Gewässerbelastung mit endokrin wirksamen Substanzen: Untersuchungen zu Einflüssen auf die Reproduktionsbiologie von Xenopus laevis Gregor Levy341.91.1.1.2.1011456#3841213460#3361.3.1415161.4.171.5.18192.202.1.2.1.1.2.1.2.212.2.2.2.1.22525#131232.2.2.242.2.3.252.2.4.261.2.273.284.295.302.2.5.31322.3.2.3.1.33535#393342.3.2.2.3.3.352.3.4.362.3.5.372.4.2.4.1.3839402.4.2.1.4142432.44541#648453.462.5.473.483.1.3.1.1.49542#42550542#42451536#409523.1.2.53542#37354542#1533.1.3.55540#4953.1.4.56516#58257536#36858540#42159537#410540#4003.1.5.61447#52862540#4163.2.633.2.1.548#4036465542#4143.2.2.663.2.3.67540#40168535#41569540#41970540#49071552#44072492#2043.2.4.73540#431541#418539#416540#417542#419540#419542#4223.3.80513#408814.824.1.834.1.1.844.1.2.854.1.3.86878889904.1.4.91924.2.4.2.1.934.2.2.941.95962.9798993.1001014.3.1021031041054.4.1064.5.107108 Literatur109110111112113114115116117 Danksagung118 Anhang 119Liste der VeröffentlichungenBegutachtete Veröffentlichungen:Weitere Veröffentlichungen:120121Abstracts / Poster:122 Selbstständigkeitserklärung123deInhaltsverzeichnisHilfe Literatur Baartrup E, Junge M (2001): Antiandrogenic pesticides disrupt sexual characteristics in the adult male guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Environ. Health Persp. 109, 1063-1070 Ben-Jonathan N, Steinmetz R (1998). Xenoestrogens: The emerging story of bisphenol A, Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 9, 124-128 Bergeron RM, Thompson TB, Leonard LS, Pluta L, Gaido KW (1999): Estrogenicity of bisphenol A in a human endometrial carcinoma cell line, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 150, 179-187 Blaustein AR, Hoffmann PD, Hokit DG, Kiesecker JF, Walls SC, Hays JB (1994): UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: a link to population declines?, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91, 1791-1795 Blaustein A, Wake D (1990): Declining amphibian population, Trend. Ecol. Evol. 5, 203-204 Bögi C, Schwaiger J, Ferling H, Mallow U, Steineck C, Sinowatz F, Kalbfus W, Negele RD, Lutz I, Kloas W (2003): Endocrine effects of environmental pollution on Xenopus laevis and Rana temporaria,Environ. Res. 93, 195-201 Bögi C, Levy G, Lutz I, Kloas W(2002): Functional genomics and sexual differentiation in amphibians, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 133, 559-570 Bridges CM (2000): Long-term effects of pesticide exposure at various life stages of the southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala), Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 91-96 Burnison BK, Hodson PV, Nuttley DJ, Efler S (1996): A bleached-kraft mill effluent fraction causing induction of a fish mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) enzyme, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 1524-1531. Byrne BC, Li JJ, Sninsky J, Poiesz BJ (1988): Detection of HIV-1 RNA sequences by in vitro DNA amplification, Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 4165-4170 Calabrese ED (2001): Estrogen and related compounds: biphasic dose responses, Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 31, 503-515 Carey C, Heyer WR, Wilkinson J, Alford RA, Arntzen JW, Halliday T, Hungerford L, Lips KR, Middleton EM, Orchard SA, Rand AS (2001): Amphibian declines and environmental change: Use of remote-sensing data to identify environmental correlates, Conserv. Biol. 15, 903-913 Carey C (2000): Infectious disease and worldwide declines of amphibian populations with comments on emerging in coral reef organisms and in humans, Environ. Health Perspect. 108, 143-149 Carey C, Bryant C (1995): Possible interactions among environmental toxicants, amphibian development and decline of amphibian populations, Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 13-17 Colborn T, Dumanowski D, Myers JP (1996): Our Stolen Future. Little Brown & Co.,

London

Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM (1993): Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans, Environ. Health Perspect. 101, 378-384 Colborn T, Clement C (1992): Chemically induced alterations in sexual and functional development: the wildlife/human connection, Princeton Scientific Publishing,

