<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Charakterisierung der proteasomalen Genregulation unter Biogeneseaspekten</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author"> Dirk Heyken</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10088" part="chapter1" ref="N10088" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1008F" part="chapter1" ref="N1008F" type="citenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100A5" part="chapter1" ref="N100A5" type="mm">442#387</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref89240359" part="chapter1" ref="l_Ref89240359" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100E5" part="chapter1" ref="N100E5" type="citenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10114" part="chapter1" ref="N10114" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10174" part="chapter1" ref="N10174" type="mm">623#445</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref86498481" part="chapter1" ref="l_Ref86498481" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1018A" part="chapter1" ref="N1018A" type="subsection">1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref90886299" part="chapter1" ref="l_Ref90886299" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10194" part="chapter1" ref="N10194" type="citenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10204" part="chapter1" ref="N10204" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1026C" part="chapter1" ref="N1026C" type="subsection">1.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref88648402" part="chapter1" ref="l_Ref88648402" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1027C" part="chapter1" ref="N1027C" type="citenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102E1" part="chapter1" ref="N102E1" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102EB" part="chapter1" ref="N102EB" type="citenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102EE" part="chapter1" ref="N102EE" type="table"/><cms:entry id="l_Ref86553901" part="chapter1" ref="l_Ref86553901" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10409" part="chapter1" ref="N10409" type="section">1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10410" part="chapter1" ref="N10410" type="citenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10477" part="chapter1" ref="N10477" type="section">1.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1047E" part="chapter1" ref="N1047E" type="citenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104AC" part="chapter1" ref="N104AC" type="mm">605#21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104B3" part="chapter1" ref="N104B3" type="citenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104BF" part="chapter1" ref="N104BF" type="mm">623#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104C6" part="chapter1" ref="N104C6" type="citenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104CC" part="chapter1" ref="N104CC" type="mm">623#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104D6" part="chapter1" ref="N104D6" type="citenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10547" part="chapter1" ref="N10547" type="section">1.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10587" part="chapter1" ref="N10587" type="citenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10599" part="chapter2" ref="N10599" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1059E" part="chapter2" ref="N1059E" type="subsection">2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref90460062" part="chapter2" ref="l_Ref90460062" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N105A6" part="chapter2" ref="N105A6" type="helpercitenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105A8" part="chapter2" ref="N105A8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10928" part="chapter2" ref="N10928" type="block">2.1.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1092F" part="chapter2" ref="N1092F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10AB4" part="chapter2" ref="N10AB4" type="subsection">2.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10ABB" part="chapter2" ref="N10ABB" type="citenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10ABE" part="chapter2" ref="N10ABE" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10DB8" part="chapter2" ref="N10DB8" type="subsection">2.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DBF" part="chapter2" ref="N10DBF" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10E82" part="chapter2" ref="N10E82" type="subsection">2.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E89" part="chapter2" ref="N10E89" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10F10" part="chapter2" ref="N10F10" type="subsection">2.1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F17" part="chapter2" ref="N10F17" type="citenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F1A" part="chapter2" ref="N10F1A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11024" part="chapter2" ref="N11024" type="subsection">2.1.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1102B" part="chapter2" ref="N1102B" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N110B0" part="chapter2" ref="N110B0" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110B5" part="chapter2" ref="N110B5" type="subsection">2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110BA" part="chapter2" ref="N110BA" type="block">2.2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110BF" part="chapter2" ref="N110BF" type="subblock">2.2.1.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110C8" part="chapter2" ref="N110C8" type="subblock">2.2.1.