<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Functional genome analysis of the plant-growth promoting bacterium<em> Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em> strain FZB42; characterizing its production and regulation of nonribosomal peptide synthetases</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Alexandra Koumoutsi</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">Introduction</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1014F" part="chapter1" ref="N1014F" type="section">
               Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683821" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683821" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10159" part="chapter1" ref="N10159" type="citenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683822" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683822" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1019B" part="chapter1" ref="N1019B" type="section">Genome sequencing</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101A2" part="chapter1" ref="N101A2" type="citenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683823" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683823" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N101D9" part="chapter1" ref="N101D9" type="section">Antibiotic production from Bacilli</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101E7" part="chapter1" ref="N101E7" type="citenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101EA" part="chapter1" ref="N101EA" type="mm">460#331</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10211" part="chapter1" ref="N10211" type="subsection">
                  Ribosomally synthesized peptide antibiotics</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683824" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683824" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10219" part="chapter1" ref="N10219" type="block">
                     Synthesis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683825" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683825" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683826" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683826" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1023F" part="chapter1" ref="N1023F" type="block">Ribosomally synthesized peptide antibiotics in Bacilli; classification and control of gene regulation</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10249" part="chapter1" ref="N10249" type="citenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10287" part="chapter1" ref="N10287" type="citenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10297" part="chapter1" ref="N10297" type="mm">604#425</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102D0" part="chapter1" ref="N102D0" type="citenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683827" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683827" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102FE" part="chapter1" ref="N102FE" type="subsection">Nonribosomally synthesized peptide antibiotics</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1030D" part="chapter1" ref="N1030D" type="block">
                     Synthesis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683828" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683828" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10317" part="chapter1" ref="N10317" type="citenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10353" part="chapter1" ref="N10353" type="mm">605#510</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683829" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683829" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1036A" part="chapter1" ref="N1036A" type="block">Domains of nonribosomal peptide synthetases</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10371" part="chapter1" ref="N10371" type="citenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10379" part="chapter1" ref="N10379" type="subblock">
                        Adenylation domain</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683830" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683830" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683831" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683831" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103AA" part="chapter1" ref="N103AA" type="subblock">Thiolation domain (peptidyl carrier protein domain)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103E1" part="chapter1" ref="N103E1" type="citenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103E4" part="chapter1" ref="N103E4" type="mm">604#636</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683832" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683832" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10401" part="chapter1" ref="N10401" type="subblock">Condensation domain </cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1042A" part="chapter1" ref="N1042A" type="citenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10440" part="chapter1" ref="N10440" type="mm">605#932</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683833" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683833" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1047C" part="chapter1" ref="N1047C" type="citenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683834" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683834" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1050E" part="chapter1" ref="N1050E" type="subblock">Epimerization domain</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10515" part="chapter1" ref="N10515" type="citenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683835" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683835" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10559" part="chapter1" ref="N10559" type="subblock">N- and C-Methyltransferase domains</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10560" part="chapter1" ref="N10560" type="citenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683836" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683836" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1058A" part="chapter1" ref="N1058A" type="block">Posttranslational modification</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105E0" part="chapter1" ref="N105E0" type="citenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105E3" part="chapter1" ref="N105E3" type="mm">521#258</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683837" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683837" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10600" part="chapter1" ref="N10600" type="block">Hybrid synthetases</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10630" part="chapter1" ref="N10630" type="subblock">
                        Fatty acid synthases (FASs)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683838" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683838" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10645" part="chapter1" ref="N10645" type="citenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683839" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683839" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10677" part="chapter1" ref="N10677" type="subblock">Polyketide synthases (PKSs)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10697" part="chapter1" ref="N10697" type="citenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106A5" part="chapter1" ref="N106A5" type="mm">514#287</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683840" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683840" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N106C0" part="chapter1" ref="N106C0" type="block">Distribution-organization-function of peptide synthetase operons in Bacilli
                  </cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106D0" part="chapter1" ref="N106D0" type="citenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10775" part="chapter1" ref="N10775" type="citenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107C6" part="chapter1" ref="N107C6" type="mm">382#314</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107D7" part="chapter1" ref="N107D7" type="citenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10866" part="chapter1" ref="N10866" type="citenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10869" part="chapter1" ref="N10869" type="mm">605#756</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683841" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683841" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N108B5" part="chapter1" ref="N108B5" type="block">Multiple control of expression of peptide synthetase operons in Bacilli. Export and immunity mechanisms.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10912" part="chapter1" ref="N10912" type="citenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1098B" part="chapter1" ref="N1098B" type="citenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683842" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683842" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N109B1" part="chapter1" ref="N109B1" type="block">Approaches to new antibiotics</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109C6" part="chapter1" ref="N109C6" type="citenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683843" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683843" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N109EC" part="chapter1" ref="N109EC" type="subsection">Miscellaneous antibiotics produced by Bacilli
               </cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A06" part="chapter1" ref="N10A06" type="citenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683844" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683844" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A45" part="chapter1" ref="N10A45" type="section">Goal setting</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A67" part="chapter1" ref="N10A67" type="citenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683845" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc155683845" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">Materials and Methods</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A84" part="chapter2" ref="N10A84" type="section">
