<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry id="front" part="front" ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Einfluss des Pneumoperitoneums auf die Ultrastruktur des Peritoneums:Eine rasterelektronenmikroskopische Studie.</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Jens  Jakob</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23086603" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref23086603" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100BF" part="chapter1" ref="N100BF" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100C4" part="chapter1" ref="N100C4" type="section">1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100C9" part="chapter1" ref="N100C9" type="subsection">1.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100E1" part="chapter1" ref="N100E1" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100EF" part="chapter1" ref="N100EF" type="subsection">1.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1010E" part="chapter1" ref="N1010E" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1012A" part="chapter1" ref="N1012A" type="subsection">1.1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23168110" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref23168110" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref24818286" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref24818286" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10137" part="chapter1" ref="N10137" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10175" part="chapter1" ref="N10175" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10197" part="chapter1" ref="N10197" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101D8" part="chapter1" ref="N101D8" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101DE" part="chapter1" ref="N101DE" type="subsection">1.1.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29389266" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref29389266" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10215" part="chapter1" ref="N10215" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1024A" part="chapter1" ref="N1024A" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10258" part="chapter1" ref="N10258" type="section">1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1025D" part="chapter1" ref="N1025D" type="subsection">1.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23168022" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref23168022" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10285" part="chapter1" ref="N10285" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102D0" part="chapter1" ref="N102D0" type="subsection">1.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref27412220" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref27412220" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref29800293" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref29800293" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref29803664" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref29803664" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102DD" part="chapter1" ref="N102DD" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1118136028" part="chapter1" ref="_1118136028" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118137579" part="chapter1" ref="_1118137579" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118154004" part="chapter1" ref="_1118154004" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118483809" part="chapter1" ref="_1118483809" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1120656062" part="chapter1" ref="_1120656062" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1121151345" part="chapter1" ref="_1121151345" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1121151640" part="chapter1" ref="_1121151640" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1150262562" part="chapter1" ref="_1150262562" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1030B" part="chapter1" ref="N1030B" type="mm">482#356</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref44395735" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref44395735" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10319" part="chapter1" ref="N10319" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1033B" part="chapter1" ref="N1033B" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10362" part="chapter1" ref="N10362" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10399" part="chapter1" ref="N10399" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103D1" part="chapter1" ref="N103D1" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103F4" part="chapter1" ref="N103F4" type="section">1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103F9" part="chapter1" ref="N103F9" type="subsection">1.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23165698" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref23165698" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1040A" part="chapter1" ref="N1040A" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10428" part="chapter1" ref="N10428" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10436" part="chapter1" ref="N10436" type="subsection">1.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23167349" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref23167349" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10456" part="chapter1" ref="N10456" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1049D" part="chapter1" ref="N1049D" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1118137751" part="chapter1" ref="_1118137751" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118138632" part="chapter1" ref="_1118138632" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118483879" part="chapter1" ref="_1118483879" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1121151264" part="chapter1" ref="_1121151264" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1121151642" part="chapter1" ref="_1121151642" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1149954981" part="chapter1" ref="_1149954981" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1150262564" part="chapter1" ref="_1150262564" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104C5" part="chapter1" ref="N104C5" type="mm">533#281</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104CF" part="chapter1" ref="N104CF" type="subsection">1.