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110CF" part="chapter2" ref="N110CF" type="citenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110DE" part="chapter2" ref="N110DE" type="block">2.2.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110E7" part="chapter2" ref="N110E7" type="block">2.2.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110F0" part="chapter2" ref="N110F0" type="block">2.2.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110F7" part="chapter2" ref="N110F7" type="citenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11100" part="chapter2" ref="N11100" type="block">2.2.1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11143" part="chapter2" ref="N11143" type="subsection">2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1114B" part="chapter2" ref="N1114B" type="block">2.2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11152" part="chapter2" ref="N11152" type="citenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11163" part="chapter2" ref="N11163" type="block">2.2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1116C" part="chapter2" ref="N1116C" type="block">2.2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11173" part="chapter2" ref="N11173" type="citenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11191" part="chapter2" ref="N11191" type="subsection">2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111A1" part="chapter2" ref="N111A1" type="citenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111F6" part="chapter2" ref="N111F6" type="citenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111FA" part="chapter2" ref="N111FA" type="block">2.2.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1122E" part="chapter2" ref="N1122E" type="citenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref86057054" part="chapter2" ref="l_Ref86057054" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1123A" part="chapter2" ref="N1123A" type="subsection">2.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1123F" part="chapter2" ref="N1123F" type="block">2.2.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11248" part="chapter2" ref="N11248" type="block">2.2.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1124F" part="chapter2" ref="N1124F" type="citenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1129B" part="chapter2" ref="N1129B" type="citenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112A0" part="chapter2" ref="N112A0" type="block">2.2.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11316" part="chapter2" ref="N11316" type="subsection">2.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1131D" part="chapter2" ref="N1131D" type="citenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1134A" part="chapter2" ref="N1134A" type="citenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1134F" part="chapter2" ref="N1134F" type="subsection">2.2.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11371" part="chapter2" ref="N11371" type="citenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113A6" part="chapter2" ref="N113A6" type="subsection">2.2.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113AB" part="chapter2" ref="N113AB" type="block">2.2.7.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113B2" part="chapter2" ref="N113B2" type="citenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113B8" part="chapter2" ref="N113B8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1141B" part="chapter2" ref="N1141B" type="citenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1141E" part="chapter2" ref="N1141E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1145F" part="chapter2" ref="N1145F" type="block">2.2.7.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11481" part="chapter2" ref="N11481" type="citenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref90460548" part="chapter2" ref="l_Ref90460548" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11498" part="chapter2" ref="N11498" type="block">2.2.7.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1149F" part="chapter2" ref="N1149F" type="citenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114AA" part="chapter2" ref="N114AA" type="block">2.2.7.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114B3" part="chapter2" ref="N114B3" type="block">2.2.7.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114BA" part="chapter2" ref="N114BA" type="citenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114D1" part="chapter2" ref="N114D1" type="block">2.2.7.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114DE" part="chapter2" ref="N114DE" type="citenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114E3" part="chapter2" ref="N114E3" type="block">2.2.7.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref86125432" part="chapter2" ref="l_Ref86125432" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N114F2" part="chapter2" ref="N114F2" type="block">2.2.7.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114F9" part="chapter2" ref="N114F9" type="citenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114FE" part="chapter2" ref="N114FE" type="block">2.2.7.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1150D" part="chapter2" ref="N1150D" type="block">2.2.7.10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11535" part="chapter2" ref="N11535" type="citenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11546" part="chapter2" ref="N11546" type="block">2.2.7.11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1154F" part="chapter2" ref="N1154F" type="block">2.2.7.12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11556" part="chapter2" ref="N11556" type="citenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11587" part="chapter2" ref="N11587" type="block">2.2.7.13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11594" part="chapter2" ref="N11594" type="subsection">2.2.