               Chemicals and materials</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683846" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683846" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A8C" part="chapter2" ref="N10A8C" type="helpercitenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A91" part="chapter2" ref="N10A91" type="citenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A94" part="chapter2" ref="N10A94" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683847" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683847" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10CA1" part="chapter2" ref="N10CA1" type="section">Plasmids, bacterial strains and primers</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CAB" part="chapter2" ref="N10CAB" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N111EA" part="chapter2" ref="N111EA" type="citenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111ED" part="chapter2" ref="N111ED" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11F6D" part="chapter2" ref="N11F6D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12C99" part="chapter2" ref="N12C99" type="citenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CAF" part="chapter2" ref="N12CAF" type="mm">605#248</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CB6" part="chapter2" ref="N12CB6" type="mm">605#304</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CBD" part="chapter2" ref="N12CBD" type="citenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CC3" part="chapter2" ref="N12CC3" type="mm">605#166</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CCA" part="chapter2" ref="N12CCA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683848" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683848" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12DC3" part="chapter2" ref="N12DC3" type="section">Molecular Biology techniques</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12DC8" part="chapter2" ref="N12DC8" type="subsection">
                  Standard molecular biology methods</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683849" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683849" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12DD2" part="chapter2" ref="N12DD2" type="citenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683850" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683850" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12DF2" part="chapter2" ref="N12DF2" type="subsection">Transformation in Bacillus subtilis
               </cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E09" part="chapter2" ref="N12E09" type="citenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E19" part="chapter2" ref="N12E19" type="mm">605#193</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683851" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683851" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12E25" part="chapter2" ref="N12E25" type="subsection">Transformation in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
               </cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E3F" part="chapter2" ref="N12E3F" type="citenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E4F" part="chapter2" ref="N12E4F" type="mm">605#386</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683852" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683852" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12E5B" part="chapter2" ref="N12E5B" type="subsection">Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E6D" part="chapter2" ref="N12E6D" type="citenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12EA6" part="chapter2" ref="N12EA6" type="citenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12EB5" part="chapter2" ref="N12EB5" type="citenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12EC4" part="chapter2" ref="N12EC4" type="citenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12ED0" part="chapter2" ref="N12ED0" type="mm">605#83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12ED7" part="chapter2" ref="N12ED7" type="citenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12EDA" part="chapter2" ref="N12EDA" type="mm">604#846</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683853" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683853" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12F0C" part="chapter2" ref="N12F0C" type="subsection">Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F23" part="chapter2" ref="N12F23" type="citenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F33" part="chapter2" ref="N12F33" type="mm">605#276</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683854" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683854" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12F3F" part="chapter2" ref="N12F3F" type="subsection">Hybridization analysis of Southern blots</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F47" part="chapter2" ref="N12F47" type="block">
                     Synthesis of DIG-labelled probe</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683855" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683855" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12F51" part="chapter2" ref="N12F51" type="citenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683856" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683856" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12F5C" part="chapter2" ref="N12F5C" type="block">Preparation of samples; transfer and fixation on a membrane</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F73" part="chapter2" ref="N12F73" type="citenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F76" part="chapter2" ref="N12F76" type="mm">605#83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683857" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683857" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12F82" part="chapter2" ref="N12F82" type="block">Hybridization and detection</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F8F" part="chapter2" ref="N12F8F" type="citenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F9F" part="chapter2" ref="N12F9F" type="mm">605#276</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683858" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683858" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12FAC" part="chapter2" ref="N12FAC" type="subsection">Denaturating Gel Electrophoresis for Sequencing</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FB6" part="chapter2" ref="N12FB6" type="citenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FBC" part="chapter2" ref="N12FBC" type="mm">605#166</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683859" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683859" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12FC8" part="chapter2" ref="N12FC8" type="subsection">Radioactive labelling of oligonucleotides</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FD5" part="chapter2" ref="N12FD5" type="citenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683860" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683860" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12FE3" part="chapter2" ref="N12FE3" type="subsection">Radioactive sequencing DNA</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683861" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683861" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12FFB" part="chapter2" ref="N12FFB" type="subsection">RNA preparation</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13008" part="chapter2" ref="N13008" type="citenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13022" part="chapter2" ref="N13022" type="mm">605#110</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683862" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683862" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1302E" part="chapter2" ref="N1302E" type="subsection">Primer extension</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13035" part="chapter2" ref="N13035" type="citenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683863" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683863" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N13049" part="chapter2" ref="N13049" type="subsection">Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1305C" part="chapter2" ref="N1305C" type="citenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13062" part="chapter2" ref="N13062" type="mm">605#248</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683864" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683864" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1306E" part="chapter2" ref="N1306E" type="subsection">DNase I footprinting</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13088" part="chapter2" ref="N13088" type="citenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13091" part="chapter2" ref="N13091" type="mm">605#166</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683865" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683865" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1309D" part="chapter2" ref="N1309D" type="subsection">Biological tests</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130AA" part="chapter2" ref="N130AA" type="citenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683866" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683866" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N130BC" part="chapter2" ref="N130BC" type="section">Biochemical methods</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130C1" part="chapter2" ref="N130C1" type="subsection">
