Development Planning and Project Cycle Analysis for Sericulture in Central JavaDjeimy Kusnaman1.221.1.23241.2.25#261.3.27282930312.322.1.437#40633283#227291#22734569#28235530#34636#37528#36038530#3852.2.3940414243605#4492.3.44454647482.4.592#182493.503.1.51576#306523.2.3.3.534.544.1.554.2.564.3.575.585.1.605#460595.2.5.2.1.605.2.2.5.2.3.615.2.4.5.2.4.1.5.2.4.2.5.2.4.3.625.2.4.4.5.2.5.63635.2.6.64655.2.7.66675.2.8.474#3406869705.3.5.3.1.5.3.2.240#26471961#441727374757677952#4925.3.3.78796.806.1.816.2.82838485868788896.3.907.917.1.92604#3537.2.9394958.968.1.97604#35698605#39299604#372100581#3481011028.2.1031041051068.3.8.3.1.8.3.2.1078.3.3.9.1089.1.1091109.2.111557#360112113611#576114115116117604#7951181199.3.9.3.1.9.3.2.1209.3.3.10.121122123124 Abbreviations34 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS192021Declaration of Originality BIBLIOGRAPHY125126127128129 Appendix130Appendix 1: The Price List of Fresh Cocoon per Kg (Rupiah) Appendix 2: Requiring of mature silkworms131947#546 Appendix 3: Expected of project revenue132948#540 Appendix 4.1: Cost of production for small size of farm (1st Year and 2nd Year)133952#443 Appendix 4.2: Cost of production for small size of farm (3rd Year and 4th Year)134952#443 Appendix 5.1: Cost of production for middle size of farm (1st Year and 2nd Year)135952#515 Appendix 5.2: Cost of production for middle size of farm (3rd Year and 4thYear)136952#509 Appendix 6.1: Cost of production for larger size of farm (1st Year and 2nd Year)137952#491 Appendix 6.2: Cost of production for larger size of farm (3rd Year and 4th Year)138952#515 Appendix 7: Population of Banjarnegara, Banyumas, Pekalongan, Purbalingga and Tegal (in 1999)139 Appendix 8: Average of relative humidity,-rainfalls and temperature by several stations in Jawa Tengah. 140604#368 Appendix 9: 1st Yield fresh cocoons 141952#493 Appendix 10: 2nd Yield fresh cocoons 142952#501 Appendix 11: 3rdYield fresh cocoons 143952#513 Appendix 12: 4th Yield fresh cocoons 144952#521 Appendix 13: 5th Yield fresh cocoons 145952#503 Appendix 14: 6th Yield fresh cocoons 146951#503 Appendix 15: 7th Yield fresh cocoons 147952#502 Appendix 16: 8th Yield fresh cocoons 148952#524 Appendix 17: 9th Yield fresh cocoons 149869#527 Appendix 18: 10th Yield fresh cocoons 150924#540 Appendix 19: 11th Yield fresh cocoons 151950#540 Appendix 20: 12th Yield fresh cocoons 152952#549 Appendix 20: 12th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)153952#551 Appendix 21: 13th Yield fresh cocoons 154947#552 Appendix 21: 13th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)155936#540 Appendix 22: 14th Yield fresh cocoons 156948#540 Appendix 22: 14th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)157948#541 Appendix 22: 14th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)158936#529 Appendix 23: 15th Yield fresh cocoons 159947#528 Appendix 23: 15th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)160924#540 Appendix 24: 16th Yield fresh cocoons 161936#529 Appendix 25: 17th Yield fresh cocoons 162952#540 Appendix 25: 17th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)163952#528 Appendix 26: 18th Yield fresh cocoons 164935#528 Appendix 27: 19 th Yield fresh cocoons 165948#540 Appendix 27: 19th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)166948#528 Appendix 28: 20th Yield fresh cocoons 167948#539 Appendix 29: 21st Yield fresh cocoons 168952#540 Appendix 29: 21st Yield fresh cocoons (continue)169952#516 Appendix 30: 22nd Yield fresh cocoons 170952#528 Appendix 30: 22nd Yield fresh cocoons (continue)171952#533 Appendix 31: 23rd Yield fresh cocoons 172951#527 Appendix 31: 23rd Yield fresh cocoons (continue)173951#539 Appendix 32: 24th Yield fresh cocoons 174936#540 Appendix 33: 25th Yield fresh cocoons 175952#516 Appendix 33: 25th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)176952#516 Appendix 34: 26th Yield fresh cocoons 177952#528 Appendix 34: 26th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)178952#540 Appendix 35: 27th Yield fresh cocoons 179952#539 Appendix 35: 27th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)180952#540 Appendix 36: 28th Yield fresh cocoons 181948#540enTable of contentsHelp Development Planning and Project Cycle Analysis<br/>for Sericulture in Central JavaDissertationZur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doctor rerum agriculturarum
(Dr.rer.agr.)