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11599" part="chapter2" ref="N11599" type="block">2.2.8.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115A0" part="chapter2" ref="N115A0" type="citenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115C9" part="chapter2" ref="N115C9" type="block">2.2.8.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115EE" part="chapter2" ref="N115EE" type="citenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115FD" part="chapter2" ref="N115FD" type="citenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1162A" part="chapter2" ref="N1162A" type="block">2.2.8.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11642" part="chapter2" ref="N11642" type="block">2.2.8.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11649" part="chapter2" ref="N11649" type="citenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1168A" part="chapter2" ref="N1168A" type="block">2.2.8.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11694" part="chapter2" ref="N11694" type="citenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116BA" part="chapter2" ref="N116BA" type="block">2.2.8.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116D5" part="chapter3" ref="N116D5" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116DC" part="chapter3" ref="N116DC" type="citenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116F7" part="chapter3" ref="N116F7" type="subsection">3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11701" part="chapter3" ref="N11701" type="mm">624#458</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref86726601" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref86726601" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11721" part="chapter3" ref="N11721" type="citenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11741" part="chapter3" ref="N11741" type="mm">408#161</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80590115" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80590115" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11759" part="chapter3" ref="N11759" type="citenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1175E" part="chapter3" ref="N1175E" type="subsection">3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11777" part="chapter3" ref="N11777" type="citenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11780" part="chapter3" ref="N11780" type="mm">586#239</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80093777" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80093777" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1179D" part="chapter3" ref="N1179D" type="citenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117BE" part="chapter3" ref="N117BE" type="citenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117C1" part="chapter3" ref="N117C1" type="mm">586#255</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80093975" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80093975" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N117E0" part="chapter3" ref="N117E0" type="citenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117E3" part="chapter3" ref="N117E3" type="mm">609#222</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80093953" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80093953" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11812" part="chapter3" ref="N11812" type="citenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11815" part="chapter3" ref="N11815" type="mm">623#212</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80094287" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80094287" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11833" part="chapter3" ref="N11833" type="citenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1183C" part="chapter3" ref="N1183C" type="mm">623#402</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80094261" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80094261" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1185C" part="chapter3" ref="N1185C" type="citenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11862" part="chapter3" ref="N11862" type="mm">272#252</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80094447" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80094447" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11881" part="chapter3" ref="N11881" type="citenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1188F" part="chapter3" ref="N1188F" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118A9" part="chapter3" ref="N118A9" type="subsection">3.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118C5" part="chapter3" ref="N118C5" type="citenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118C8" part="chapter3" ref="N118C8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="l_Ref87086143" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref87086143" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11CD9" part="chapter3" ref="N11CD9" type="subsection">3.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CE0" part="chapter3" ref="N11CE0" type="citenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CF9" part="chapter3" ref="N11CF9" type="mm">248#284</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80095913" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80095913" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D10" part="chapter3" ref="N11D10" type="citenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D1C" part="chapter3" ref="N11D1C" type="mm">572#174</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80095999" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80095999" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D30" part="chapter3" ref="N11D30" type="citenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D35" part="chapter3" ref="N11D35" type="subsection">3.