                  MS analysis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683867" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683867" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683868" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683868" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N130E1" part="chapter2" ref="N130E1" type="subsection">Quantification of specific &#946;-galactosidase enzymatic activity</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130E8" part="chapter2" ref="N130E8" type="citenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13129" part="chapter2" ref="N13129" type="citenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1313E" part="chapter2" ref="N1313E" type="citenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13141" part="chapter2" ref="N13141" type="mm">605#138</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683869" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683869" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1314D" part="chapter2" ref="N1314D" type="subsection">SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1315B" part="chapter2" ref="N1315B" type="mm">605#193</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13162" part="chapter2" ref="N13162" type="citenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1316B" part="chapter2" ref="N1316B" type="mm">605#83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683870" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683870" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N13177" part="chapter2" ref="N13177" type="subsection">Western Blot</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13181" part="chapter2" ref="N13181" type="citenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1318A" part="chapter2" ref="N1318A" type="mm">605#83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683871" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683871" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N13196" part="chapter2" ref="N13196" type="subsection">Overexpression and purification of 6xHis-tagged DegU</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N131B8" part="chapter2" ref="N131B8" type="citenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N131CD" part="chapter2" ref="N131CD" type="mm">605#138</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683872" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683872" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N131DA" part="chapter2" ref="N131DA" type="section">Complete genome sequencing and annotation strategies</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N131E1" part="chapter2" ref="N131E1" type="citenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683873" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc155683873" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">Results</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13225" part="chapter3" ref="N13225" type="section">
               Identifying unique DNA regions in the genome of B. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683874" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683874" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1322D" part="chapter3" ref="N1322D" type="subsection">
                  Taxonomic classification of Bacillus strains FZB24, FZB37, FZB42, FZB45 and 168</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683875" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683875" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1323A" part="chapter3" ref="N1323A" type="citenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13284" part="chapter3" ref="N13284" type="mm">216#277</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N132A7" part="chapter3" ref="N132A7" type="citenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N132CA" part="chapter3" ref="N132CA" type="mm">189#232</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683876" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683876" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N132F2" part="chapter3" ref="N132F2" type="subsection">Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13312" part="chapter3" ref="N13312" type="citenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1335C" part="chapter3" ref="N1335C" type="citenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1337D" part="chapter3" ref="N1337D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13D5C" part="chapter3" ref="N13D5C" type="citenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13DA0" part="chapter3" ref="N13DA0" type="citenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13DA3" part="chapter3" ref="N13DA3" type="mm">605#376</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683877" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683877" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N13DD9" part="chapter3" ref="N13DD9" type="section">Sequence analysis of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 genome</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13E0D" part="chapter3" ref="N13E0D" type="citenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13E10" part="chapter3" ref="N13E10" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13FF9" part="chapter3" ref="N13FF9" type="citenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13FFC" part="chapter3" ref="N13FFC" type="mm">626#630</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683878" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683878" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14031" part="chapter3" ref="N14031" type="section">Lipopeptides produced by B. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14036" part="chapter3" ref="N14036" type="subsection">
                  Organization of nonribosomal peptide synthetases on the FZB42 chromosome</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683879" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683879" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14095" part="chapter3" ref="N14095" type="citenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N140C5" part="chapter3" ref="N140C5" type="mm">529#751</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683880" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683880" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14142" part="chapter3" ref="N14142" type="subsection">Functional analysis of lipopeptide production in B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1414A" part="chapter3" ref="N1414A" type="block">
                     MS identification of the lipopeptide products of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683881" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683881" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14157" part="chapter3" ref="N14157" type="citenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1416A" part="chapter3" ref="N1416A" type="mm">543#775</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1417E" part="chapter3" ref="N1417E" type="citenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14181" part="chapter3" ref="N14181" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14347" part="chapter3" ref="N14347" type="mm">497#252</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683882" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683882" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14369" part="chapter3" ref="N14369" type="block">Production of lipopeptides along the growth curve</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14370" part="chapter3" ref="N14370" type="citenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1437F" part="chapter3" ref="N1437F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683883" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683883" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N145F9" part="chapter3" ref="N145F9" type="block">Lipopeptide deficient mutants</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14600" part="chapter3" ref="N14600" type="citenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683884" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683884" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14660" part="chapter3" ref="N14660" type="block">Biological activity of wild type and mutant strains</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14667" part="chapter3" ref="N14667" type="citenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N146AE" part="chapter3" ref="N146AE" type="mm">531#944</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N146D4" part="chapter3" ref="N146D4" type="citenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N146E8" part="chapter3" ref="N146E8" type="mm">563#360</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683885" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683885" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1472C" part="chapter3" ref="N1472C" type="subsection">Analysis of functional domains in bmy operon</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1475B" part="chapter3" ref="N1475B" type="citenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14761" part="chapter3" ref="N14761" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N15994" part="chapter3" ref="N15994" type="citenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1599D" part="chapter3" ref="N1599D" type="mm">492#444</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683886" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683886" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N159C6" part="chapter3" ref="N159C6" type="section">Regulation of bacillomycin D production</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N159CB" part="chapter3" ref="N159CB" type="subsection">
                  5'-deletion analysis of the bmy promoter region</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683887" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683887" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N159D6" part="chapter3" ref="N159D6" type="block">
                     Determination of bmy expression in B. subtilis MO1099</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683888" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683888" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N159E6" part="chapter3" ref="N159E6" type="citenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15A1A" part="chapter3" ref="N15A1A" type="mm">604#317</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683889" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683889" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15A54" part="chapter3" ref="N15A54" type="block">Determination of bmy expression in B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15A61" part="chapter3" ref="N15A61" type="citenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15AC8" part="chapter3" ref="N15AC8" type="citenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15ACB" part="chapter3" ref="N15ACB" type="mm">485#566</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683890" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683890" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15B05" part="chapter3" ref="N15B05" type="block">DegQ is partially responsible for the differences in bmy expression in B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 and B. subtilis MO1099</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15BCD" part="chapter3" ref="N15BCD" type="citenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15BD0" part="chapter3" ref="N15BD0" type="mm">453#285</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683891" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683891" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15BFC" part="chapter3" ref="N15BFC" type="subsection">Identifying the transcriptional start site of the bmy operon</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15C3F" part="chapter3" ref="N15C3F" type="citenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15C42" part="chapter3" ref="N15C42" type="mm">168#280</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15C62" part="chapter3" ref="N15C62" type="mm">540#298</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683892" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683892" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15C7E" part="chapter3" ref="N15C7E" type="subsection">Global regulators control the production of bacillomycin D</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15C83" part="chapter3" ref="N15C83" type="block">