Princeton

Corthésy B, Claret FX, Wahli W (1990): Estrogen receptor level determines sex-specific in vitro transcription from the Xenopus vitellogenin promotor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87, 7878-7882 De Guise S, Martineau D, Beland P, Fournier M (1995): Possible mechanisms of action of environmental contaminants on St. Lawrence beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), Eviron. Health Perspect. 103, 73-77 Deuchar E (1975): Xenopus – The South african clawed frog, John Wiley & Sons,

London

Döhler KD, New MI (1989): Sexualentwicklung, in: Endokrinologie (Hesch RD, Ed.), pp. 501-512, Urban & Schwarzenberg,

München, Wien, Baltimore

Dodds EC, Lawson W (1936): Synthetic oestrogenic agents without the phenanthrene nucleus, Nature 137, 996 Dorn PB, Chou CS, Gentempo JJ (1987): Degradation of bisphenol A in natural waters, Chemosphere 16, 1501-1507 Dosch R, Gawantka V, Delius H, Blumenstock C, Niehrs C (1997): Bmp4 acts as a morphogen in dorsoventral mesoderm patterning in Xenopus, Development 124, 2325-2334 Dostal D, Rothblum K, Bahu K (1994): An improved method for absolute quantification of mRNA using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Anal. Biochem. 223, 239-250 Euling SY, Kimmel CA (2001): Developmental stage sensitivity and mode of action information for androgen agonists and antagonists, Sci. Total Environ. 274, 103-113 European Commission (1996): European workshop on the impactof endocrine disruptors on human health and wildlife,

Weybridge

, 2-4 Dec. 1996, Report Eur 17549, Environment and Climate Research Programme, DG XII, European Commission Fielden MR, Zacharewski TR (2001): Challenges and limitations of gene expression profiling in mechanistic and predictive toxicology, Toxicol. Sci. 60, 6-10 Flower DR (1996): The lipocalin protein family: Structure and function, Biochem. J. 318, 1-14 Fox GA (2001): Wildlife as sentinels of human health effects in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence basin, Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 853-861 Fürhacker M, Scharf S, Weber H (2000): Bisphenol A: emissions from point sources, Chemosphere 41, 751-756 Funk W, Dammann V, Donnevert G (1992): Qualitätssicherung der Analytischen Chemie, VCH,

Weinheim

Funkenstein B (2001): Developmental expression, tissue distribution and hormonal regulation of fish (Sparus aurata) serum retinol-binding protein, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 129, 613-622 Gagné F, Blaise C, Salazar M, Salazar S, Hansen PD (2001): Evaluation of estrogenic effects of municipal effluents to the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C – Toxicol. Pharmacol. 128, 213-225 Gallien L (1974): Intersexuality, in: Physiologiy of the amphibia (B. Lofts, Ed.), Vol 2, 523-549, Academic Press,