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23170856" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref23170856" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref25312427" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref25312427" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104E3" part="chapter1" ref="N104E3" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10509" part="chapter1" ref="N10509" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2.</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N1052A" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N1054B" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10599" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="_1118138854" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_1118484120" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_1150262565" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N105AC" type="mm">492#267</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105E0" part="chapter3" ref="N105E0" type="pagenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105E5" part="chapter3" ref="N105E5" type="section">3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105EA" part="chapter3" ref="N105EA" type="subsection">3.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23086696" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref23086696" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10613" part="chapter3" ref="N10613" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1061F" part="chapter3" ref="N1061F" type="subsection">3.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10636" part="chapter3" ref="N10636" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1118139721" part="chapter3" ref="_1118139721" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118143461" part="chapter3" ref="_1118143461" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118144011" part="chapter3" ref="_1118144011" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118150882" part="chapter3" ref="_1118150882" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118484260" part="chapter3" ref="_1118484260" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118486068" part="chapter3" ref="_1118486068" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1121150226" part="chapter3" ref="_1121150226" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1150262567" part="chapter3" ref="_1150262567" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10652" part="chapter3" ref="N10652" type="mm">565#580</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref44412052" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref44412052" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1065F" part="chapter3" ref="N1065F" type="subsection">3.1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10672" part="chapter3" ref="N10672" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1067B" part="chapter3" ref="N1067B" type="subsection">3.1.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23173422" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref23173422" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N106A0" part="chapter3" ref="N106A0" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106A7" part="chapter3" ref="N106A7" type="section">3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106AC" part="chapter3" ref="N106AC" type="subsection">3.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106BD" part="chapter3" ref="N106BD" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106C7" part="chapter3" ref="N106C7" type="subsection">3.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23173340" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref23173340" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N106ED" part="chapter3" ref="N106ED" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10703" part="chapter3" ref="N10703" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref23429759" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref23429759" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N107FC" part="chapter3" ref="N107FC" type="subsection">3.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23173386" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref23173386" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10803" part="chapter3" ref="N10803" type="pagenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10822" part="chapter3" ref="N10822" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref44468037" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref44468037" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1082C" part="chapter3" ref="N1082C" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10897" part="chapter3" ref="N10897" type="section">3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23432574" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref23432574" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N108B7" part="chapter3" ref="N108B7" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108D6" part="chapter4" ref="N108D6" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108DB" part="chapter4" ref="N108DB" type="section">4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29303386" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref29303386" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118155654" part="chapter4" ref="_1118155654" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N108EB" part="chapter4" ref="N108EB" type="mm">557#446</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108F5" part="chapter4" ref="N108F5" type="section">4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29302865" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref29302865" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N108FC" part="chapter4" ref="N108FC" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1118156900" part="chapter4" ref="_1118156900" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118157443" part="chapter4" ref="_1118157443" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1090C" part="chapter4" ref="N1090C" type="mm">564#456</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10917" part="chapter4" ref="N10917" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1091D" part="chapter4" ref="N1091D" type="section">4.