                     Effect of global regulators on the activity of bmyD::lacZ reporter fusions</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683893" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683893" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15C93" part="chapter3" ref="N15C93" type="citenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15CD8" part="chapter3" ref="N15CD8" type="citenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15CED" part="chapter3" ref="N15CED" type="mm">541#865</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15D29" part="chapter3" ref="N15D29" type="citenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683894" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683894" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15D6E" part="chapter3" ref="N15D6E" type="block">Effects of degU, comA, sigB and sigH mutations on transcriptional initiation by the identified promoter of bmy operon (Pbmy)</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15DD5" part="chapter3" ref="N15DD5" type="citenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15DD8" part="chapter3" ref="N15DD8" type="mm">314#317</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683895" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683895" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15E4E" part="chapter3" ref="N15E4E" type="block">MALDI-TOF MS analysis of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 strains deficient of global regulators that are involved in transcription of the bmy operon; DegU has a post-transcriptional effect on bacillomycin D production</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15E76" part="chapter3" ref="N15E76" type="citenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15E9A" part="chapter3" ref="N15E9A" type="mm">587#755</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15EE3" part="chapter3" ref="N15EE3" type="citenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683896" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683896" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15F04" part="chapter3" ref="N15F04" type="subsection">DegU directly binds to the bacillomycin D promoter</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15F18" part="chapter3" ref="N15F18" type="mm">504#285</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15F24" part="chapter3" ref="N15F24" type="block">
                     EMSA shows that DegU is a direct activator of the bmy promoter </cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683897" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683897" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15F31" part="chapter3" ref="N15F31" type="citenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15F5C" part="chapter3" ref="N15F5C" type="mm">563#372</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683898" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683898" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15F80" part="chapter3" ref="N15F80" type="block">Mapping the location of the DNA-binding sites of DegU on the bmy promoter region</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15F8A" part="chapter3" ref="N15F8A" type="citenumber">85</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15FA7" part="chapter3" ref="N15FA7" type="citenumber">86</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15FAA" part="chapter3" ref="N15FAA" type="mm">579#494</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683899" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683899" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15FC0" part="chapter3" ref="N15FC0" type="block">The effect of DegU on bmy transcription is epistatic to that of DegQ</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16006" part="chapter3" ref="N16006" type="mm">604#312</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16033" part="chapter3" ref="N16033" type="citenumber">87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683900" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683900" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16055" part="chapter3" ref="N16055" type="subsection">&#963;B mediates its control on Pbmy by indirectly controlling the repression of a novel member of the Rap protein family</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N160F5" part="chapter3" ref="N160F5" type="citenumber">88</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1613A" part="chapter3" ref="N1613A" type="mm">206#205</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683901" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683901" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N161AE" part="chapter3" ref="N161AE" type="subsection">Post-transcriptional effects in bacillomycin D production</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N161B3" part="chapter3" ref="N161B3" type="block">
                     Sfp and YczE control bacillomycin D production in a post-transcriptional manner</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683902" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683902" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N161BD" part="chapter3" ref="N161BD" type="citenumber">89</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N161E9" part="chapter3" ref="N161E9" type="mm">563#444</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16227" part="chapter3" ref="N16227" type="citenumber">90</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16248" part="chapter3" ref="N16248" type="mm">474#301</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683903" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683903" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16270" part="chapter3" ref="N16270" type="block">The post-transcriptional effect of DegU on bmy production is not mediated through YczE</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1628F" part="chapter3" ref="N1628F" type="citenumber">91</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N162A1" part="chapter3" ref="N162A1" type="mm">213#395</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683904" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683904" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N162D7" part="chapter3" ref="N162D7" type="section">Global regulators affect the production of surfactin, fengycin and bacillibactin</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N162EA" part="chapter3" ref="N162EA" type="citenumber">92</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16360" part="chapter3" ref="N16360" type="citenumber">93</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16385" part="chapter3" ref="N16385" type="mm">604#596</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N163C6" part="chapter3" ref="N163C6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683905" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc155683905" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">Discussion</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N166E1" part="chapter4" ref="N166E1" type="section">
               Functional genomic analysis of B. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42 reveals features of the bacterium that might be associated with its biocontrol activity</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683906" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683906" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N166EB" part="chapter4" ref="N166EB" type="citenumber">94</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1673F" part="chapter4" ref="N1673F" type="citenumber">95</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16749" part="chapter4" ref="N16749" type="subsection">
                  General features of the B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 genome and comparison with genomes of other members of the Bacillus family</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683907" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683907" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16798" part="chapter4" ref="N16798" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683908" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683908" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N169D4" part="chapter4" ref="N169D4" type="subsection">Horizontal gene transfer</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N169DB" part="chapter4" ref="N169DB" type="citenumber">96</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683909" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683909" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16A31" part="chapter4" ref="N16A31" type="subsection">Signal transduction proteins</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16A83" part="chapter4" ref="N16A83" type="citenumber">97</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16AFE" part="chapter4" ref="N16AFE" type="citenumber">98</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16B0D" part="chapter4" ref="N16B0D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N16D87" part="chapter4" ref="N16D87" type="citenumber">99</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16DEC" part="chapter4" ref="N16DEC" type="citenumber">100</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16E81" part="chapter4" ref="N16E81" type="citenumber">101</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16E84" part="chapter4" ref="N16E84" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683910" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683910" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16FC6" part="chapter4" ref="N16FC6" type="subsection">Sigma factors</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17041" part="chapter4" ref="N17041" type="citenumber">102</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683911" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683911" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1709B" part="chapter4" ref="N1709B" type="subsection">Competence genes</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17100" part="chapter4" ref="N17100" type="citenumber">103</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683912" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683912" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1711B" part="chapter4" ref="N1711B" type="subsection">Secondary metabolites</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17162" part="chapter4" ref="N17162" type="citenumber">104</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N171F6" part="chapter4" ref="N171F6" type="citenumber">105</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1722C" part="chapter4" ref="N1722C" type="citenumber">106</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N172AD" part="chapter4" ref="N172AD" type="citenumber">107</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17312" part="chapter4" ref="N17312" type="citenumber">108</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17369" part="chapter4" ref="N17369" type="citenumber">109</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683913" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683913" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N173B0" part="chapter4" ref="N173B0" type="section">A complex network controls the expression of bacillomycin D in B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N173F7" part="chapter4" ref="N173F7" type="subsection">