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D47" part="chapter3" ref="N11D47" type="mm">623#469</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80096066" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80096066" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D5F" part="chapter3" ref="N11D5F" type="citenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D72" part="chapter3" ref="N11D72" type="mm">355#212</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80096219" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80096219" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D9E" part="chapter3" ref="N11D9E" type="citenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11DA6" part="chapter3" ref="N11DA6" type="subsection">3.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11DB9" part="chapter3" ref="N11DB9" type="citenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11DCE" part="chapter3" ref="N11DCE" type="mm">428#313</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref91254790" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref91254790" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11DE5" part="chapter3" ref="N11DE5" type="citenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E05" part="chapter3" ref="N11E05" type="mm">333#389</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80096350" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80096350" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11E25" part="chapter3" ref="N11E25" type="citenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E2E" part="chapter3" ref="N11E2E" type="mm">623#461</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80096419" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80096419" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11E51" part="chapter3" ref="N11E51" type="citenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E6B" part="chapter3" ref="N11E6B" type="subsection">3.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E7D" part="chapter3" ref="N11E7D" type="citenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E9D" part="chapter3" ref="N11E9D" type="citenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EA7" part="chapter3" ref="N11EA7" type="mm">404#209</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref80096624" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref80096624" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11EBE" part="chapter3" ref="N11EBE" type="citenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EC7" part="chapter3" ref="N11EC7" type="mm">666#257</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref84765228" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref84765228" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11EDB" part="chapter3" ref="N11EDB" type="citenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EEA" part="chapter3" ref="N11EEA" type="subsection">3.2.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EFA" part="chapter3" ref="N11EFA" type="citenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EFD" part="chapter3" ref="N11EFD" type="mm">585#215</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref84761544" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref84761544" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11F30" part="chapter3" ref="N11F30" type="table"/><cms:entry id="l_Ref87087183" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref87087183" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N121B1" part="chapter3" ref="N121B1" type="citenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121DE" part="chapter3" ref="N121DE" type="citenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121E1" part="chapter3" ref="N121E1" type="mm">623#380</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref82406806" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref82406806" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N121FC" part="chapter3" ref="N121FC" type="mm">427#300</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref84757512" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref84757512" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12210" part="chapter3" ref="N12210" type="citenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1221F" part="chapter3" ref="N1221F" type="mm">582#257</cms:entry><cms:entry id="l_Ref84765617" part="chapter3" ref="l_Ref84765617" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12235" part="chapter3" ref="N12235" type="citenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12255" part="chapter4" ref="N12255" type="helpercitenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12258" part="chapter4" ref="N12258" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1225F" part="chapter4" ref="N1225F" type="citenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1228D" part="chapter4" ref="N1228D" type="citenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122B8" part="chapter4" ref="N122B8" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122C9" part="chapter4" ref="N122C9" type="citenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12311" part="chapter4" ref="N12311" type="citenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12343" part="chapter4" ref="N12343" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12358" part="chapter4" ref="N12358" type="citenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12395" part="chapter4" ref="N12395" type="subsection">4.