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10922" part="chapter4" ref="N10922" type="subsection">4.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29303287" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref29303287" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118157969" part="chapter4" ref="_1118157969" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118213096" part="chapter4" ref="_1118213096" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10938" part="chapter4" ref="N10938" type="mm">567#466</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10943" part="chapter4" ref="N10943" type="pagenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10949" part="chapter4" ref="N10949" type="subsection">4.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1118212603" part="chapter4" ref="_1118212603" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118213426" part="chapter4" ref="_1118213426" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1095C" part="chapter4" ref="N1095C" type="mm">562#465</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10967" part="chapter4" ref="N10967" type="pagenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1096D" part="chapter4" ref="N1096D" type="subsection">4.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29302774" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref29302774" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref44384712" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref44384712" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref44384773" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref44384773" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118213526" part="chapter4" ref="_1118213526" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118213954" part="chapter4" ref="_1118213954" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10986" part="chapter4" ref="N10986" type="mm">563#465</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10991" part="chapter4" ref="N10991" type="pagenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10997" part="chapter4" ref="N10997" type="subsection">4.3.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29303095" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref29303095" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref29303305" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref29303305" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118214565" part="chapter4" ref="_1118214565" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1150262568" part="chapter4" ref="_1150262568" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N109AD" part="chapter4" ref="N109AD" type="mm">566#456</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109B8" part="chapter4" ref="N109B8" type="pagenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109BE" part="chapter4" ref="N109BE" type="subsection">4.3.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29303245" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref29303245" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118214976" part="chapter4" ref="_1118214976" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N109CE" part="chapter4" ref="N109CE" type="mm">566#238</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109D8" part="chapter4" ref="N109D8" type="subsection">4.3.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29303191" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref29303191" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118215304" part="chapter4" ref="_1118215304" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N109E8" part="chapter4" ref="N109E8" type="mm">566#238</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109F3" part="chapter4" ref="N109F3" type="pagenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109F9" part="chapter4" ref="N109F9" type="subsection">4.3.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29303218" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref29303218" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118215838" part="chapter4" ref="_1118215838" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1150262570" part="chapter4" ref="_1150262570" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A0C" part="chapter4" ref="N10A0C" type="mm">559#465</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A16" part="chapter4" ref="N10A16" type="subsection">4.3.8.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref23432990" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref23432990" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A1D" part="chapter4" ref="N10A1D" type="pagenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1118216206" part="chapter4" ref="_1118216206" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118216466" part="chapter4" ref="_1118216466" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118216703" part="chapter4" ref="_1118216703" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1118217166" part="chapter4" ref="_1118217166" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1150262572" part="chapter4" ref="_1150262572" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A36" part="chapter4" ref="N10A36" type="mm">554#654</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A41" part="chapter4" ref="N10A41" type="section">4.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A45" part="chapter4" ref="N10A45" type="pagenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A53" part="chapter4" ref="N10A53" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref23481804" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref23481804" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D58" part="chapter4" ref="N10D58" type="section">4.