<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Was ist Leukozytoklasie?Eine histologische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung an kutaner leukozytoklastischer Vaskulitis</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Kristin  Ladell </cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10040" type="pagenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N1005E" type="pagenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10083" part="chapter1" ref="N10083" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10088" part="chapter1" ref="N10088" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10091" part="chapter1" ref="N10091" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1009B" part="chapter1" ref="N1009B" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100A5" part="chapter1" ref="N100A5" type="mm">594#552</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100AF" part="chapter1" ref="N100AF" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100B3" part="chapter1" ref="N100B3" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100C0" part="chapter1" ref="N100C0" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100CD" part="chapter1" ref="N100CD" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100D1" part="chapter1" ref="N100D1" type="mm">604#484</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100DB" part="chapter1" ref="N100DB" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100E8" part="chapter1" ref="N100E8" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10100" part="chapter2" ref="N10100" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10109" part="chapter2" ref="N10109" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10110" part="chapter2" ref="N10110" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10116" part="chapter2" ref="N10116" type="section">2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10122" part="chapter2" ref="N10122" type="section">2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10126" part="chapter2" ref="N10126" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10130" part="chapter2" ref="N10130" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10135" part="chapter2" ref="N10135" type="subsection">2.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1013C" part="chapter2" ref="N1013C" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10143" part="chapter2" ref="N10143" type="section">2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10148" part="chapter2" ref="N10148" type="subsection">2.5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10152" part="chapter2" ref="N10152" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1015B" part="chapter2" ref="N1015B" type="subsection">2.5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10165" part="chapter2" ref="N10165" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10172" part="chapter2" ref="N10172" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10176" part="chapter2" ref="N10176" type="mm">604#483</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10181" part="chapter2" ref="N10181" type="section">2.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1018B" part="chapter2" ref="N1018B" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10194" part="chapter2" ref="N10194" type="section">2.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1019B" part="chapter2" ref="N1019B" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101A1" part="chapter2" ref="N101A1" type="section">2.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101AA" part="chapter2" ref="N101AA" type="section">2.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101B7" part="chapter2" ref="N101B7" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101C6" part="chapter3" ref="N101C6" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101CB" part="chapter3" ref="N101CB" type="subsection">3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101D8" part="chapter3" ref="N101D8" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101DE" part="chapter3" ref="N101DE" type="subsection">3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101F7" part="chapter3" ref="N101F7" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1020A" part="chapter3" ref="N1020A" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10220" part="chapter3" ref="N10220" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1022A" part="chapter3" ref="N1022A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1056B" part="chapter3" ref="N1056B" type="subsection">3.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1056F" part="chapter3" ref="N1056F" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10576" part="chapter3" ref="N10576" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N108E7" part="chapter3" ref="N108E7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10A4B" part="chapter3" ref="N10A4B" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B9E" part="chapter3" ref="N10B9E" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BA3" part="chapter3" ref="N10BA3" type="subsection">3.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BAB" part="chapter3" ref="N10BAB" type="block">3.2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BB1" part="chapter3" ref="N10BB1" type="block">3.2.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BBC" part="chapter3" ref="N10BBC" type="subblock">3.2.1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BC3" part="chapter3" ref="N10BC3" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BDC" part="chapter3" ref="N10BDC" type="block">3.2.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BE4" part="chapter3" ref="N10BE4" type="subblock">3.2.1.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BF1" part="chapter3" ref="N10BF1" type="block">3.2.