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1239C" part="chapter4" ref="N1239C" type="citenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123B9" part="chapter4" 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type="vita">Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13E7C" part="N13E7C" ref="N13E7C" type="appendix">Veröffentlichungen</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13E7E" part="N13E7C" ref="N13E7E" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N13E82" part="N13E7C" ref="N13E82" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13E89" part="N13E7C" ref="N13E89" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13E8C" part="N13E7C" ref="N13E8C" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13E8F" part="N13E7C" ref="N13E8F" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13E92" part="N13E7C" ref="N13E92" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13E95" part="N13E7C" ref="N13E95" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13E99" part="N13E99" ref="N13E99" type="acknowledgement">Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13EB5" part="N13EB5" ref="N13EB5" type="declaration">Erklärung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13EC2" part="N13EC2" ref="N13EC2" type="appendix">Urheberrechtshinweis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13EC4" part="N13EC2" ref="N13EC4" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N13EC8" part="N13EC2" ref="N13EC8" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13ECB" part="N13EC2" ref="N13ECB" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13ED4" part="N13ED4" ref="N13ED4" type="appendix">Copyright notice</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13ED6" part="N13ED4" ref="N13ED6" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N13EDA" part="N13ED4" ref="N13EDA" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13EDD" part="N13ED4" ref="N13EDD" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N13EE5" part="N13ED4" ref="N13EE5" type="p"/><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><title>Charakterisierung der proteasomalen Genregulation unter Biogeneseaspekten</title><submission>Dissertation</submission><degree>zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>doctor rerum naturalium<br/>(Dr. rer. nat.)<br/>im Fach Biologie</degree><major>eingereicht an der <br/>Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</major><author>von<br/>Diplom-Biologe<given> Dirk</given>
         <surname>Heyken</surname>
         <suffix>geb. 07. 04. 1975, Wuppertal</suffix>
      </author><p>Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin<br/>Prof. Dr. Jürgen Mlynek</p><dean>Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I<br/>Prof. Thomas Buckhout, PhD</dean><approvals>
         <name>Prof. Dr. Peter-Michael Koetzel</name>
         <name>Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Dubiel</name>
         <name>Prof. Dr. Harald Saumweber</name>
      </approvals><date>Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 12.05.2005</date><abstract lang="de">
         <head>Zusammenfassung</head>
         <p>Das 26S Proteasom ist ein großer Proteinase-Komplex, der aus 32 unterschiedlichen Untereinheiten aufgebaut ist. Das 26S Proteasom ist involviert in die ATP-abhängige Degradation von ubiquitinierten Proteinen, die eine Vielfalt an zellulären Prozessen wie Signaltransduktion, Stressantwort, transkriptionelle Regulation, Chromosomen-Segregation, DNA-Reparatur, Zellzyklus-Steuerung und die Prozessierung von Peptiden für die MHC I Antigen Präsentation regulieren. Die Prozessierung von Peptiden wird verstärkt durch eine Interferon &#947; stimulierbare Variante des Proteasoms übernommen, dem so genannten Immunoproteasom. </p>
         <p>Die Biogenese dieses großen Komplexes ist ein komplizierter Mechanismus, welcher Expression und Assemblierung der proteasomalen Untereinheiten beinhaltet.</p>
         <p>In Eukaryonten sind für die Assemblierung und Maturierungsprozesse Helferproteine notwendig. In Mammalia übernimmt diese Funktion das <em>Prote</em>
            <em>a</em>
            <em>som maturation Protein</em> POMP. POMP ist wahrscheinlich auch bei der Biogenese des Immunoproteasoms von Bedeutung, da die mRNA von POMP durch Interferon &#947; induziert wird. Um die Regulation dieser Induktion zu untersuchen wurde der Promotor von POMP für die erste Fragestellung dieser Arbeit charakterisiert und seine Induzierbarkeit durch Interferon &#947; untersucht. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die erhöhte mRNA-Menge durch Interferon &#947;-Stimulation nicht auf eine Promotor-Induktion, sondern auf post-transkriptionelle Ereignisse zurückzuführen ist. </p>
         <p>In der zweiten Fragestellung dieser Arbeit sollte die Genregulation des Proteasoms unter Stressbedingungen untersucht werden. Der Stress wurde durch Inhibition der proteolytischen Aktivität des Proteasoms ausgelöst. </p>