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D5C" part="chapter4" ref="N10D5C" type="pagenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D66" part="chapter4" ref="N10D66" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10E48" part="chapter4" ref="N10E48" type="section">4.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E4C" part="chapter4" ref="N10E4C" type="pagenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E56" part="chapter4" ref="N10E56" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10F33" part="chapter4" ref="N10F33" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11016" part="chapter4" ref="N11016" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1101D" part="chapter4" ref="N1101D" type="pagenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110FD" part="chapter4" ref="N110FD" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N111DA" part="chapter4" ref="N111DA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N111E1" part="chapter4" ref="N111E1" type="pagenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112BD" part="chapter4" ref="N112BD" type="section">4.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112C7" part="chapter4" ref="N112C7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N113A7" part="chapter4" ref="N113A7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N113AE" part="chapter4" ref="N113AE" type="pagenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1148E" part="chapter4" ref="N1148E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1156E" part="chapter4" ref="N1156E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11575" part="chapter4" ref="N11575" type="pagenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1164C" part="chapter4" ref="N1164C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11728" part="chapter4" ref="N11728" type="section">4.8.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1172C" part="chapter4" ref="N1172C" type="pagenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1174E" part="chapter4" ref="N1174E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref23433837" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref23433837" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref23433845" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref23433845" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119C3" part="chapter5" ref="N119C3" type="pagenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119C8" part="chapter5" ref="N119C8" type="section">5.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29303510" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref29303510" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N119D0" part="chapter5" ref="N119D0" type="subsection">5.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref24091153" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref24091153" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref29303113" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref29303113" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N119FE" part="chapter5" ref="N119FE" type="pagenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A22" part="chapter5" ref="N11A22" type="subsection">5.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A44" part="chapter5" ref="N11A44" type="pagenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A62" part="chapter5" ref="N11A62" type="subsection">5.1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref44388697" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref44388697" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11A7F" part="chapter5" ref="N11A7F" type="pagenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11AB0" part="chapter5" ref="N11AB0" type="pagenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11ABA" part="chapter5" ref="N11ABA" type="section">5.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11ABF" part="chapter5" ref="N11ABF" type="subsection">5.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29809044" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref29809044" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11AD6" part="chapter5" ref="N11AD6" type="pagenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11AF6" part="chapter5" ref="N11AF6" type="pagenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B18" part="chapter5" ref="N11B18" type="pagenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B4D" part="chapter5" ref="N11B4D" type="pagenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B76" part="chapter5" ref="N11B76" type="pagenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B7F" part="chapter5" ref="N11B7F" type="subsection">5.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BBE" part="chapter5" ref="N11BBE" type="pagenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BD8" part="chapter6" ref="N11BD8" type="pagenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BF4" part="chapter6" ref="N11BF4" type="pagenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C09" part="N11C09" ref="N11C09" type="bibliography">
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				Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12910" part="N1290C" ref="N12910" type="pagenumber">95</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12922" part="N1290C" ref="N12922" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N129C7" part="N1290C" ref="N129C7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12A57" part="N1290C" ref="N12A57" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12A90" part="N1290C" ref="N12A90" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12B08" part="N1290C" ref="N12B08" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12B38" part="N12B38" ref="N12B38" type="acknowledgement">
				Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B3C" part="N12B38" ref="N12B3C" type="pagenumber">97</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry id=":contents" part="front" ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><chapter id="chapter2" label="2.">
			<head>
				<pagenumber id="N1052A" label="37" numbering="arabic" start="37"/>Herleitung der Fragestellung und Planung des Experiments</head>