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BF8" part="chapter3" ref="N10BF8" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C05" part="chapter3" ref="N10C05" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10CDD" part="chapter3" ref="N10CDD" type="subsection">3.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CE1" part="chapter3" ref="N10CE1" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CE6" part="chapter3" ref="N10CE6" type="block">3.2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CEE" part="chapter3" ref="N10CEE" type="subblock">3.2.2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D3E" part="chapter3" ref="N10D3E" type="block">3.2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D42" part="chapter3" ref="N10D42" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D47" part="chapter3" ref="N10D47" type="subblock">3.2.2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D51" part="chapter3" ref="N10D51" type="mm">66#146</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D65" part="chapter3" ref="N10D65" type="pagenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DBD" part="chapter3" ref="N10DBD" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DF7" part="chapter3" ref="N10DF7" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E0C" part="chapter3" ref="N10E0C" type="subblock">3.2.2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E15" part="chapter3" ref="N10E15" type="subblock">3.2.2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E34" part="chapter3" ref="N10E34" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E4A" part="chapter3" ref="N10E4A" type="block">3.2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E57" part="chapter3" ref="N10E57" type="pagenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E67" part="chapter3" ref="N10E67" type="subsection">3.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E72" part="chapter3" ref="N10E72" type="block">3.2.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E76" part="chapter3" ref="N10E76" type="pagenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E80" part="chapter3" ref="N10E80" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10EEF" part="chapter3" ref="N10EEF" type="block">3.2.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EF9" part="chapter3" ref="N10EF9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F87" part="chapter4" ref="N10F87" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F8C" part="chapter4" ref="N10F8C" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F91" part="chapter4" ref="N10F91" type="subsection">4.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F9B" part="chapter4" ref="N10F9B" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FA8" part="chapter4" ref="N10FA8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10FAF" part="chapter4" ref="N10FAF" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11283" part="chapter4" ref="N11283" type="subsection">4.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1128D" part="chapter4" ref="N1128D" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11297" part="chapter4" ref="N11297" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112A7" part="chapter4" ref="N112A7" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112B1" part="chapter4" ref="N112B1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N114CB" part="chapter4" ref="N114CB" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114DB" part="chapter4" ref="N114DB" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N114E2" part="chapter4" ref="N114E2" type="pagenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116AA" part="chapter4" ref="N116AA" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116B7" part="chapter4" ref="N116B7" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116C1" part="chapter4" ref="N116C1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11822" part="chapter4" ref="N11822" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1182F" part="chapter4" ref="N1182F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11836" part="chapter4" ref="N11836" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A16" part="chapter4" ref="N11A16" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A1D" part="chapter4" ref="N11A1D" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A27" part="chapter4" ref="N11A27" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11C55" part="chapter4" ref="N11C55" type="section">4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C59" part="chapter4" ref="N11C59" type="pagenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C64" part="chapter4" ref="N11C64" type="subsection">4.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C68" part="chapter4" ref="N11C68" type="pagenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C72" part="chapter4" ref="N11C72" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11E97" part="chapter4" ref="N11E97" type="pagenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12188" 