         <p>Wie seit längerem bekannt ist, werden in Bakterien und Hefe die ATP-abhängigen Proteasekomplexe über ein kompliziertes regulatorisches Netzwerk gesteuert. Über die transkriptionelle Regulation des Mammalia Proteasoms war bisher wenig bekannt. Im Rahmen der hier vorliegenden Dissertation konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Reduktion der proteolytischen Aktivität des Proteasoms durch Behandlung von Mammalia-Zellen mit Proteasom-Inhibitoren durch eine gesteigerte Genexpression der proteasomalen Untereinheiten kompensiert wird. Alle proteasomalen Untereinheiten werden konzertiert hochreguliert. Exemplarisch an der proteasomalen Untereinheit Rpt1(S7) und an dem Maturierungsfaktor POMP konnte eine posttranskriptionelle Regulation unter Proteasom-Inhibitor Einfluss ausgeschlossen werden. Die vom Inhibitor induzierte Genaktivierung resultiert in einer <em>de novo</em> Protein-Synthese und führt daher zu einer gesteigerten <em>de novo</em> Biogenese des Proteasoms. Dieses Phänomen ist begleitet durch eine vermehrte Expression vom POMP. Damit konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass die Menge an Proteasom in Mammalia auf transkriptioneller Ebene reguliert wird und dass vermutlich ein autoregulatorischer f<em>eedback-</em>Mechanismus eine verminderte proteolytische Aktivität kompensieren kann. Diese Daten werden durch Ergebnisse der CAT-Reportergen-Assays des &#946;1(&#948;)-Promotors gestützt. Exemplarisch konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Aktivität dieses Promotors in Anwesenheit von Proteasom-Inhibitoren ansteigt. Die induzierbare Promotorregion konnte bis auf 130 bp eingegrenzt werden. Innerhalb dieser Promotorsequenz konnte die Bindung eines Transkriptionsfaktors (Nrf2) durch EMSA-Technik nachgewiesen werden.</p>
      </abstract><abstract lang="en">
         <head>Summary</head>
         <p>The 26 S proteasome is a high molecular mass proteinase complexthat is built by of least 32 different protein subunits. The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins that regulate a variety of cellular processes including signal transduction, stress response, transcriptional control, chromosome segregation, DNA repair, cell cycle progression and processing of antigenic Peptides for the MHC I pathway. Biogenesis of this large complex is a complicated process comprising expression, assembly and maturation of all subunits. This crucial step is supported by POMP (proteasome maturation protein). POMP mRNA is induced by Interferon gamma (IFN &#947;). We investigated this phenomenon via Reportergen assays with the Promoter region of POMP. POMP mRNA seems not to be regulated on a trancriptional level, but on posttranscriptional events. </p>
         <p>ATP-dependentprotease complexes in bacteria and yeast are systems that undergoa highly sophisticated network of gene expression regulation.However, regulation of mammalian proteasome gene expressionhas been neglected so far as a possible control mechanism forthe amount of proteasomes in the cell. We showed that treatmentof cells with proteasome inhibitors and the concomitant impairmentof proteasomal enzyme activity induce a transient and concertedup-regulation of all mammalian 26S proteasome subunit mRNAs.Proteasome inhibition in combination with inhibition of transcriptionrevealed that the observed up-regulation is mediated by coordinatedtranscriptional activation of the proteasome genes and not bypost-transcriptional events. Our experiments also demonstratethat inhibitor-induced proteasome gene activation results inenhanced <em>de novo</em> protein synthesis of all subunits and in increased<em>de novo</em> formation of the proteasome. This phenomenon is accompaniedby enhanced expression of the proteasome maturation factorPOMP. Thus, our experiments present first evidence thatthe amount of proteasomes in mammalia is regulated at the transcriptionallevel and that an auto regulatory feedback mechanism existsthat allows the compensation of reduced proteasome activity. These data are also supported by CAT reportergene assays with the proteasomal subunit &#946;1(&#948;)-promoter. Exemplary we show the increase of  CAT activities in response to proteasome inhibition. We can restrict the region of the promoter to 130 bp and identify Nrf2 as a possible candidate for a transcription factor via EMSA.</p>
      </abstract><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> <strong>Einleitung</strong><ul><li><p><link ref="N10088">1.1</link> Das Proteasomensystem</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10114">1.2</link> Die Biogenese des 20S Proteasoms<ul><li><p><link ref="N1018A">1.2.1</link> 
                  Helferproteine bei der Proteasombiogenese</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10204">1.3</link> Interferon &#947; und die Rolle des 26S Proteasoms für die Immunantwort<ul><li><p><link ref="N1026C">1.3.1</link> 
                  Interferon &#947; <em>cis</em>-<em>acting </em>DNA-Elemente </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N102E1">1.4</link> Proteasom-Inhibitoren</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10409">1.5</link> Regulation von proteasomalen Genen in Mammalia und Homologe in Hefe und Bakterien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10477">1.6</link> Oxidativer Stress</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10547">1.7</link> Ziel der Arbeit</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> <strong>Material und Methoden</strong><ul><li><p><link ref="N10599">2.1</link> Material<ul><li><p><link ref="N1059E">2.1.1</link> 
                  Oligonukleotide<ul><li><p><link ref="N10928">2.1.1.1</link> Oligonukleotide für EMSA</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AB4">2.1.2</link> Geräte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DB8">2.1.3</link> Chemikalien und Verbrauchsmaterialien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E82">2.1.4</link> Kits</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F10">2.1.5</link> Verwendete Antikörper</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11024">2.1.6</link> Vektoren</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110B0">2.2</link> Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N110B5">2.2.1</link> Molekularbiologische Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N110BA">2.2.1.1</link> Klonierungsmethoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N110BF">2.2.1.1.1</link> Restriktion von DNA</p></li><li><p><link ref="N110C8">2.2.1.1.2</link> Präparation von Klonierungsvektoren</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110DE">2.2.1.2</link> Dephosphorylierung von kompatiblen Enden</p></li><li><p><link ref="N110E7">2.2.1.3</link> Ligation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N110F0">2.2.1.4</link> Transformation von Bakterienzellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11100">2.2.1.5</link> Herstellung kompetenter <em>E.coli</em> Zellen (vom DH5&#945;-Typ)</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11143">2.2.2</link> Isolierung von Plasmid DNA aus <em>E. coli</em>