                  The role of DegU on bmy expression and bacillomycin D production</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683914" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683914" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N17404" part="chapter4" ref="N17404" type="citenumber">110</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1744E" part="chapter4" ref="N1744E" type="citenumber">111</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1749F" part="chapter4" ref="N1749F" type="citenumber">112</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N174C6" part="chapter4" ref="N174C6" type="mm">442#222</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17522" part="chapter4" ref="N17522" type="citenumber">113</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683915" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683915" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1754E" part="chapter4" ref="N1754E" type="subsection">The role of DegQ on bmy expression</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17582" part="chapter4" ref="N17582" type="citenumber">114</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683916" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683916" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N175BD" part="chapter4" ref="N175BD" type="subsection">The role of ComA on bmy expression</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1762B" part="chapter4" ref="N1762B" type="citenumber">115</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683917" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683917" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N17656" part="chapter4" ref="N17656" type="subsection">The role of &#963;B and &#963;H on bmy expression</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N176A8" part="chapter4" ref="N176A8" type="citenumber">116</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17721" part="chapter4" ref="N17721" type="citenumber">117</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683918" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683918" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N17796" part="chapter4" ref="N17796" type="subsection">Post-transcriptional control of bacillomycin D expression</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N177AF" part="chapter4" ref="N177AF" type="mm">511#331</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N177C9" part="chapter4" ref="N177C9" type="citenumber">118</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683920" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc155683920" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N177DD" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N177DF" part="N177DF" ref="N177DF" type="abbreviation">Abbreviations </cms:entry><cms:entry id="N177E6" part="N177DF" ref="N177E6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683820" part="N177DF" ref="_Toc155683820" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N17DE0" part="N17DE0" ref="N17DE0" type="appendix">Teile dieser Arbeit sind in folgenden Veröffentlichungen erhalten:</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17DE2" part="N17DE0" ref="N17DE2" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N17DE5" part="N17DE0" ref="N17DE5" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N17E67" part="N17DE0" ref="N17E67" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683921" part="N17DE0" ref="_Toc155683921" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N17E6E" part="N17E6E" ref="N17E6E" type="vita">Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17E75" part="N17E6E" ref="N17E75" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N17F0F" part="N17E6E" ref="N17F0F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N17F79" part="N17E6E" ref="N17F79" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N17FE0" part="N17E6E" ref="N17FE0" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc155683922" part="N17E6E" ref="_Toc155683922" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N18031" part="N18031" ref="N18031" type="acknowledgement">Acknowledgements</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683923" part="N18031" ref="_Toc155683923" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1804F" part="N1804F" ref="N1804F" type="bibliography">Literature</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_bib72" part="N1804F" ref="_bib72" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib83" part="N1804F" ref="_bib83" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib52" part="N1804F" ref="_bib52" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib129" part="N1804F" ref="_bib129" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib114" part="N1804F" ref="_bib114" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib258" part="N1804F" ref="_bib258" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib116" part="N1804F" ref="_bib116" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib51" part="N1804F" ref="_bib51" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib85" part="N1804F" ref="_bib85" 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id="N1A81B" part="N1A81B" ref="N1A81B" type="declaration">
            Selbständigkeitserklärung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc155683919" part="N1A81B" ref="_Toc155683919" type="link"/><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">en</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Table of contents</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Help</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><school>Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin </school><submission>Dissertation</submission><title>Functional genome analysis of the plant-growth promoting bacterium<em> Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em> strain FZB42; characterizing its production and regulation of nonribosomal peptide synthetases</title><degree>zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/> doctor rerum naturalium</degree><major>Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I</major><author>Dipl. Chem. <given>Alexandra</given>
         <surname>Koumoutsi</surname>
      </author><dean>Prof. Dr. Christian Limberg</dean><approvals>
         <name>Professor Dr. Rainer Borriss</name>
         <name>PD Dr. habil. Joachim Vater</name>
      </approvals><date>eingereicht: 11.10.2006</date><date>Datum der Promotion: 04.12.2006</date><abstract lang="en">
         <head>Summary</head>
         <p>
            <em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em> is a Gram-positive bacterium that is widely distributed in the soil. It colonizes the plant roots and several of its natural isolates, such as the FZB42 strain, are used as bio-fertilizers, since they can promote plant growth and suppress plant pathogenic organisms. The features and mechanisms governing the biocontrol-related function of the strain have not yet been fully characterized. The domesticated strain of <em>B. subtilis </em>168, a model organism for studies on Gram-positive bacteria, is closely related to <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42, but does not promote plant growth.</p>
         <p>As a first approach to detect gene differentiation between <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 and <em>B. subtilis</em> 168, and since only the genome sequence of the latter was known at that point, Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) was employed. Thereby, several unique genes of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 could be identified. Among others, it was established that the genome of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 harbours genes with high similarity to nonribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases of various <em>Bacillus</em> species, yet different from the ones present in the genome of <em>B. subtilis</em> 168.</p>
         <p>Meanwhile, our laboratory became engaged in a project aiming to define the complete genome sequence of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42, in collaboration with the GenoMik Network in Göttingen. The major part of the work and the co-ordination of the whole process were performed by Xiao-Hua Chen and myself. Shotgun and fosmid library approaches, primer walking and multiplex PCR were used in order to decipher the complete sequence of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42. Sequencing of the whole genome has since been completed and the second round of annotation is currently in process (performed by Xiao-Hua Chen).</p>
         <p>Strain FZB42 is the first member of the <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> species to have its genome sequenced. The genome of strain FZB42 consists of a single circular chromosome of 3916 kb, and thus is smaller than that of <em>B. subtilis </em>168 (4214 kb). It contains 3931 genes, 80% of which show more than 50% amino acid similarity to genes of <em>B. subtilis</em> 168. Comparative genome analysis revealed several characteristics of the bacterium that might be associated with its biocontrol activity. Striking is the presence of eight gene clusters that control the non-conventional synthesis of secondary metabolites, some of which with reported antifungal and antibacterial activities.</p>