New York

Graf JD (1989a): Genetic mapping in Xenopus laevis: eight linkage groups established, Genetics 123, 389-398 Graf JD (1989b): Sex linkage of malic enzyme in Xenopus laevis, Experientia 45, 194-196 Gray MA, Metcalfe CD (1997): Induction of testis-ova in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to p-nonylphenol, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16, 1082-1086 Gunderson MP, LeBlanc GA, Guillette LJ Jr. (2001): Alterations in sexually dimorphic biotransformation of testosterone in juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated lakes, Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 1257-1264 Hansen PD (1997): Ecotoxicology and landscape planning, Qual. Assur. 5, 231-241 Harris HA, Bapat AR, Gonder DS, Frail DE (2002): The ligand binding profiles of estrogen receptors alpha and beta are species dependent, Steroids 67, 379-384 Hayes TB, Collins A, Lee M, Mendoza M, Noriega N, Stuart AA, Vonk A (2002): Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99, 5476-5480 Hayes TB (1998): Sex determination and primary sex differentiation in amphibians: genetic and developmental mechanisms, J. Experiment. Zool. 281, 373-399 Hecker M, Tyler CR, Hoffmann M, Maddix S, Karbe L (2002): Plasma biomarkers in fish provide evidence for endocrine modulation in the Elbe River, Germany, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 2311-2321 Heemken OP, Reincke H, Stachel B, Theobald N (2001): The occurrence of xenoestrogens in the Elbe river and the North Sea, Chemosphere 45, 245-259 Hewitt LM, Parrott JL, Wells KL, Calp MK, Biddiscombe S, McMaster ME, Munkittrick KR, Van der Kraak GJ (2000): Characteristics of ligands for the Ah receptor and sex steroid receptors in hepatic tissues of fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 4327-4334 Hilken G, Dimigen J, Iglauer F (1995): Growth of Xenopus laevis under different laboratory rearing conditions, Laboratory Animals 29, 152-162 Hiort O, Holterhus PM (2000): The molecular basis of male sexual differentiation, Eur. J. Endocrinol. 142, 101-110 Hu JY, Aizawa T, Ookubo S (2002):Products of aqueous chlorination of bisphenol A and their estrogenic activity, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1980-1987 Huber SA, Balz A, Frimmel FH (1994): Identification of diffuse and point sources of dissolve organic carbon (DOC) in a small stream (Alb, Southwest Germany), using gel filtration chromatography with high-sensitivity DOC-detection, Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 350, 496-503 Jobling S, Nolan M, Tyler CR, Brighty G, Sumpter JP (1998): Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2498-2506 Jobling S, Sumpter J (1993): Detergent components in sewage effluent are weakly oestrogenic to fish: an in vitro study using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes, Aquatic Toxicol. 27, 361-372 Kelce WR, Wilson EM (1997): Environmental antiandrogens: developmental effects, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications, J. Mol. Med. 75, 198-207 Kelce WR, Monosson E, Gamcsik MP, Laws SC, Gray LE Jr. (1994): Environmental hormone disruptors: evidence that vinclozolin developmental toxicity is mediated by antiandrogenic metabolites, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 126, 276-85 Kelley DB (1996): Sexual differentiation in Xenopus laevis, in: The biology of Xenopus (Tinsley RC, Kobel HR, Eds.), pp. 143-193, Clarendon Press,

Oxford

Kime D (1998): Endocrine disruption in fish, Kluwer Academic Publishers,

Boston-Dordrecht-London

Kirk LA, Tyler CR, Lye CM, Sumpter JP (2002): Changes in estrogenic and androgenic activities at different stages of treatment in wastewater treatment works, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 972-979 Klecka GM, Gonsior SJ, West RJ, Goodwin PA, Markham DA (2001): Biodegradation of bisphenol a in aquatic environments: River die-away, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20, 2725-2735 Kloas W (2002): Amphibians as a model to study endocrine disruptors, Int. Rev. Cytol. 216, 1-57 Kloas W, Bögi C, Levy G, Engels B, Lutz I (2000): Amphibians as a model to study endocrine disruptors: an additional risk of environmental pollution in aquatic ecosystems?, Berichte des IGB 10, 131-140 Kloas W, Einspanier R, Lutz I (1999): Amphibians as a model to study endocrine disruptors II: Estrogenic activity of environmental chemicals in vitro and in vivo, Sci. Total Environ. 225, 59-68 Körner W, Bolz U, Triebskorn R, Schwaiger J, Negele RD, Marx A, Hagenmaier H (2001): Steroid analysis and xenosteroid potentials in two small streams in southwest Germany, J. Aquatic Eco. Stress Recov. 8, 215-229 Körner W, Bolz U, Sussmuth W, Hiller G, Schuller W, Hanf V, Hagenmaier H (2000): Input/output balance of estrogenic active compounds in a major municipal sewage plant in Germany, Chemosphere 40, 1131-1142 Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, Buxton HT (2002): Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1202-1211 Kruskal WH, Wallis WA (1952): Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis, J. Amer. Stat. Ass. 47, 583-621 Levy G, Lutz I, Krüger A, Kloas W (2004a): Bisphenol A induces feminization in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, Environ. Res. 94, 102-111 Levy G, Lutz I, Krüger A, von Tümpling W, Kloas W (2004b): Retinol-binding protein as a biomarker to assess endocrine-disrupting compounds in the environment, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378, 676-683 LfU (Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg, 1997): Beschaffenheit der Fließgewässer, Jahreskatalog 1997. Oberirdische Gewässer und Gewässerökologie, Band 50 LfU (Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg, 1982): Wasserpflanzen als Belastungsindikatoren in Fließgewässern, dargestellt am Beispiel der Schwarzwaldflüsse Nagold und Alb, Beih. Veröff. Naturschutz u. Landschaftspflege Bad.-Württ. 28, 1-118 Lindholst C, Pedersen KL, Pedersen SN (2000): Estrogenic response of bisphenol A in a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Aquat. Toxicol. 48, 87-94 Lutz I (1999): Xenopus laevis als Studienmodell zum Nachweis östrogener Wirkungen von Umweltchemikalien,