Eingereicht an der

Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerischen Fakultät
der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

Von

Djeimy KusnamanProf. Dr. Uwe Jens Nagel Prof. Dr. Hans E. Jahnke Prof. Dr. Kurt J. Peters eingereicht: 29 Juni 2004Datum der Promotion: 29 Juli 2004 Zusammenfassung

Die Serikultur, Produktion und Verarbeitung von Seide durch Ernährung der Seidenraupen mit Maulbeerblättern, hat ihren Ursprung in China. Von dort aus breitete sie sich jedoch in vielen anderen Ländern aus. Die Serikultur steht weder mit landwirtschaftlicher Nutzfläche noch mit Arbeitskraft in Konkurrenz zur Produktion von landwirtschaftlichen Gütern.
Sie wird daher als eine potentielle Einkommensquelle für Bauern in tropischen Regionen betrachtet. Die Produktionstechnologie ist nichtsdestotrotz entscheidend und hat hohe Anforderungen an organisatorische und institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen.

Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf einen Fall Indonesiens

http://www.bps.go.id (Statistiken zu Indonesien)

. Ein Entwicklungsland, das aus einem ca. 1.919.440 qkm großen Inselarchipel besteht, mit über 17.000 Inseln (davon sind 6.000 bewohnt) und einer geschätzten Bevölkerung von 235 Millionen (2003).

Die Hauptinsel Indonesiens Java, weist eine 100 Millionen Menschen große Bevölkerung auf einer ca. 132.190 qkm großen Fläche auf. Dies korreliert mit einer Bevölkerungsdichte von etwa 1000 Personen pro qkm, eine der weltweit höchsten Zahlen der Bevölkerungsdichte. Achtzig Prozent der javanesichen Bevölkerung leben in ruralen Regionen und über neunzig Prozent sind in der Landwirtschaft tätig.

Die erste organisatorische Struktur des serikulturellen Projekts wurde in Zentral-Java (im Banyumas Sutera Alam, BSA) im Jahr 1997 gegründet, unter der in fünf umliegenden Distrikten über 200 ha mit Maulbeersträucher bepflanzt wurden. Das erste dreitägige Intensiv-Training wurde von 700 Bauern besucht.

Diese Arbeit analysiert die Prinzipien des Projektzyklus' des BSA-Projekts in Zentral-Java, um durch Verknüpfung von induktiver und deduktiver wissenschaftlicher Vorgehensweise zu ermitteln, wie ein Projekt praktisch hinsichtlich grundlegender Methoden und ihrer Generalisierbarkeit analysiert werden kann.

Ziele der Arbeit sind zunächst die Darlegung der Implementierung der Entwicklungsziele in einem konkreten Fall, des Weiteren die Untersuchung hinsichtlich des Prinzips des Entwicklungsprojektes und des Projektzyklus', sowie der unterschiedlichen praktischen, methodischen Instrumente in den verschiedenen Phasen des konkreten Falles, die Darstellung der theoretischen und praktischen Herausforderungen in unterschiedlichen Phasen des Projekts auf wissenschaftlichem Niveau. Weiteres Ziel ist die Veranschaulichung der Ergebnisse einer Investitionsanalyse, um auf der Basis aller durchgeführten Analysen die Rolle der Serikultur als Annäherung zum Ziel der potentiellen Cash-Gewinnung und Armutsreduzierung in Zentral-Java zu beurteilen.