         <p>
            <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 possesses the <em>srf</em>, <em>fen</em>, <em>pks1 </em>(<em>bae</em>), <em>bac</em> and <em>dhb</em> operons, which are responsible for the synthesis of surfactin, fengycin, bacillaene, bacilysin and bacillibactin, respectively, and are also shared by <em>B. subtilis </em>168. In addition, and as initially detected by the SSH experiments, the genome of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 contains the <em>bmy</em>, <em>dif</em>, <em>pks2</em> gene clusters, which control the synthesis of bacillomycin D, difficidin/oxydifficidin and macrolactin respectively. The functionality of all eight gene-clusters was verified by a series of mass spectrometry analysis (MALDI-TOF MS and HPLC-ESI MS), in collaboration with Xiao-Hua Chen and Dr J. Vater. It is conceivable that the profound genetic capacity of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 to produce antagonistically acting secondary metabolites enables the strain to cope successfully with competitors within its natural environment and to promote plant growth. Therefore, the biological activity of those compounds was further examined. Bacillomycin D and fengycin were the only antibiotics produced by the strain, which could exhibit a general inhibitory effect on fungal growth, acting in a synergistic manner.</p>
         <p>A further issue pursued in this work was to identify the regulatory pathways that govern the expression of bacillomycin D. Global regulators, such as DegU, DegQ and ComA, the alternative sigma factors, &#963;<sup>B</sup> and &#963;<sup>H</sup>, and a novel Rap protein were found to affect the transcriptional activation of the main promoter of the <em>bmy</em> operon identified in this work. In particular, DegU was shown to mediate its effects, after binding directly to two distinct A/T-rich sites at the <em>bmy</em> promoter region. The other regulatory players were associated with more indirect effects, which were mostly exerted via DegQ, a protein that seems to optimise the activity of DegU, or via DegU itself.</p>
         <p>DegU was shown to play an additional role on bacillomycin D production, presumably a post-transcriptional one, apart from activating the main promoter of the <em>bmy</em> operon. Therefore, its presence was critical for the production of bacillomycin D. Similarly, YczE, a membrane protein of unknown function, encoded adjacently to <em>sfp</em> (a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase that post-translationally modifies nonribosomal peptide synthetases and makes them functionally active), proved to be essential for bacillomycin D production, but dispensable for the production of the rest peptide antibiotics produced by <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42. The effect was mediated at a post-transcriptional level (prior to the peptide&#8217;s export) and was independent of DegU.</p>
         <p>To conclude, this work provides information concerning the genetic identity of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42, its lifestyle and its production of secondary metabolites by it. In addition, it defines the complex regulatory network that controls the expression of the most abundant lipopeptide of the organism, bacillomycin D. It is the first time that the gene expression of a member of the iturin-group antibiotics has been monitored.</p>
      </abstract><abstract lang="de">
         <head>Zusammenfassung</head>
         <p>
            <em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em> ist ein im Boden weit verbreitetes Gram-positives Bakterium. Es kolonisiert Pflanzenwurzeln und mehrere natürliche Isolate, wie zum Beispiel der Stamm FZB42 werden als Biodünger verwendet, da sie in der Lage sind, Pflanzenwachstum zu fördern und Pflanzenpathogene zu unterdrücken. Die Eigenschaften und Mechanismen, welche dieseBiokontrollfunktionen steuern wurden bislang noch nicht vollständig charakterisiert. Der domestizierte Stamm <em>B. subtilis</em> 168, ein Modellorganismus für Studien an Gram-positiven Bakterien, ist eng verwand mit <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42, fördert jedoch kein Pflanzenwachstum.</p>
         <p>Als ein erster Ansatz zur Ermittlung von Gendifferenzen zwischen <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 und <em>B. subtilis</em> 168 - wobei zum damaligen Zeitpunkt nur die Genomsequenz letzteren Organismus bekannt war - wurde die &#8220;Supression Subtractive Hybridisation&#8221;(SSH) angewandt. Hierdurch wurden mehrere einzigartige Gene in <em>B. amyloliquefaziens </em>identifiziert. Unter anderem wurde gezeigt, dass das Genom von B<em>. amyloliquefaziens</em> FZB42 Gene mit starker Ähnlichkeit zu nichtribosomalen Peptid-Synthetasen und Polyketid-Synthasen verschiedener <em>Bacillus</em>-Arten beinhaltet, die sich jedoch von den im <em>B. subtilis</em> 168-Genom enthaltenen Genen unterscheiden.</p>
         <p>Unterdessen beteiligte sich unser Labor in Kollaboration mit dem GenoMik Network in Göttingen an einem Projekt, dessen Ziel die komplette Sequenzierung des Genoms von <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> war. Der Hauptanteil der Arbeit, sowie die Koordination des gesamten Projekts wurden von Xiao-Hua Chen und mir selbst durchgeführt. Zur Entschlüsslung der vollständigen Genomsequenz von <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> wurden Shotgun und Fosmid-Library Ansätze, Primer walking und Multiplex-PCR angewandt. Die Sequenzierung des gesamten Genoms wurde mittlerweile abgeschlossen und derzeitige Arbeiten sind bis zur zweiten Annotationsrundevorangeschritten (durchgeführt von Xiao-Hua Chen).</p>
         <p>Der Stamm FZB42 ist das erste Mitglied der <em>B. amyloliquefaziens-</em>Art, dessen Genom sequenziert wurde. Das Genome von Stamm FZB42 besitzt ein einziges kreisförmiges und 3916 kb großes Chromosom, das damit kleiner ist als das Chromosom von <em>B. subtilis</em> 168 (4214 kb). Es enthält 3931 Gene, von denen 80% mehr als 50%ige Aminosäuren-Ähnlichkeit mit Genen von <em>B. subtilis</em> zeigen. Vergleichende Genomanalysen offenbarten mehrere Charakteristika des Bakteriums, welche mit seiner Biokontrollaktivität assoziiert sein könnten. Auffällig ist die Präsenz von acht Genclustern, die die unkonventionelle Synthese von sekundären Metaboliten kontrollieren, von denen einige bereits beschriebene antifungale und antibakterielle Aktivitäten besitzen.</p>
         <p>
            <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 besitzt die <em>srf</em>, <em>fen</em>, <em>pks1</em> (<em>bae</em>), <em>bac</em> und <em>dhb</em> Operons, welche für die Synthese von Surfactin, Fengycin, Bacillaene, Bacilysin und Bacillibactin verantwortlich sind und die ebenfalls im Genom von <em>B. subtilis</em> 168 enthalten sind.Wie bereits durch die anfänglichen SSH-Experimente gezeigt worden war, beinhaltet das Genom von <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 die <em>bmy</em>-, <em>dif</em>-, <em>pks2</em>-Gencluster, die die Synthese von Bacillomycin D, Difficidin/Oxydifficidin und Macrolactin kontrollieren.Die Funktionalität dieser acht Gencluster wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit Xiao-Hua Chen und Dr. J. Vater durch eine Serie von Massenspektrometrie-Analysen (MALDI-TOF MS and HPLC-ESI MS) nachgewiesen. Es ist vorstellbar, dass die umfangreiche genetische Kapazität, antagonistisch wirkende sekundäre Metabolite zu produzieren, es <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>FZB42 ermöglicht, erfolgreich gegen Konkurrenten in seiner natürlichen Umgebung vorzugehen und das Pflanzenwachstum zu fördern.Daher wurde die biologische Aktivität dieser Komponenten weiter untersucht. Bacillomycin D und Fengycin waren die einzigen von diesem Stamm produzierten Antibiotika, welche einen generellen inhibitorischen Effekt auf das Wachstum von Pilzen zeigten, wobei sie in synergistischer Weise wirkten.</p>
         <p>Ein weiteres in dieser Arbeit verfolgtes Ziel war die Identifizierung der regulatorischen Wege, die die Expression von Bacillomycin D steuern. Es wurde gezeigt, dass globale Regulatoren, wie beispielsweise DegU, DegQ und ComA, die alternativen Sigmafaktoren &#963;<sup>B</sup> und &#963;<sup>H</sup> und ein neuartiges Rap-Protein die transkriptionale Aktivität des in dieser Arbeit identifizierten Hauptpromotors des<em> bmy</em>-Operons beeinflussen. Insbesondere wurde gezeigt, dass DegU seine Effekte nach direkter Bindung an zwei unterschiedliche A/T-reiche Regionen im<em> bmy</em>-Promotor ausübt. Die anderen Regulatoren wurden mit eher indirekten Effekten assoziiert, welche meist über DegU oder DegQ ausgeübt wurden. Letzteres Protein scheint die Aktivität von DegU auf unbekannte Weise zu optimieren.</p>
         <p>Es wurde außerdem gezeigt, dass DegU abgesehen von der Aktivierung des Hauptpromoters des <em>bmy</em>-Operons eine zusätzliche, vermutlich post-transkriptionale Rolle bei der Bacillomycin D-Produktion spielt. Daher war die Präsenz von DegH essentiell für die Produktion von Bacillomycin D. Auf ähnliche Weise erwies sich YczE, ein Membranprotein unbekannter Funktion, das neben <em color="000000">sfp</em> (eine 4´-Phosphopantetheinyl-Transferase, die nichtribosomale Peptide post-translational modifiziert und sie aktiviert) kodiert liegt, als essentiell für die Bacillomycin D-Produktion, jedoch als entbehrlich für die Produktion der restlichen von <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 produzierten Peptid-Antibiotika. Der Effekt wurde auf einem post-transkriptionalen Level ausgeübt (vor dem Peptid-Export) und war unabhängig von DegU.</p>
         <p>Abschließend kann gesagt werden, dass diese Arbeit Informationen über die genetische Identität von <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42, seine Lebensweise und die Produktion sekundärer Metabolite durch das Bakterium liefert. Außerdem definiert sie das komplexe regulatorische Netzwerk, das die Expression des meistvorhandenen Lipopeptides des Organismus, Bacillomycin D, kontrolliert. Es ist die erste Untersuchung der Genexpression eines Mitglieds Gruppe der Antibiotika von Iturin.</p>
      </abstract><freehead id=":contents">Table of contents</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">Introduction</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N1014F">
               Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1019B">Genome sequencing</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N101D9">Antibiotic production from Bacilli</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N10211">
                  Ribosomally synthesized peptide antibiotics</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N10219">
                     Synthesis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1023F">Ribosomally synthesized peptide antibiotics in <em>Bacilli</em>; classification and control of gene regulation</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N102FE">Nonribosomally synthesized peptide antibiotics</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N1030D">
                     Synthesis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1036A">Domains of nonribosomal peptide synthetases</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N10379">
                        Adenylation domain</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N103AA">Thiolation domain (peptidyl carrier protein domain)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10401">Condensation domain </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1050E">Epimerization domain</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10559">N- and C-Methyltransferase domains</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1058A">Posttranslational modification</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10600">Hybrid synthetases</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N10630">
                        Fatty acid synthases (FASs)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10677">Polyketide synthases (PKSs)</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N106C0">Distribution-organization-function of peptide synthetase operons in <em>Bacilli</em>
                  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108B5">Multiple control of expression of peptide synthetase operons in <em>Bacilli</em>. Export and immunity mechanisms.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N109B1">Approaches to new antibiotics</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N109EC">Miscellaneous antibiotics produced by <em>Bacilli</em>
               </link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A45">Goal setting</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">Materials and Methods</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N10A84">
               Chemicals and materials</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CA1">Plasmids, bacterial strains and primers</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12DC3">Molecular Biology techniques</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N12DC8">
                  Standard molecular biology methods</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12DF2">Transformation in <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>
               </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12E25">Transformation in <em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em>
               </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12E5B">Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F0C">Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F3F">Hybridization analysis of Southern blots</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N12F47">
                     Synthesis of DIG-labelled probe</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F5C">Preparation of samples; transfer and fixation on a membrane</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F82">Hybridization and detection</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12FAC">Denaturating Gel Electrophoresis for Sequencing</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12FC8">Radioactive labelling of oligonucleotides</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12FE3">Radioactive sequencing DNA</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12FFB">RNA preparation</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1302E">Primer extension</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13049">Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1306E">DNase I footprinting</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1309D">Biological tests</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N130BC">Biochemical methods</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N130C1">
                  MS analysis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N130E1">Quantification of specific &#946;-galactosidase enzymatic activity</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1314D">SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13177">Western Blot</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13196">Overexpression and purification of 6xHis-tagged DegU</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N131DA">Complete genome sequencing and annotation strategies</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">Results</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N13225">
               Identifying unique DNA regions in the genome of B. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N1322D">
                  Taxonomic classification of <em>Bacillus</em> strains FZB24, FZB37, FZB42, FZB45 and 168</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N132F2">Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH)</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13DD9">Sequence analysis of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 genome</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14031">Lipopeptides produced by B. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N14036">
                  Organization of nonribosomal peptide synthetases on the FZB42 chromosome</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14142">Functional analysis of lipopeptide production in <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>FZB42</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N1414A">
                     MS identification of the lipopeptide products of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>FZB42</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14369">Production of lipopeptides along the growth curve</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N145F9">Lipopeptide deficient mutants</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14660">Biological activity of wild type and mutant strains</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1472C">Analysis of functional domains in <em>bmy</em> operon</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N159C6">Regulation of bacillomycin D production</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N159CB">
                  5'-deletion analysis of the<em> bmy</em> promoter region</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N159D6">
                     Determination of <em>bmy </em>expression in <em>B. subtilis</em> MO1099</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15A54">Determination of <em>bmy </em>expression in <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>FZB42</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15B05">DegQ is partially responsible for the differences in <em>bmy</em> expression in<em> B. amyloliquefaciens </em>FZB42 and <em>B. subtilis</em> MO1099</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15BFC">Identifying the transcriptional start site of the <em>bmy</em> operon</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15C7E">Global regulators control the production of bacillomycin D</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N15C83">
                     Effect of global regulators on the activity of <em>bmyD</em>::<em>lacZ</em> reporter fusions</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15D6E">Effects of <em>degU</em>, <em>comA</em>,<em> sigB</em> and <em>sigH</em> mutations on transcriptional initiation by the identified promoter of <em>bmy</em> operon (P<sub>bmy</sub>)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15E4E">MALDI-TOF MS analysis of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 strains deficient of global regulators that are involved in transcription of the <em>bmy</em> operon; DegU has a post-transcriptional effect on bacillomycin D production</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15F04">DegU directly binds to the bacillomycin D promoter</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N15F24">
                     EMSA shows that DegU is a direct activator of the <em>bmy</em> promoter </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15F80">Mapping the location of the DNA-binding sites of DegU on the <em>bmy</em> promoter region</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15FC0">The effect of DegU on <em>bmy</em> transcription is epistatic to that of DegQ</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16055">&#963;<sup>B</sup> mediates its control on P<sub>bmy</sub> by indirectly controlling the repression of a novel member of the Rap protein family</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N161AE">Post-transcriptional effects in bacillomycin D production</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N161B3">
                     Sfp and YczE control bacillomycin D production in a post-transcriptional manner</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16270">The post-transcriptional effect of DegU on <em>bmy</em> production is not mediated through YczE</link></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N162D7">Global regulators affect the production of surfactin, fengycin and bacillibactin</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">Discussion</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N166E1">
               Functional genomic analysis of B. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42 reveals features of the bacterium that might be associated with its biocontrol activity</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N16749">
                  General features of the <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>FZB42 genome and comparison with genomes of other members of the <em>Bacillus</em> family</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N169D4">Horizontal gene transfer</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16A31">Signal transduction proteins</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16FC6">Sigma factors</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1709B">Competence genes</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1711B">Secondary metabolites</link></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N173B0">A complex network controls the expression of bacillomycin D in B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42</link><ul><li><p><link ref="N173F7">