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ref="N121F0" type="pagenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121F4" part="chapter4" ref="N121F4" type="mm">323#408</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121FF" part="chapter4" ref="N121FF" type="mm">323#379</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1220A" part="chapter4" ref="N1220A" type="pagenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1220E" part="chapter4" ref="N1220E" type="mm">331#412</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12219" part="chapter4" ref="N12219" type="mm">329#415</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12224" part="chapter4" ref="N12224" type="pagenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12228" part="chapter4" ref="N12228" type="mm">331#432</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12233" part="chapter4" ref="N12233" type="mm">331#417</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1223E" part="chapter4" ref="N1223E" type="pagenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12242" part="chapter4" ref="N12242" type="mm">328#433</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1224D" part="chapter4" ref="N1224D" type="pagenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12251" part="chapter4" ref="N12251" type="mm">329#451</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1225C" part="chapter4" ref="N1225C" type="mm">327#336</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12267" part="chapter4" ref="N12267" type="pagenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1226B" part="chapter4" ref="N1226B" type="mm">329#457</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12276" part="chapter4" ref="N12276" type="mm">329#396</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12281" part="chapter4" ref="N12281" type="pagenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12285" part="chapter4" ref="N12285" type="mm">313#380</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12290" part="chapter4" ref="N12290" type="mm">311#422</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1229B" part="chapter4" ref="N1229B" type="pagenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1229F" part="chapter4" ref="N1229F" type="mm">325#429</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122AA" part="chapter4" ref="N122AA" type="mm">325#413</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122BA" part="chapter5" ref="N122BA" type="pagenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122C2" part="chapter5" ref="N122C2" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122D2" part="chapter5" ref="N122D2" type="pagenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122DE" part="chapter5" ref="N122DE" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122E5" part="chapter5" ref="N122E5" type="pagenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122EC" part="chapter5" ref="N122EC" type="pagenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122F2" part="chapter5" ref="N122F2" type="section">5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122FC" part="chapter5" ref="N122FC" type="pagenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12308" part="chapter5" ref="N12308" type="section">5.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1230C" part="chapter5" ref="N1230C" type="pagenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12314" part="chapter5" ref="N12314" type="subsection">5.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12321" part="chapter5" ref="N12321" type="pagenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1232A" part="chapter5" ref="N1232A" type="subsection">5.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12331" part="chapter5" ref="N12331" type="pagenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12343" part="chapter5" ref="N12343" type="subsection">5.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12347" part="chapter5" ref="N12347" type="pagenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12351" part="chapter5" ref="N12351" type="section">5.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1235B" part="chapter5" ref="N1235B" type="pagenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12368" part="chapter5" ref="N12368" type="pagenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12371" part="chapter5" ref="N12371" type="section">5.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12378" part="chapter5" ref="N12378" type="pagenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1237E" part="chapter5" ref="N1237E" type="section">5.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1239E" part="chapter5" ref="N1239E" type="pagenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123BB" part="chapter6" ref="N123BB" type="pagenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123C5" part="chapter6" ref="N123C5" type="pagenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123D1" part="N123D1" ref="N123D1" type="abbreviation">
				Abkürzungsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123D5" part="N123D1" ref="N123D5" type="pagenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123DC" part="N123D1" ref="N123DC" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12671" part="N123D1" ref="N12671" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128FC" part="N128FC" ref="N128FC" type="acknowledgement">Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1290F" part="N128FC" ref="N1290F" type="pagenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12924" part="N12924" ref="N12924" type="vita">Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1292B" part="N12924" ref="N1292B" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12A96" part="N12A96" ref="N12A96" type="declaration">Eidestattliche Erklärung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12AA1" part="N12AA1" ref="N12AA1" type="bibliography">
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type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><school>Aus der Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</school><submission>Dissertation</submission><title>Was ist Leukozytoklasie?<br/>Eine histologische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung an kutaner leukozytoklastischer Vaskulitis</title><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</major><author>von <br/>
			<given>Kristin </given>
			<surname>Ladell </surname>
			<suffix>aus Köln</suffix>
		</author><dean> Prof. Dr. med. Joachim W. Dudenhausen</dean><approvals>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. G. Kolde</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. G.-R. Burmester</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. C. Sorg</name>