               <ul><li><p><link ref="N1114B">2.2.2.1</link> Kochpräparation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11163">2.2.2.2</link> Miniprep (Qiagen)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1116C">2.2.2.3</link> Agarose-Gelelektrophorese</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11191">2.2.3</link> PCR (<em>polymerase chain reaction</em>)<ul><li><p><link ref="N111FA">2.2.3.1</link> RT-PCR</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1123A">2.2.4</link> Northern Hybridisierung<ul><li><p><link ref="N1123F">2.2.4.1</link> RNA Isolation aus Säugetier - Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11248">2.2.4.2</link> Herstellung von DIG-RNA Sonden</p></li><li><p><link ref="N112A0">2.2.4.3</link> Northern Blot</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11316">2.2.5</link> Exonuclease III Verdau</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1134F">2.2.6</link> EMSA</p></li><li><p><link ref="N113A6">2.2.7</link> Zellkultur<ul><li><p><link ref="N113AB">2.2.7.1</link> Zelllinien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1145F">2.2.7.2</link> Medien für humane Zellinien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11498">2.2.7.3</link> Kultur von adhärenten Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N114AA">2.2.7.4</link> Kultur von Suspensionszellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N114B3">2.2.7.5</link> Einfrieren und Auftauen von Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N114D1">2.2.7.6</link> Behandlung von Kulturzellen mit Proteasom - Inhibitor</p></li><li><p><link ref="N114E3">2.2.7.7</link> Behandlung von Kulturzellen mit &#945; - Amanitin</p></li><li><p><link ref="N114F2">2.2.7.8</link> Transfektion von adhärenten Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N114FE">2.2.7.9</link> Markierung von Zellen mit <sup>35</sup>S</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1150D">2.2.7.10</link> Aktivitätsbestimmung der Luziferase</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11546">2.2.7.11</link> Aktivitätsbestimmung der Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1154F">2.2.7.12</link> Kernprotein-Extraktion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11587">2.2.7.13</link> Hitze Schock an transfizierten HUVEC</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11594">2.2.8</link> Proteinbiochemische Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N11599">2.2.8.1</link> SDS PAGE (SDS &#8211; Polyacrylamidelectrophorese) nach Lämmli</p></li><li><p><link ref="N115C9">2.2.8.2</link> Western Blot Analyse</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1162A">2.2.8.3</link> Dichtegradientenzentrifugation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11642">2.2.8.4</link> Immunopräzipitation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1168A">2.2.8.5</link> Aktivitätsbestimmung des Proteasoms</p></li><li><p><link ref="N116BA">2.2.8.6</link> Proteinbestimmung</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> <strong>Ergebnisse</strong><ul><li><p><link ref="N116D5">3.1</link> Regulation von POMP durch Interferon &#947;<ul><li><p><link ref="N116F7">3.1.1</link> Genstruktur von POMP</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1175E">3.1.2</link> Reportergenfusion des putativen POMP Promotors</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1188F">3.2</link> Konzertierte Transkript-Induktion proteasomaler Untereinheiten durch Proteasom-Inhibitoren<ul><li><p><link ref="N118A9">3.2.1</link> Analyse der Genexpression durch <em>real time</em> RT-PCR</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CD9">3.2.2</link> Die Induktion auf transkriptioneller Ebene</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D35">3.2.3</link> Induktion auf Proteinebene</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11DA6">3.2.4</link> Beeinflussung der POMP Expression und der Proteasom Biogenese durch Inhibition des Proteasoms</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11E6B">3.2.5</link> &#946;1(&#948;)-Promotor-Analysen durch Reportergenfusion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EEA">3.2.6</link> 
                     <em>Heat Shock Element</em> und <em>Antioxidanz Response Element</em>
               </p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> <strong>Diskussion</strong><ul><li><p><link ref="N12258">4.1</link> Die Genstruktur von POMP</p></li><li><p><link ref="N122B8">4.2</link> Interferon &#947; vermittelt keine Induktion der Transkription von POMP</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12343">4.3</link> Induktion proteasomaler Untereinheiten durch Proteasom-Inhibitoren<ul><li><p><link ref="N12395">4.3.1</link>  Proteasom-Inhibitoren induzieren die Expression proteasomaler Untereinheiten auf Ebene der Transkriptionsinitiation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N123B9">4.3.2</link> Induktion der proteasomalen Untereinheiten durch Proteasom-Inhibitoren auf Proteinebene</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12441">4.4</link> Untersuchung der Promotorregion von &#946;1(&#948;) durch Reportergenfusion und EMSA<ul><li><p><link ref="N12596">4.4.1</link> Ausblick