                  The role of DegU on <em>bmy</em> expression and bacillomycin D production</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1754E">The role of DegQ on <em>bmy</em> expression</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N175BD">The role of ComA on <em>bmy</em> expression</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N17656">The role of &#963;<sup>B</sup> and &#963;<sup>H</sup> on <em>bmy</em> expression</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N17796">Post-transcriptional control of bacillomycin D expression</link></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N177DF">Abbreviations </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N17DE0">Teile dieser Arbeit sind in folgenden Veröffentlichungen erhalten:</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N17E6E">Lebenslauf</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N18031">Acknowledgements</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1804F">Literature</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1A81B">
            Selbständigkeitserklärung</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tables</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10A94">Table 1: Chemicals and materials used in the present study</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CAB">Table 2: Plasmids used in the present study</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N111ED">Table 3: Bacterial strains used in the present study</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11F6D">Table 4: Primers used in this study</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12CCA">Table 5: Supplements</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1337D">Table 6: FZB42 strain-specific SSH clones</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13E10">Table 7: Transposases present in <em>B.amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 genome</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14181">Table 8: Lipopeptide products of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 detected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1437F">Table 9: Time-dependent production of lipopeptides by <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 grown in ACS medium</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14761">Table 10: Homologies and selectivity-conferring code of amino acid-specific adenylation domains (A-domains) of the bacillomycin D operon compared to the respective A domains extracted from the iturin A and mycosubtilin gene clusters</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N163C6">Table 11: MALDI-TOF MS analysis reveals increased production of fengycin in <em>comA</em>, <em>sigB</em> and <em>sigH</em> mutant strains of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16798">Table 12: Features of the <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 genome and comparison with genomes of other <em>Bacillus</em> species</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16B0D">Table 13: Novel two-component regulatory systems in <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16E84">Table 14: Novel Rap (response regulator aspartate phosphatase) proteins in the genome of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Images</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N101EA">Figure 1: Chemical structural representation of different classes of antibiotics with major importance.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10297">Figure 2: <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> lantibiotics, lantibiotic-like peptides and specifying gene clusters.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10353">Figure 3: Surfactin assembly line.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N103E4">Figure 4: Domain catalyzed reactions.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10440">Figure 5: Schematic representation of the catalytic functions of Cy-, TE-, E- and N-MT-domains.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N105E3">Figure 6: Conversion of thiolation domain from <em>apo</em>- to <em>holo</em>-form.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N106A5">Figure 7: FASs and PKSs; multienzyme complexes with distinct domains.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N107C6">Figure 8: Schematic structure of various lipopeptides produced by <em>Bacilli.</em>
                        </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10869">Figure 9: Schematic representation of peptide synthetase operons in <em>Bacilli</em>.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12EDA">Figure 10: Schematic diagram of Suppression Subtractive Hybridization.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13284">Figure 11: Riboprints of various <em>B. subtilis </em>/ <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> strains.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N132CA">Figure 12: Genomic DNA macrorestriction profiles of <em>B. subtilis</em> 168 and <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>FZB42.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13DA3">Figure 13: Organization of the gene clusters involved in polyketide biosynthesis in <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 (<em>pks1</em>, <em>pks2</em>, <em>pks3</em>) and <em>B. subtilis</em> 168 (<em>pksX</em>).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13FFC">Figure 14: Whole genome map of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 (kindly provided by Xiao-Hua Chen).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N140C5">Figure 15: Organisation of the bacillomycin D, fengycin and surfactin operons in <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1416A">Figure 16: MALDI-TOF MS analysis of lipopeptides produced by <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 (performed in collaboration with Dr. J. Vater).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14347">Figure 17: In situ structural analysis of the lipopeptide product of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 with mass number m/z 1031.5 by PSD-MALDI-TOF-MS (performed in collaboration with Dr. J. Vater).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N146AE">Figure 18: MALDI-TOF MS analysis of mutant strains in nonribosomal peptide synthetases (performed in collaboration with Dr. J. Vater).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N146E8">Figure 19: Biological activity of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42 and lipopeptide deficient mutant strains.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1599D">Figure 20: Schematic representation of the bacillomycin D operon in <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> FZB42.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15A1A">Figure 21: Schematic representation of the 5'-deletion analysis conducted for the<em> bmy</em> promoter region.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15ACB">Figure 22: Expression of <em>bmyD</em>::<em>lacZ</em> fusions carrying different 5'-deletions of the region upstream of <em>bmyD</em>.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15BD0">Figure 23: The effect of DegQ on the expression pattern of <em>bmyD</em>::<em>lacZ</em> fusions in <em>B. subtilis</em> MO1099.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15C42">Figure 24: Mapping of the transcriptional start of the <em>bmy</em> operon by primer extension analysis.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15C62">Figure 25: Nucleotide sequence of the <em>bmyD</em> promoter region.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15CED">Figure 26: Effects of ComA, DegU and &#963;<sup>H</sup> on the expression of the various <em>bmyD</em>::<em>lacZ</em> fusions.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15DD8">Figure 27: Effects of <em>degU</em>, <em>comA</em>,<em> sigB</em> and <em>sigH</em> mutations on the activity of the <em>bmy</em> operon promoter (P<sub>bmy</sub>).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15E9A">Figure 28: MALDI-TOF MS analysis of <em>comA</em>, <em>sigB</em>, <em>sigH</em> and <em>degU</em> mutant strains. The absence of DegU deprives the cell of bacillomycin D production (performed in collaboration with Dr. J. Vater and Xiao-Hua Chen).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15F18">Figure 29: Overexpression and purification of the 6xHis-tagged DegU</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15F5C">Figure 30: Gel retardation mobility shift assays (EMSA) of the <em>bmyD</em> promoter region</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N15FAA">Figure 31: DNase I footprinting analysis of DegU at the <em>bmy</em> promoter region </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16006">Figure 32: Increased DegQ cellular levels cannot restore bacillomycin D production in a <em>degU</em>
                           <em>
                              <sup>-</sup>
                           </em>background</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1613A">Figure 33: &#963;<sup>B</sup> activates expression of P<sub>bmy</sub> due to the repression it exerts on a novel Rap protein found in <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>FZB42, RapX</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N161E9">Figure 34: MALDI-TOF MS analysis of <em>sfp</em> and <em>yczE </em>mutant strains (performed in collaboration with Dr. J. Vater and Xiao-Hua Chen)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16248">Figure 35: YczE does not influence the expression of the <em>bmy</em> operon</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N162A1">Figure 36: Mapping of the transcriptional start of <em>yczE </em>by primer extension analysis. DegU and ComA do not influence transcriptional initiation from the identified <em>yczE</em> promoter (P<sub>yczE</sub>)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N16385">Figure 37: DegUand &#963;<sup>W</sup> influence bacillibactin production (performed in collaboration with Dr. J. Vater).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N174C6">Figure 38: Proposed mechanism of action of DegU on the P<sub>bmy</sub> promoter.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N177AF">Figure 39: A complex regulatory network governs bacillomycin D production in <em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em> strain FZB42</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>