		</approvals><date>Datum der Promotion: 25.05.2001</date><pagenumber id="N10040" label="3" numbering="arabic" start="3"/><keywords lang="en">
			<keyword>cutaneous leukocytoklastic vasculitis</keyword>
			<keyword>neutrophils</keyword>
			<keyword>atypical apoptosis</keyword>
			<keyword>Fcgamma­receptors</keyword>
		</keywords><abstract lang="en">
			<head>Abstract</head>
			<p>The aim of this study was to find out whether leukocytoklastic cell disintegration of neutrophils in cutaneous leukocytoklastic vasculitis (clv) is apoptosis. In order to find out more about the underlying mechanisms leading to this form of cell disintegration and subsequent cell death skin sections of 9 patients with clinically and histologically verified clv and of 13 patients with clv after intradermal injection of histamine were examined at different time points. The structural and ultrastructural morphological features of leukoctyoklasia were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry included well known death receptors (CD95/CD95L), mitochondrial proteins (Bax/Bcl-2), proteins interfering with the cell cycle (p53/p21) and cell surface receptors (FcgammaRIII/FcgammaRII). Furthermore DNA fragmentation was assessed by the TUNEL method. Although the structural and ultrastructural features of leukocytoklastic cell disintegration of neutrophils in clv revealed typical apoptotic morphology, the underlying biochemistry did not match apoptotic means. DNA fragmentation was only seen in a minor fraction of fragmented nuclei and prominent in already phagocytosed debris. Neutrophils at different locations (in the lumen of the postcapillary venules, within the wall of the blood vessels and in the perivascular tissue) were always negative. The examined death receptors, mitochondrial proteins and cell cycle proteins play no (Bcl-2/Bax, p53/p21) or only a minor (CD95/CD95L) role in the biochemical mechanisms leading to cell disintegration of these cells in this self-limited inflammation. Interestingly FcgammaRIII was highly expressed not only in intact but also extremely disintegrated neutrophils as well as on the surface of their fragments. One could therefore assume that this receptor not only plays a role in activation of these cells, but also might be involved in the following induction of the cell death program. Maybe this highly glycosylated receptor also functions as an &#8216;eat-me&#8217; flag in the recognition-mechanism by macrophages. FcgammaRII could not be shown on the cell surface of these cells in this context, which on the one hand could be due to the high expression of FcgammaRIII with no room left for FcgammaRII on the cell surface or due to a separate or additional role in the induction of the cell death program. Finally leukocytoklastic cell disintegration shows strong resemblance to apoptosis but with non-classical underlying biochemical mechanisms, most importantly to mention the delay in DNA fragmentation which could also be due to DNA degradation by DNases of macrophages.</p>
		</abstract><pagenumber id="N1005E" label="4" numbering="arabic" start="4"/><keywords lang="de">
			<keyword>kutane leukozytoklastische Vaskulitis</keyword>
			<keyword>neutrophile Granulozyten</keyword>
			<keyword>atypische Apoptose</keyword>
			<keyword>Fcgamma-Rezeptoren</keyword>
		</keywords><abstract lang="de">
			<head>Zusammenfassung</head>
			<p>Ziel dieser Arbeit war es herauszufinden, ob es sich bei der leukozytoklastischen Zelldesintegration der neutrophilen Granulozyten in kutaner leukozytoklastischer Vaskulitis (kLV) um Apoptose handelt. Um die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen dieses Zellzerfalls näher zu charakterisieren, wurden Hautbiopsien von 9 Patienten mit klinisch und histologisch gesicherter kLV und 13 Hautbiopsien von Patienten mit kLV folgend auf intrakutane Histamin-Injektion im zeitlichen Verlauf untersucht. Licht­ und elektronenmikroskopisch wurde die Morphologie der Leukozytoklasie beurteilt. Immunhistologische Untersuchungen beinhalteten klassische pro-apoptotische Rezeptoren (CD95/CD95L), desweiteren über die Mitochondrien (Bax/Bcl-2) und auf genetischer Ebene die Apoptose regulierende Proteine (p53/p21). Es wurde zusätzlich die Expression von Zelloberflächen-Rezeptoren (FcgammaRIII/ FcgammaRII) beurteilt. Mittels der TUNEL-Methode wurde versucht die klassische DNA-Fragmentierung nachzuweisen. Obwohl strukturell und ultrastrukturell die klassischen morphologischen Merkmale der Apoptose vorlagen, konnte diese biochemisch nicht untermauert werden. DNA-Fragmentierung liess sich nur in schon von Makrophagen phagozytierten Kernfragmenten nachweisen. Neutrophile waren negativ und ihre Fragmente waren es vorwiegend. Den untersuchten Rezeptoren CD95/CD95L kommt allenfalls eine geringe und den Proteine, Bax/Bcl-2 und p53/p21 keine Rolle im Zellzerfall der Neutrophilen in dieser selbstlimitierten Entzündung zu. Interessanterweise wurde jedoch FcgammaRIII sehr stark auf der Oberfläche nicht nur intakter, sondern auch schon fragmentierter neutrophiler Granulozyten exprimiert. Dementsprechend ist anzunehmen, dass diese konstitutionell exprimierten Rezeptoren nicht nur eine Rolle in der Aktivierung, sondern auch eine Rolle in der darauf folgenden Auslösung der Apoptose in diesen Zellen spielen. Desweiteren dienen diese stark glykosylierten Rezeptoren möglicherweise als Phagozytose-Erkennungsmerkmal für Makrophagen. FcgammaRII liess sich hingegen nicht auf der Oberfläche der Neutrophilen und ihrer Fragmente nachweisen. Dies könnte einerseits durch eine Verdrängung durch FcgammaRIII bedingt sein, andrerseits könnten sie durch Immnunkomplex-Bindung eine separate oder zusätzliche Rolle in der Induktion des Zellzerfalls spielen. Zusammenfassend weist der leukozytoklastische Zellzerfall der Neutrophilen in kLV die klassischen morphologischen Merkmale der Apoptose auf, die biochemisch jedoch auf atypische Weise abläuft. In dieser Hinsicht zu erwähnen, ist vor allem die verzögerte oder durch DNasen der Makrophagen bedingte DNA-Fragmentierung.</p>