			<p>In der kurzen Zeit seit ihrer Einführung hat sich die laparoskopische Chirurgie fest etabliert und in ihrem Indikationsspektrum erheblich erweitert. Bessere kosmetische Ergebnisse und Vorteile in der postoperativen Phase sind gegenüber den konventionellen chirurgischen Verfahren nachgewiesen worden. (<link ref="_Ref24818286">1.1.3</link>)</p>
			<p>Aus diesen Gründen wurden laparoskopische Verfahren auch in der chirurgischen Therapie maligner Tumoren eingesetzt. Dabei könnten die besser erhaltene Immunabwehr und die schnellere Rekonvaleszenz die Absiedlung verbliebener Tumorzellen verhindern bzw. den früheren Einsatz einer Chemo- oder Immunotherapie erlauben. Bedenken gründeten sich bisher u.a. auf die Berichte über Trokarmetastasen und Lokalrezidive. (<link ref="_Ref23168022">1.2.1</link>)</p>
			<p>Die Pathophysiologie von Trokarmetastasen und intraperitonealem Tumorwachstum wurde noch nicht geklärt. Grundsätzlich wurden bisher für diese Phänomene Eigenschaften der Operationsverfahren und instrumentelle Manipulation am Tumor verantwortlich gemacht. Tierexperimentelle Daten legten nahe, dass CO<sub>2</sub> &#8211; das bei der Laparoskopie fast ausschließlich verwendete Gas &#8211; intraperitoneales Tumorwachstum begünstigen könnte. Dabei wurde gezeigt, dass CO<sub>2</sub> eine wachstumsstimulierende Wirkung auf Tumorzellen entfalten kann. Im Rahmen der Laparoskopie könnte ein CO<sub>2</sub>-Pneumoperitoneum aber auch eine direkte Schädigung des Bauchfells hervorrufen und so die Adhäsion und Einnistung von Tumorzellen erleichtern. Dabei muss u.a. das verwendete Gas als Einflussgröße hinzugezogen werden.</p>
			<p>
				<pagenumber id="N1054B" label="38" numbering="arabic" start="38"/>Deshalb sollten in dieser Studie folgende Fragen geklärt werden:</p>
			<p>
				<ol numbering="arabic">
					<li>
						<p>Welchen Einfluss hat ein Pneumoperitoneum auf das Bauchfell und gibt es dazu ein morphologisches Korrelat? </p>
					</li>
					<li>
						<p>Verändern sich die Adhäsion und Einnistung von Tumorzellen an das Peritoneum durch ein Pneumoperitoneum?</p>
					</li>
					<li>
						<p>Welchen Einfluss hat die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Insufflationsgase auf das Peritoneum und die Tumorabsiedlung? Existiert hierzu ein morphologisches Korrelat?</p>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</p>
			<p>Dazu sollten die Auswirkungen eines Pneumoperitoneums auf die Struktur des Peritoneums rasterelektronenmikroskopisch erforscht werden. </p>
			<p>Eine Untersuchung des menschlichen Bauchfells schied aufgrund ethischer und praktischer Überlegungen aus. So ließen sich eventuell Proben des Bauchfells während Operationen gewinnen, eine Eröffnung der Bauchhöhle zu einem definierten späteren Zeitpunkt zur Entnahme von Biopsien kam jedoch unter keinen Umständen in Frage. Die Einhaltung standardisierter Bedingungen hinsichtlich Insufflationsdruck, -gas und -dauer erschien nicht möglich. Angesichts der lokalen und systemischen Auswirkungen von Insufflationsgas bzw. &#8211;druck wurde ebenfalls von einem in vitro Versuch abgesehen (<link ref="_Ref23168110">1.1.3</link>). Vorhandene Modelle zur in vitro Untersuchung des Mesothels berücksichtigten nicht die Veränderungen von pH-Wert, Durchblutung sowie lokalem und systemischen Immunparametern (<link ref="bibKoks_2000_">Koks 2000 </link>, <link ref="bibAndreoli_1994">Andreoli 1994</link>). </p>
			<p>In der Arbeitsgruppe Experimentelle Chirurgie der Charité existiert ein etabliertes Rattentumormodell zur Erforschung der Zusammenhänge zwischen Pneumoperitoneum und Tumorwachstum (<link ref="bibJacobi_1997c">Jacobi 1997c</link>, <link ref="bibJacobi_1998c">Jacobi 1998c</link>, <link ref="_Ref23086696">3.1.1</link>). Außerdem entspricht die Morphologie des Peritoneums der Ratte weitgehend der des Menschen (<link ref="_Ref23165698">1.3.1</link>). Die Einwirkung unterschiedlicher Noxen auf das Peritoneum ruft eine stereotype Entzündungsreaktion desselben hervor (<link ref="_Ref23167349">1.3.2</link>). Sollte ein Pneumoperitoneum &#8211; wie andere Studien zeigen (<link ref="_Ref25312427">1.3.3</link>) &#8211; das Bauchfell schädigen, sind typische Alterationen zu erwarten, die sich rasterelektronen­mikroskopisch erfassen lassen (<link ref="_Ref23167349">1.3.2</link>). Weiterhin müsste eine Beeinträchtigung des Peritoneums ein globales Phänomen sein und <pagenumber id="N10599" label="39" numbering="arabic" start="39"/>entsprechende Befunde nahezu an jeder Lokalisation zu finden sein, da sowohl Gas als auch Druck an jedem Ort den gleichen Wirkungsmechanismus entfalten. </p>
			<p>Aus diesen Gründen wurde folgendes Vorgehen festgelegt: Verwendung des etablierten Tumormodells, Injektion von Tumorzellen in die Bauchhöhle der Ratten, Aufbau eines Pneumoperitoneums mit unterschiedlichen Insufflationsgasen und standardisiertem Insufflationsdruck, Entnahme von Biopsien des Peritoneums nach einer definierten Zeit und anschließende rasterelektronen­mikroskopische Untersuchung dieser Proben. </p>
			<p>
				<link id="_1118138854"/>
				<link id="_1118484120"/>
				<link id="_1150262565"/>
				<mm entity="Objekt3" file="Jakob_html_m636cdd6b.gif" id="N105AC" label="492#267">
					<caption>Abbildung 3: Versuchsaufbau</caption>
				</mm>
			</p>
			<p>Da davon ausgegangen werden konnte, dass der Aufbau eines Pneumoperitoneums einen Einfluss auf die Struktur des Peritoneums hat (<link ref="_Ref25312427">1.3.3</link>), sollten folgende Hypothesen überprüft werden:</p>
			<p>
				<ol numbering="arabic">
					<li>
						<p>Der Aufbau eines Pneumoperitoneums mit dem Insufflationsgas CO<sub>2</sub> und einem Insufflationsdruck von 15 mm Hg führt zu entzündlichen Veränderungen des Mesothels.</p>
					</li>
					<li>
						<p>Der Aufbau eines Pneumoperitoneums mit dem Insufflationsgas Helium und einem Insufflationsdruck von 15 mm Hg führt zu entzündlichen Veränderungen des Mesothels.</p>
					</li>
					<li>
						<p>Der Aufbau eines Pneumoperitoneums mit dem Insufflationsgas CO<sub>2</sub> führt zu stärkeren Veränderungen des Peritoneums als der Aufbau eines Pneumoperitoneums mit dem Insufflationsgas Helium.</p>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</p>
		</chapter></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>