Dissertation Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Lutz I, Kloas W (1999): Amphibians as a model to study endocrine disruptors I: Environmental pollution and estrogen receptor binding, Sci. Total. Environ. 225, 49-57 May FEB, Knowland J (1981): Patterns of protein synthesis in livers of Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis: effects of estrogen in normal and thyrostatic animals, Develop. Biol. 82, 158-167 McKearin DM, Shapiro DJ (1988): Persistent estrogen induction of hepatic Xenopus laevis serum retinol binding protein mRNA, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3261-3265 McKearin DM, Barton MC, Keller MJ, Shapiro DJ (1987): Estrogens induce transcription of the Xenopus laevis serum retinol binding protein gene, J. Biol. Chem. 11, 4939-4942 Miyata S, Koike S, Kubo T (1999): Hormonal reversal and the genetic control of sex differentiation in Xenopus, Zool. Sci. 15, 335-340 Müller MB, Frimmel FH (2002): A new concept for the fractionation of DOM as a basis for its combined chemical and biological characterization, Water Res. 36, 2643-2655 Nieuwkoop PD, Faber J (1994): Normal table of Xenopus laevis Daudin, North-Holland,

Amsterdam

Norris DO (1997): Vertebrate Endocrinology, Academic Press,

San Diego

Oehlmann J, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Tillmann M, Markert B (2000): Effects of endocrine disruptors on prosobranch snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the laboratory. Part I: Bisphenol A and octylphenol as xeno-estrogens, Ecotoxicology 9, 383-397 Opitz R, Levy G, Bögi C, Lutz I, Kloas W (2002): Endocrine disruption in fish and amphibians, Recent Res. Devel. Endocrinol. 3, 127-170 Ostby J, Kelce WR, Lambright C, Wolf CJ, Mann P, Gray LE Jr. (1999): The fungicide procymidone alters sexual differentiation in the male rat by acting as an androgen-receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro, Toxicol. Ind. Health 15, 80-93 Pickford DB, Hetheridge MJ, Caunter JE, Hall AT, Hutchinson TH (2003): Assessing chronic toxicity of bisphenol A to larvae of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) in a flow-through exposure system, Chemosphere 53, 223-235 Purdom C, Hardiman P, Bye V, Eno N, Tyler C, Sumpter J (1994): Estrogenic effects of effluents from sewage treatment works, Chem. Ecol. 8, 275-285 Rabelo EM, Tata JR (1993): Thyroid hormone potentiates estrogen activation of vitellogenin genes and autoinduction of extrogen receptor in adult Xenopus hepatocytes, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 96, 37-44 Sanderson JT, Boerma J, Lansbergen GW, van den Berg M (2002): Induction and inhibition of aromatase (CYP19) activity by various classes of pesticides in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 182, 44-54 Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977): DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc. Natl. Sci. 74, 5463-5467 Schäfer M (1999): Regionalisierte Stoffstrombilanzen in städtischen Einzugsgebieten – Möglichkeiten, Probleme und Schlussfolgerungen,

Dissertation Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Segner H, Navas JM, Schafers C, Wenzel A (2003): Potencies of estrogenic compounds in in vitro screening assays and in life cycle tests with zebrafish in vivo, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 54, 315-322 Sheehan DM (2000): Activity of environmentally relevant low doses of endocrine disruptors and the bisphenol A controversy: initial results confirmed, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 224, 57-60 Sohoni P, Lefevre PA, Ashby J, Sumpter JP (2001): Possible androgenic / anti-androgenic activity of the insecticide fenitrothion, J. Appl. Toxicol. 21, 173-178 Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (1998): An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists, J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. 65, 143-150 Snyder ST, Keith TL, Verbrugge DA, Snyder EM, Gross TS, Kannan K, Giesy JP (1999): Analytical Methods for Detection of Selected Estro genic Compounds in Aqueous Mixtures, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 2814-2820 Sohoni P, Tyler CR, Hurd K, Caunter J, Hetheridge M, Williams T, Woods C, Evans M, Toy R, Gargas M, Sumpter JP (2001): Reproductive effects of long-term exposure to bisphenol A in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2917-2925 Sperry TS, Thomas P (1999): Characterization of two nuclear androgen receptors in Atlantic croaker: Comparison of their biochemical properties and binding specificities, Endocrinology 140, 1602-1611 Staples CA, Dorn PB, Klecka GM, O'Block ST, Harris LR (1998): A review of the environmental fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A, Chemosphere 36, 2149-2173 Steinberg CEW, Paul A, Pflugmacher S, Meinelt T, Klocking R, Wiegand C (2003): Pure humic substances have the potential to act as xenobiotic chemicals - A review, Fres. Environ. Bull. 12, 391-401 Stone CM, Watkinson RJ(1983): Diphenylol propane: An assessment of ready biodegradability, Report SBGR.83.425,