		</abstract><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> 
				EINLEITUNG<ul><li><p><link ref="N10088">1.1</link> Definition der Vaskulitis</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10091">1.2</link> Klassifikation der Vaskulitiden</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100AF">1.3</link> 
					Das Phänomen der Leukozytoklasie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100DB">1.4</link> Zielsetzung &amp; Fragestellung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> Inzidenz, Ätiologie, Klinik und Pathologie der kLV<ul><li><p><link ref="N10100">2.1</link> Inzidenz</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10109">2.2</link> Ätiologie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10116">2.3</link> Klinik</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10122">2.4</link> 
					Histo- und Immunpathologie<ul><li><p><link ref="N10135">2.4.1</link> Immunkomplexe </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10143">2.5</link> Experimentelle Modelle zum besseren Verständnis von Immunkomplexerkrankungen und vaskulären Reaktionen<ul><li><p><link ref="N10148">2.5.1</link> Arthus-Reaktion (Tierexperiment: Maus)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1015B">2.5.2</link> Shwartzman-Reaktion</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10181">2.6</link> ANCA</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10194">2.7</link> Labor</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101A1">2.8</link> Prognose</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101AA">2.9</link> Therapie</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> MATERIAL &amp; METHODEN<ul><li><p><link ref="N101C6">3.1</link> MATERIAL<ul><li><p><link ref="N101CB">3.1.1</link> Hautbiopsien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101DE">3.1.2</link> Monoklonale Antikörper</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1056B">3.1.3</link> 
						Quellen der Reagenzien, Geräte &amp; Materialien</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B9E">3.2</link> METHODEN<ul><li><p><link ref="N10BA3">3.2.1</link> Vorarbeiten<ul><li><p><link ref="N10BAB">3.2.1.1</link> Verarbeitung der Hautbiopsien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BB1">3.2.1.2</link> Paraffineinbettung<ul><li><p><link ref="N10BBC">3.2.1.2.1</link> Vorbereitung der Paraffinschnitte</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BDC">3.2.1.3</link> Gefierbiopsien<ul><li><p><link ref="N10BE4">3.2.1.3.1</link> Herstellung von Gefrierschnitten</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BF1">3.2.1.4</link> Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CDD">3.2.2</link> 
						Histologische, immunhistologische und histochemische Färbemethoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N10CE6">3.2.2.1</link> Histologische Übersichtsfärbung mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin (H &amp; E) [170]<ul><li><p><link ref="N10CEE">3.2.2.1.1</link> Methodik</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D3E">3.2.2.2</link> 
							Immunhistologische Alkalische Phosphatase Anti-Alkalische Phosphatase-Methode<ul><li><p><link ref="N10D47">3.2.2.2.1</link> Prinzip der APAAP-Technik</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E0C">3.2.2.2.2</link> Vorblocken</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E15">3.2.2.2.3</link> Stammlösungen für die APAAP-Methode</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E4A">3.2.2.3</link> Histochemische TUNEL-Färbung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E67">3.2.3</link> Mikroskopische Auswertung<ul><li><p><link ref="N10E72">3.2.3.1</link> 
							Beurteilung der Infiltratstärke</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EEF">3.2.3.2</link> Bestimmung der Zellzahl</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> 
				ERGEBNISSE<ul><li><p><link ref="N10F8C">4.1</link> Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Pathologie der diagnostisch gewonnenen Gewebeproben<ul><li><p><link ref="N10F91">4.1.1</link> Histopathologie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11283">4.1.2</link> Elektronenmikroskopie</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11297">4.2</link> Immunhistologie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A16">4.3</link> Histochemische TUNEL-Färbung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11C55">4.4</link> 
					Histopathologie der Histaminquaddeln bei leukozytoklastischer Vaskulitis<ul><li><p><link ref="N11C64">4.4.1</link> 
						Histochemische TUNEL-Färbung der durch Histamin ausgelösten Läsionen</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5</link> 
				DISKUSSION<ul><li><p><link ref="N122C2">5.1</link> Histopathologie der Gewebeproben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N122DE">5.2</link> Licht- und Elektronenmikroskopie der Leukozytoklasie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N122F2">5.3</link> Apoptose und DNA-Fragmentierung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12308">5.4</link> 
					Expression von Apoptose-regulierenden Proteinen<ul><li><p><link ref="N12314">5.4.1</link> Expression von CD95 und CD95 Ligand</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1232A">5.4.2</link> Expression von bcl-2 und bax</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12343">5.4.3</link> 
						Expression von p53 und p21</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12351">5.5</link> Expression charakteristischer und spezifischer Oberflächenrezeptoren</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12371">5.6</link> CD68, ein lysosomaler Marker und seine Relevanz für die Apoptose</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1237E">5.7</link> Abschließende Bemerkungen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6</link> ZUSAMMENFASSUNG</p></li><li><link ref="N123D1">
