<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry id="front" part="front" ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Novel solid base catalysts for Michael additions  Synthesis, Characterization and Application</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Zhijian Li</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100C0" part="chapter1" ref="N100C0" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100C7" part="chapter1" ref="N100C7" type="citenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10100" part="chapter1" ref="N10100" type="citenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1012B" part="chapter1" ref="N1012B" type="citenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1015B" part="chapter1" ref="N1015B" type="citenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1017F" part="chapter1" ref="N1017F" type="citenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1018B" part="chapter1" ref="N1018B" type="mm">440#302</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1019B" part="chapter1" ref="N1019B" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101A2" part="chapter1" ref="N101A2" type="citenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101A5" part="chapter1" ref="N101A5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10455" part="chapter1" ref="N10455" type="citenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104AC" part="chapter1" ref="N104AC" type="citenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104F4" part="chapter1" ref="N104F4" type="citenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1058A" part="chapter1" ref="N1058A" type="citenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105BD" part="chapter1" ref="N105BD" type="citenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10632" part="chapter1" ref="N10632" type="citenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106B0" part="chapter1" ref="N106B0" type="citenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106FB" part="chapter1" ref="N106FB" type="citenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1077E" part="chapter1" ref="N1077E" type="citenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10790" part="chapter1" ref="N10790" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N109BD" part="chapter1" ref="N109BD" type="citenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A65" part="chapter1" ref="N10A65" type="citenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A7A" part="chapter1" ref="N10A7A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10B44" part="chapter1" ref="N10B44" type="citenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B65" part="chapter1" ref="N10B65" type="citenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B77" part="chapter1" ref="N10B77" type="citenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B8B" part="chapter1" ref="N10B8B" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B92" part="chapter1" ref="N10B92" type="citenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BA7" part="chapter1" ref="N10BA7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10C54" part="chapter1" ref="N10C54" type="citenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C63" part="chapter1" ref="N10C63" type="citenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C69" part="chapter1" ref="N10C69" type="mm">415#105</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C7D" part="chapter1" ref="N10C7D" type="citenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C80" part="chapter1" ref="N10C80" type="mm">411#113</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CA3" part="chapter1" ref="N10CA3" type="citenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CA6" part="chapter1" ref="N10CA6" type="mm">482#151</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CC0" part="chapter1" ref="N10CC0" type="mm">431#189</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CCB" part="chapter1" ref="N10CCB" type="citenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CF5" part="chapter1" ref="N10CF5" type="citenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D01" part="chapter1" ref="N10D01" type="mm">549#170</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D15" part="chapter1" ref="N10D15" type="citenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D21" part="chapter1" ref="N10D21" type="mm">514#113</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D35" part="chapter1" ref="N10D35" type="citenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D38" part="chapter1" ref="N10D38" type="mm">469#151</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D58" part="chapter1" ref="N10D58" type="citenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D94" part="chapter1" ref="N10D94" type="citenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DBB" part="chapter1" ref="N10DBB" type="mm">420#57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DC6" part="chapter1" ref="N10DC6" type="citenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DEA" part="chapter1" ref="N10DEA" type="citenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DED" part="chapter1" ref="N10DED" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10E53" part="chapter1" ref="N10E53" type="mm">47#13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E87" part="chapter1" ref="N10E87" type="mm">89#32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EB8" part="chapter1" ref="N10EB8" type="mm">73#49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EEF" part="chapter1" ref="N10EEF" type="mm">80#49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F23" part="chapter1" ref="N10F23" type="mm">90#42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F54" part="chapter1" ref="N10F54" type="mm">73#49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F85" part="chapter1" ref="N10F85" type="mm">94#45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FC2" part="chapter1" ref="N10FC2" type="citenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FE0" part="chapter1" ref="N10FE0" type="mm">548#146</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FF4" part="chapter1" ref="N10FF4" type="citenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11006" part="chapter1" ref="N11006" type="mm">415#57