Probleme wurden auf der Betriebs- und Projektebene identifiziert. Diese konnten teilweise korrigiert werden. Eine tiefergehende Untersuchung und ein Monitoring-Programm wurden für die Bereiche der Produktionsleistung und der institutionellen Organisation des Projekts durchgeführt. Dafür wurden Daten von 150 partizipierenden Bauern gesammelt, die 40 Ernten Kokons in einem Zeitraum von 1999 bis 2002 erbrachten. Es wurde eine Investitionsanalyse und Sensitivitätsanalyse nach drei unterschiedlich Betriebsgrößen erstellt.

Um einen Strategieplan zu entwickeln, wurde eine Varianzanalyse anhand einer Evaluierung der Maulbeersorten Morus alba L. (Ma), Morus cathayana (Mc) and Morus multicaulis (Mm) und der optimalen Frequenz der Fütterung der Seidenraupen unternommen.

Die institutionelle Organisationsleistung wurde anhand einer SWOT-Analyse (Strengths; Weaknesses; Opportunities; Threats) ausgewertet.

Die sich daraus ergebenden Schlussfolgerungen wurden im Hinblick auf die zukunftsfähigen Unternehmungen im Projekt BSA dargestellt. Es wurden dabei drei Kategorien an Herausforderungen erstellt, die sich auf folgende Aspekte konzentrieren: Erstens die Aufzucht der Seidenraupen; zweitens die Raupenhaltung bei den Bauern und drittens das Marketing der Seidenprodukte. Diese sind hinsichtlich der Zukunft des Projekts und der Nachhaltigkeit des Projektziels verstärkt zu beachten und zu verbessern.

 Investitionsanalyse Projektzyklus Sericulture SWOT-Analyse Zentral Java SUMMARY

Sericulture, the production and processing of natural silk from silkworms feeding on mulberry leaves has its origin in China, but has spread to many other countries. Neither land nor labour in sericulture are in direct competition with the cultivation of staple crops. Sericulture is therefore seen as a potential source of additional income for small farmers in the tropics. The production technology, however, is sensitive and the demands on the organisational and institutional environment are considerable.

This study focuses on Indonesia

Source: http://www.bps.go.id (Statistics of Indonesia)

, a developing country 1,919,440 sqkm, in area consisting of an archipelago of more than 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited) with a population estimated in 2003 to be 235 million.

Java, as the central island, has a population of 100 million on area of 132,186 sq km. This corresponds with a population density of approximately 1000 persons per sq km, among the highest of any region in the developing world. Eighty percent of the Javanese population live in the rural areas and more than ninety percent are engaged in agriculture.

The first organisational structure was created in Central Java (Banyumas Sutera Alam /BSA) in 1997, under whose umbrella over 200 hectares in five surrounding Mayoralties were planted to mulberry. The first 3-day live-in training program was attended by 700 farmers.

This study analyses the principles of the project cycle of sericulture project in Central Java to show in a combination of inductive and deductive scientific procedure how a very practical project can be analysed for its basic methods and generalisability.

The objectives of the study are to follow through the implementation of development goals for a concrete example; to examine the concept of development project and the concept of the project cycle, to examine the practicality different methodical instruments in different phases for concrete project; to show the theoretical and methodical challenges in different phases of project on a scientific level; to demonstrate the consequences of an investment analysis, to discuss on the basis of all the analyses carried out the potential role of sericulture as an approach to cash generation and poverty alleviation in Central Java.

Problems were identified at the farm level and at the project level. These could partly be rectified. A more in-depth research and monitoring program was instituted for the project concerning the performance in production and institutional organisation.

Data were collected from 150 participating farmers, which cocoons were harvested 40 during 1999 – 2002. Investment analysis and sensitivity analysis for different farm size categories were carried out.

In order to develop strategic plan, a variance analysis was undertaken to evaluate the mulberry varieties Morus. alba L (Ma), Morus cathayana (Mc) and Morus multicaulis (Mm) and the best frequency of feeding on silk production. The institutional performance was subjected to a Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat (SWOT)-Analysis.