				Abkürzungsverzeichnis</link></li><li><link ref="N128FC">Danksagung</link></li><li><link ref="N12924">Lebenslauf</link></li><li><link ref="N12A96">Eidestattliche Erklärung</link></li><li><link ref="N12AA1">
				Literatur</link></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N1022A">Tab. 1: Eine Übersicht der verwendeten monoklonalen Antikörper</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10FA8">
								Tab. 2: Semiquantitative Auswertung der histologischen Alterationen (HE)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N112B1">Tab. 3: Immunhistologische Auswertung, der CD95- und CD95L-Färbungen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N114DB">
							Tab. 4: Immunhistologische Auswertung, der bcl-2- und bax</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N116C1">Tab. 5: Immunhistologische Auswertung, der CD68- und Faktor 8/ vWF-Färbungen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1182F">
							Tab. 6: Immunhistologische Auswertung, der CD16- und CD32-Färbungen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A27">Tab. 7: Beurteilung der histochemischen TUNEL-Färbung (Berlin) im Vergleich mit CD68-positiven Makrophagen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11C72">Tab. 8: Ergebnisse der histochemischen TUNEL-Färbung (Münster)</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N100A5">Abb. 1: Klassifikation vaskulitischer Syndrome</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N100D1">Abb. 2: Eine Übersicht der Unterschiede zwischen Apoptose &amp; Nekrose</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10176">Abb. 3: Ein Modell zur Entstehung der kLV</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D51">Abb. 4: Schema der APAAP-Methode</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1218C">Abb. 5: Frühes Stadium einer kLV mit zahlreichen desintegrierenden Neutrophilen in perivaskulärer Position. (HE, x 200)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12197">Abb. 6 Späteres Stadium einer kLV mit vorwiegend mononukleärem Infiltrat. (HE, x 200)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121A6">Abb. 7: Intakter neutrophiler Granulozyt, der an einer Endothelzelle anhaftet. (EM, x 11.600)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121B1">Abb. 8: Im Gewebe liegender neutrophiler Granulozyt mit Schrumpfung des Zelkerns und des Zytoplasmas (EM, x 9.700)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121C0">Abb. 9: Neutrophiler Granulozyt mit Vakuolisierung des peripheren Zytoplasmas, das als 'blebbing' bezeichnet wird. (EM, x 13.000)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121CB">Abb. 10: Nekrotischer Neutrophiler mit lytischen Veränderungen und apoptotischer Neutrophiler mit Kondensation von Zellkern und Zytoplasma. (EM, x 5.600)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121DA">Abb. 11: Makrophage mit Phagolysosomen, die apopto tischen Fragmenten von Granulozyten ent sprechen. (EM, x 5.600)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121E5">Abb. 12: Apoptotisches Fragment eines Granulozyten (EM, x15.800)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121F4">Abb. 13: Entzündliche Infiltrate mit einzelnen CD95 positiven mononukleären und granulozytären Zellen. Die Interzellularräume der basalen und suprabasalen Epidermis sind ebenfalls positiv angefärbt. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121FF">Abb. 14: Entzündliches Infiltrat mit einigen CD95L positiven mononukleären Zellen. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1220E">Abb. 15: bcl-2-positive mononukleäre Entzündungs­zellen. Mehrere dendritische Zellen der Epi dermis sind ebenfalls positiv. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12219">Abb. 16: Die Expression von bax ist auf einzelne dendritische Zellen der Epidermis beschränkt. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12228">Abb. 17: Einzelne p53-positive mononukleäre Zellen. Die Kerne der basalen Keratinozyten sind häufig positiv. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12233">Abb. 18: p21-Färbung ohne positiven Nachweis. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12242">Abb. 19: PCNA-positive Zellen sind lediglich in der basalen Epidermis nachweisbar. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12251">Abb. 20: Intaktes Blutgefäß in der Färbung mit vWF/Faktor 8. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1225C">Abb. 21: Weitgehend zerstörte Blutgefäße in der Färbung mit vWF/Faktor 8. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1226B">Abb. 22: Überwiegend granulozytäres Entzündungs­infiltrat mit einigen CD68- zyten. (x 400)positiven Monozyten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12276">Abb. 23: Überwiegend mononukleäres Entzündungs­infiltrat mit zahlreichen CD68-positiven</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12285">Abb. 24: Intakte und desintegrierende neutrophile Granulozyten mit Expression von CD16/ Fc&#947;RIII. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12290">Abb. 25: Granulozytäre Infiltate ohne Expression von CD32/Fc&#947;RII. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1229F">Abb. 26: TUNEL-Färbung einer Histamin-induzierten kLV mit Aggregaten von positiven granulozytären Fragmenten, die ebenfalls auf das Zytoplasma der Makrophagen beschränkt sind. (x 400)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N122AA">Abb. 27: TUNEL-Färbung einer Histamin-induzierten kLV mit Aggregaten von positiven granulozytären Fragmenten, die ebenfalls auf das Zytoplasma der Makrophagen beschränkt sind. (x 400)</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>