und Bedeutung</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N125B8"><strong>Literaturverzeichnis</strong></link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13A1D"><strong>Abkürzungsverzeichnis</strong></link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13E4B"><strong>Lebenslauf</strong></link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13E7C"><strong>Veröffentlichungen</strong></link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13E99"><strong>Danksagung</strong></link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13EB5"><strong>Erklärung</strong></link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13EC2"><strong>Urheberrechtshinweis</strong></link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13ED4"><strong>Copyright notice</strong></link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N102EE">
                     Tab. 1: <strong>Proteasom-Inhibitoren</strong> Gruppenaufteilung und deren Mitglieder</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N118C8">
                        Tab. 2: <strong><em>Real time</em> RT-PCR Analyse der Expression proteasomaler Gene nach Proteasom-Inhibitorbehandlung</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11F30">
                        Tab. 3: <strong>Vorkommen der Bindesequenzen HSE und ARE im 5&#8217; Bereich der angegeben proteasomalen Gene </strong>
                     </link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N100A5">
                     Abb. 1: <strong>Struktur des 20S und 26S Proteasoms</strong>
                  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10174">
                     Abb. 2: <strong>Modell der Mammalia 20S Proteasom Biogenese</strong>
                  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11701">
                        Abb. 3: <strong>Genregion von POMP</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11741">
                        Abb. 4: <strong>Charakterisierung der POMP Transkripte</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11780">
                        Abb. 5: <strong>Der</strong>
                        <strong>5`</strong>-<strong>Bereich von POMP besitzt Promotoraktivität</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N117C1">
                        Abb. 6: <strong>Charakterisierung des 0,7 kb Promotors von POMP</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N117E3">
                        Abb. 7: <strong>Interferon &#947; reprimiert die Aktivität des POMP- Promotors</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11815">
                        Abb. 8: <strong>Das Intron 1 des POMP Gens hat keinen Einfluss auf die &#947; Interferon Regulation</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1183C">
                        Abb. 9: <strong>Die 3`-UTR der POMP-L mRNA zeigt keinen stabilisierenden Effekt nach Interferon &#947;-Stimulation</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11862">
                        Abb. 10: <strong>POMP-S-mRNA wird durch Interferon &#947; Behandlung stabilisiert</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CF9">
                        Abb. 11: <strong>Stimulation der RPT1(S7)-mRNA durch Proteasom-Inhibitoren</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D1C">
                        Abb. 12: <strong>Induktion der mRNA von POMP und Rpt1(S7) nach Proteasom-Inhibitorbehandlung ist nicht auf eine Stabilisierung zurückzuführen</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D47">
                        Abb. 13: <strong>Stimulation auf Proteinebene</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D72">
                        Abb. 14: <strong><em>de novo</em> Synthese von Proteasom nach Proteasom-Inhibitorbehandlung</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11DCE">Abb. 15: <strong>Induktion von POMP durch Proteasom-Inhibitoren auf mRNA- und Proteinebene</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11E05">
                        Abb. 16: <strong>Induktion von POMP und Proteasom <em>Precursor</em>-Komplexen nach Proteasom-Inhibitorbehandlung</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11E2E">
                        Abb. 17: <strong>Gesteigerte Expression proteasomaler Untereinheiten und POMP nach Proteasom-Inhibitorbehandlung</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EA7">
                        Abb. 18: <strong>Die gesteigerte Promotor-Aktivität nach Proteasom-Inhibitor Behandlung ist konzentrationsabhängig</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EC7">
                        Abb. 19: <strong>Untersuchung einzelner Abschnitte der Promotorregion des &#946;1(&#948;)-Gens unter dem Einfluss von Proteasom-Inhibitor</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EFD">
                        Abb. 20: <strong>Räumliche Verteilung der putativen regulatorischen Elemente im 5` Bereich des &#946;1 (&#948;)-Gens</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121E1">
                        Abb. 21: <strong>Bindung von Kernproteinen an die Elemente HSE und ARE</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121FC">
                        Abb. 22: <strong>Spezifitätsuntersuchung der Transkriptionsfaktorbindungen an regulatorischen Elementen des &#946;1(&#948;)-Promotors</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1221F">
                        Abb. 23: <strong>Funktionalitätstest von HSE im 130 bp &#946;1(&#948;)-Promotor</strong>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1252D">
                     Abb. 24: <strong>Model der induzierten Proteasom-Expression nach Proteasom-Inhibitorbehandlung</strong>
                  </link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>