb. 10: Einfluss von Ethanol auf die Bildung morphinartiger Alkaloide und die Beeinflussung der endogenen Opioidsynthese</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11E94">Abb. 11: Einfluss der Ethanol-Intervention auf die im akuten Alkoholentzug aktivierte HHN-Achse und postoperative Infektionsrate: Senkung der Konzentration von ACTH und Cortisol über eine Hemmung des Hypothalamus, Reduzierung der Inzidenz postoperativer Infektionen über eine Verbesserung der Funktionen des Immunsystems, kein Einfluss auf die Konzentration von &#946;-Endorphin</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11E9F">Abb. 12: Einfluss der Morphin-Intervention auf die im akuten Alkoholentzug aktivierte HHN-Achse und postoperative Infektionsrate: Ersatz des negativen Feedbacks endogener Opioide (&#946;-Endorphin) auf Hypothalamus und Hypophyse, Senkung der Konzentration von Cortisol und ACTH (tendenziell) über eine Hemmung der Vasopressinfreisetzung, Reduzierung der Inzidenz postoperativer Infektionen über eine Verbesserung der Funktionen des Immunsystems, kein Einfluss auf die Konzentration von &#946;-Endorphin</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EAE">Abb. 13: Einfluss der Ketoconazol-Intervention auf die im akuten Alkoholentzug aktivierte HHN-Achse und postoperativen Infektionsrate: Senkung der Cortisolkonzentration über Hemmung verschiedener Enzyme der Cortisolsynthese in der NNR, Senkung der ACTH-Konzentration über einen unbekannten Mechanismus, Reduzierung der Inzidenz postoperativer Infektionen über eine Verbesserung der Funktionen des Immunsystems, kein Einfluss auf die Konzentration von &#946;-Endorphin</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>