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11020" part="chapter1" ref="N11020" type="citenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11025" part="chapter1" ref="N11025" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1102F" part="chapter1" ref="N1102F" type="mm">426#186</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1103D" part="chapter1" ref="N1103D" type="citenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11043" part="chapter1" ref="N11043" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N113BA" part="chapter1" ref="N113BA" type="section">1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113C1" part="chapter1" ref="N113C1" type="citenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113F0" part="chapter2" ref="N113F0" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113F5" part="chapter2" ref="N113F5" type="helpercitenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113F7" part="chapter2" ref="N113F7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N116CC" part="chapter2" ref="N116CC" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116D3" part="chapter2" ref="N116D3" type="citenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116D8" part="chapter2" ref="N116D8" type="section">2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11782" part="chapter2" ref="N11782" type="citenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11797" part="chapter2" ref="N11797" type="citenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117B8" part="chapter2" ref="N117B8" type="citenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117CD" part="chapter2" ref="N117CD" type="citenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117F1" part="chapter2" ref="N117F1" type="citenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11809" part="chapter2" ref="N11809" type="citenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11827" part="chapter2" ref="N11827" type="citenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11842" part="chapter2" ref="N11842" type="citenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11854" part="chapter2" ref="N11854" type="citenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1187D" part="chapter2" ref="N1187D" type="section">2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11884" part="chapter2" ref="N11884" type="citenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1189C" part="chapter2" ref="N1189C" type="citenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118CE" part="chapter3" ref="N118CE" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118D3" part="chapter3" ref="N118D3" type="helpercitenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1193B" part="chapter3" ref="N1193B" type="citenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1193E" part="chapter3" ref="N1193E" type="mm">391#227</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1197B" part="chapter3" ref="N1197B" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11982" part="chapter3" ref="N11982" type="citenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119AF" part="chapter3" ref="N119AF" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11C40" part="chapter3" ref="N11C40" type="mm">467#340</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C51" part="chapter3" ref="N11C51" type="citenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C54" part="chapter3" ref="N11C54" type="mm">528#728</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C98" part="chapter3" ref="N11C98" type="section">3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C9F" part="chapter3" ref="N11C9F" type="citenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CA2" part="chapter3" ref="N11CA2" type="mm">529#302</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CBF" part="chapter3" ref="N11CBF" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11FB0" part="chapter3" ref="N11FB0" type="citenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11FE2" part="chapter3" ref="N11FE2" type="section">3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11FE9" part="chapter3" ref="N11FE9" type="citenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12012" part="chapter4" ref="N12012" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12017" part="chapter4" ref="N12017" type="helpercitenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120B4" part="chapter4" ref="N120B4" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120BE" part="chapter4" ref="N120BE" type="citenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120D9" part="chapter4" ref="N120D9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N126A7" part="chapter4" ref="N126A7" type="citenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N126E0" part="chapter4" ref="N126E0" type="citenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N126E3" part="chapter4" ref="N126E3" type="mm">435#340</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12712" part="chapter4" ref="N12712" type="mm">452#324</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12720" part="chapter4" ref="N12720" type="citenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1273E" part="chapter4" ref="N1273E" type="mm">585#548</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1276D" part="chapter4" ref="N1276D" type="citenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12770" part="chapter4" ref="N12770" type="mm">452#324</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127AA" part="chapter4" ref="N127AA" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127B4" part="chapter4" ref="N127B4" type="citenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127B7" part="chapter4" ref="N127B7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12C19" part="chapter4" ref="N12C19" type="citenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C1C" part="chapter4" ref="N12C1C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12EDB" part="chapter4" ref="N12EDB" type="citenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12EEC" part="chapter4" ref="N12EEC" type="section">4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12EFF" part="chapter4" ref="N12EFF" type="citenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F16" part="chapter5" ref="N12F16" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F1D" part="chapter5" ref="N12F1D" type="citenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FEC" part="chapter5" ref="N12FEC" type="citenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FFE" part="chapter5" ref="N12FFE" type="citenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13022" part="chapter5" ref="N13022" type="mm">585#301</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13030" part="chapter5" ref="N13030" type="citenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130AA" part="chapter5" ref="N130AA" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130AF" part="chapter5" ref="N130AF" type="subsection">5.