Emerging conclusions are presented with a view to their future application to the project at Banyumas Sutera Alam. Three categories of main problems need to be addressed: breeding of worms, cultivation silkworm at the farmers and marketing of silk products.

 Central Java Investment analysis Project cycle Sericulture SWOT-Analysis Table of contents

  • 1.  Introduction

    • 1.1. The Problem

    • 1.2. Objectives of the study and theoretical setting

    • 1.3. Approach and organisation of the study

  • 2.  Background and literature review

    • 2.1. Sericulture as a biotechnical phenomenon

    • 2.2. Origin and spread

    • 2.3.  Regional view

    • 2.4. Development objectives and the economic challenge

  • 3.  Project Idea

    • 3.1. Modelling the “with - and –without” situation

    • 3.2. Estimating the comparative advantage

    • 3.3.  First conclusions – what is concrete and what is virtual?

  • 4.  The Study Phase

    • 4.1. Assumptions and sensitivity analysis from a theoretical point view

    • 4.2. Sensitivity and criticality in practical terms

    • 4.3. Challenges and limitations in this planning phase.

  • 5.  The Project Plan

    • 5.1. Organizational structure

    • 5.2. Activities and actors

      • 5.2.1. Preparation

      • 5.2.2. Training and extension service

      • 5.2.3. Credit system

      • 5.2.4. Organisation of cocoon production

        • 5.2.4.1. Silkworm egg ordering

        • 5.2.4.2. Early instar silkworms cultivation and distribution

        • 5.2.4.3. Fresh cocoons purchase

        • 5.2.4.4. Processing of cocoons

      • 5.2.5. Marketing of products

      • 5.2.6. Project personnel

      • 5.2.7. Farmers

      • 5.2.8. Phasing of the activities

    • 5.3. Appraisal (financial and economic calculus)

      • 5.3.1. Terminology

      • 5.3.2. Farmer point of view

      • 5.3.3.  Additional considerations (“packaging”)

  • 6.  The Financial Proposals, Possibilities and Realization

    • 6.1. Theory (before and after) and requirements

    • 6.2. Institutions and their conditions

    • 6.3. Practical realization

  • 7.  Implementation

    • 7.1. The target group – fiction or reality – stability and sustainability

    • 7.2. The managerial challenge versus the intellectual challenge

  • 8.  Monitoring

    • 8.1. Selection of variables and parameters

    • 8.2.  Variance analyses and the practice of learning from doing

    • 8.3. Organizational challenge

      • 8.3.1. Education and training for the farmers

      • 8.3.2. Organisation of early instar of silkworm transportation

      • 8.3.3. Management of sericulture activity of the farmers

  • 9.  Evaluation

    • 9.1. With respect to the plan and to development expectations

    • 9.2. SWOT-Analysis

    • 9.3. With respect to the theorem of project cycle analysis

      • 9.3.1. Breeding of silkworms.

      • 9.3.2. Cultivation of silkworms at farmer’s field.

      • 9.3.3. Marketing.

  • 10.  Discussion, Conclusions for the Sericulture Project in Central Java, for the Project Cycle Approach

  • Abbreviations

  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  • Declaration of Originality

  • BIBLIOGRAPHY

  • Appendix

    • Appendix 1: The Price List of Fresh Cocoon per Kg (Rupiah)

    • Appendix 2: Requiring of mature silkworms

    • Appendix 3: Expected of project revenue

    • Appendix 4.1: Cost of production for small size of farm (1st Year and 2nd Year)

    • Appendix 4.2: Cost of production for small size of farm (3rd Year and 4th Year)

    • Appendix 5.1: Cost of production for middle size of farm (1st Year and 2nd Year)

    • Appendix 5.2: Cost of production for middle size of farm (3rd Year and 4thYear)

    • Appendix 6.1: Cost of production for larger size of farm (1st Year and 2nd Year)

    • Appendix 6.2: Cost of production for larger size of farm (3rd Year and 4th Year)

    • Appendix 7: Population of Banjarnegara, Banyumas, Pekalongan, Purbalingga and Tegal (in 1999)

    • Appendix 8: Average of relative humidity,-rainfalls and temperature by several stations in Jawa Tengah.