Sittingbourne Research Centre, Kent, England

Sumpter JP (1997): Environmental control of fish reproduction: a different perspective, Fish Physiol. Biochem. 17, 25-31 Tenniswood MP, Searle PF, Wolffe AP, Tata JR (1983): Rapid estrogen metabolism and vitellogenin gene expression in Xenopus hepatocyte cultures, Mol. Cell: Endocrinol. 30, 329-345 Toft G, Baatrup E (2001): Sexual characteristics are altered by 4-tert-octylphenol and 17 beta-estradiol in the adult male guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 48, 76-84 Tyler CR, Jobling S, Sumpter JP (1998): Endocrine disruption in wildlife: a critical review of the evidence, Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 28, 319-361 Van Der Kraak G, Hewitt M, Lister A, McMaster ME, Munkittrick KR (2001): Endocrine toxicants and reproductive success in fish, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 7, 1017-1025 van der Waerden BL (1969): Mathematical Statistics, Springer Verlag,

New York

Varriale B, Tata JR (1990): Autoinduction of estrogen receptor is associated with FOSP-1 mRNA induction by estrogen in primary cultures of Xenopus oviduct cells, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 71, R25-R31 Vos J, Dybing E, Greim H, Ladefoged O, Lambré C, Tarazona J, Brandt I, Vethaak A (2000): Health effects of endocrine-disruption chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation, Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 30, 71-133 Wallace H, Badawy G, Wallace B (1999): Amphibian sex determination and sex reversal, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 55, 901-909 Wang AM, Doyle MV, Mark DF (1989): Quantitation of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 9717-9721 Weber E (1986): Grundriss der biologischen Statistik, Gustav Fischer Verlag,

Stuttgart

Weiler I, Lew D, Shapiro D (1987): The Xenopus laevis estrogen receptor: Sequence homology with human and avian receptors and identification of multiple estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acids, Mol. Endocrinol. 1, 355-362 Welshons WV, Nagel SC, Thayer KA, Judy BM, Vom Saal FS (1999): Low-dose bioactivity of xenoestrogens in animals: fetal exposure to low doses of methoxychlor and other xenoestrogens increase adult prostate size in mice, Toxicol. Ind. Health 15, 12-25 Wenzel A, Köchler T, Henschel KP, Schnaak W, Diedrich M, Möller J (1998): Konzentrationen östrogen wirkender Substanzen in Umweltmedien, Umweltbundesamt 216 02 011/11, 1-88 West RJ, Goodwin PA, Klecka GM (2001): Assessment of the ready biodegradability of bisphenol A, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67, 106-112 Whitten PL, Patisaul HB (2001): Cross-species and interassay comparisons of phytoestrogen action, Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 5-20 Wijayaratne AL, Nagel SC, Paige LA, Christensen DJ, Norris JD, Fowlkes DM, McDonnell DP(1999): Comparative analyses of mechanistic differences among antiestrogens, Endocrinology 140, 5828-5840 Witschi E, Allison J (1950): Responses of Xenopus and Alytes to the adminstration of some steroid hormones, Anat. Rec. 108, 589-590 Witschi E (1971): Mechanisms of sexual differentiation, in: Hormones in Development (Hamburg M, Barrington E, Eds.), pp. 601-618, Appleton Century Crofts,

New York

Yamasaki K, Sawaki M, Noda S, Imatanaka N, Takatsuki M (2002): Subacute oral toxicity study of ethynylestradiol and bisphenol A, based on the draft protocol for the "Enhanced OECD Test Guideline no. 407", Arch. Toxicol. 76, 65-74 Yokota H, Tsuruda Y, Maeda M, Oshima Y, Tadokoro H, Nakazono A, Honjo T, Kobayashi K (2000): Effect of bisphenol A on the early life stage in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 1925-1930