    • Appendix 9: 1st Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 10: 2nd Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 11: 3rdYield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 12: 4th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 13: 5th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 14: 6th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 15: 7th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 16: 8th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 17: 9th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 18: 10th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 19: 11th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 20: 12th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 20: 12th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 21: 13th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 21: 13th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 22: 14th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 22: 14th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 22: 14th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 23: 15th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 23: 15th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 24: 16th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 25: 17th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 25: 17th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 26: 18th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 27: 19 th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 27: 19th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 28: 20th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 29: 21st Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 29: 21st Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 30: 22nd Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 30: 22nd Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 31: 23rd Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 31: 23rd Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 32: 24th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 33: 25th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 33: 25th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 34: 26th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 34: 26th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 35: 27th Yield fresh cocoons

    • Appendix 35: 27th Yield fresh cocoons (continue)

    • Appendix 36: 28th Yield fresh cocoons

Tables

  • Table 1: Silk, raw and waste production

  • Table 2: Sericulture Developments in Indonesia 1991 – 2001

  • Table 3: Rural population and -density of developing countries in South Asia in 1999/2000

  • Table 4: Gross national income (GNI) and Gross national income per capita

  • Table 5: Net benefit increase of sericulture production (in USD)

  • Table 6: Comparison revenue between sericulture, cassava, maize and peanut per one hectare (in USD)

  • Table 7: Investments of sericulture production (in USD)

  • Table 8: Revenue of sericulture production per year (in USD)

  • Table 9: Current value of variables

  • Table 10: Results of income with sensitivity analysis at 20% decrease of values (USD)

  • Table 11: Results of income for sensitivity analysis at 50% decrease of income (USD).

  • Table 12: Cocoon grading

  • Table 13: Investment of sericulture production for the farmers with three sizes of farm (USD)

  • Table 14: Investment Analysis of sericulture production (USD)

  • Table 15: Result of sensitivity analyses for small size farms

  • Table 16: Result of sensitivity analyses for middle size farms

  • Table 17: Result of sensitivity analyses for larger size farms

  • Table 18: Values minimum of key variables

  • Table 19: Raw silk imports to Europe from 1997 to 2001 (mt)

  • Table 20: The Requirements of financial support for sericulture investments after cost reducing by the farmers capital self (in USD)

  • Table 21: Budget of sericulture project BSA

  • Table 22: Data of cocoon production BSA’s farmers in 7th period

  • Table 23: Data of average production of sericulture from three farm sizes from 1999 to 2002

  • Table 24: Expected variables of silkworm project at BSA:

  • Table 25: Criticality values of project expectations

  • Table 26: Values of variables by the monitoring of project BSA from 40 periods  (1998 – 2002)

  • Table 27: General effects of mulberry varieties and feeding frequency on the yield of fresh cocoons

  • Table 28: Effect of varieties of mulberry on the yield of fresh cocoons

  • Table 29: Effect of feeding frequency on the yield of fresh cocoons

  • Table 30: BSA SWOT-Matrix

  • Table 31: BSA TOWS-Matrix

Images

  • Figure 1: Schematic Representation of the Project Cycle

  • Figure 2: The life cycle of silkworm

  • Photo1: Early silkworms

  • Photo 2: Mature silkworms larvae

  • Figure 3: Origin and spread of sericulture and Silk Road in 8th century

  • Photo 3: Mulberry plants

  • Photo 4: Cocoons processing

  • Photo 5: Silk yarn processing

  • Figure 4: Technological process for silk reeling.

  • Figure 6: The Activities of nucleus and plasma.

  • Figure 7: The Structure of project organisation

  • Figure 8: The Silkworm project plan BSA

  • Figure 9. Mulberry and silkworm section proportion in budget of sericulture investments.

  • Figure 10: Locations of project

  • Figure 11: Comparison between reality values with expected values:  variable: Periods per year

  • Figre 12: Comparison between reality values with expected values: variable: Box of silkworms/period

  • Figure 13: Comparison between reality values with expected values: variable: Cocoon production/box

  • Figure 14: Comparison between reality values with expectation values: Price of fresh cocoons /kg

  • Figure 15: SWOT Analysis