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130D2" part="chapter5" ref="N130D2" type="subsection">5.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130D9" part="chapter5" ref="N130D9" type="citenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1312A" part="chapter5" ref="N1312A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13560" part="chapter5" ref="N13560" 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type="citenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13779" part="chapter5" ref="N13779" type="mm">585#582</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13786" part="chapter5" ref="N13786" type="citenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13789" part="chapter5" ref="N13789" type="mm">372#306</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N137BE" part="chapter5" ref="N137BE" type="mm">585#542</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N137CC" part="chapter5" ref="N137CC" type="citenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N137F2" part="chapter5" ref="N137F2" type="section">5.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N137FD" part="chapter5" ref="N137FD" type="subsection">5.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13804" part="chapter5" ref="N13804" type="citenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1382B" part="chapter5" ref="N1382B" type="mm">319#378</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N138CF" part="chapter5" ref="N138CF" type="citenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N138D2" part="chapter5" ref="N138D2" type="mm">385#287</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13912" part="chapter5" ref="N13912" 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type="citenumber">87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13BC3" part="chapter5" ref="N13BC3" type="mm">287#303</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13BDA" part="chapter5" ref="N13BDA" type="citenumber">88</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13BDD" part="chapter5" ref="N13BDD" type="mm">585#308</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13C0F" part="chapter5" ref="N13C0F" type="citenumber">89</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13C6F" part="chapter5" ref="N13C6F" type="citenumber">90</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13C72" part="chapter5" ref="N13C72" type="mm">391#284</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13C82" part="chapter5" ref="N13C82" type="subsection">5.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13C8F" part="chapter5" ref="N13C8F" type="mm">384#286</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13CA3" part="chapter5" ref="N13CA3" type="citenumber">91</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13CE5" part="chapter5" ref="N13CE5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13E44" part="chapter5" ref="N13E44" type="citenumber">92</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13E95" part="chapter5" ref="N13E95" type="mm">585#531</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13EA9" part="chapter5" ref="N13EA9" type="citenumber">93</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13EB8" part="chapter5" ref="N13EB8" type="section">5.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13EC8" part="chapter5" ref="N13EC8" type="citenumber">94</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13F0D" part="chapter5" ref="N13F0D" type="citenumber">95</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13F28" part="chapter5" ref="N13F28" type="citenumber">96</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13F67" part="chapter5" ref="N13F67" type="citenumber">97</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13F6A" part="chapter5" ref="N13F6A" type="mm">572#132</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13F8C" part="chapter5" ref="N13F8C" type="section">5.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13F93" part="chapter5" ref="N13F93" type="citenumber">98</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13FAB" part="chapter5" ref="N13FAB" type="citenumber">99</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13FC2" part="chapter6" ref="N13FC2" type="section">6.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13FC9" part="chapter6" ref="N13FC9" type="citenumber">100</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14034" part="chapter6" ref="N14034" type="citenumber">101</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1403C" part="chapter6" ref="N1403C" type="section">6.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14061" part="chapter6" ref="N14061" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1408C" part="chapter6" ref="N1408C" type="mm">37#9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N140A5" part="chapter6" ref="N140A5" type="mm">37#9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N140B2" part="chapter6" ref="N140B2" type="citenumber">102</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N140BE" part="chapter6" ref="N140BE" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N140F3" part="chapter6" ref="N140F3" type="mm">37#9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14120" part="chapter6" ref="N14120" type="mm">37#9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1414A" part="chapter6" ref="N1414A" type="mm">37#9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14172" part="chapter6" ref="N14172" type="mm">37#9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14196" part="chapter6" ref="N14196" type="mm">37#9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N141C8" part="chapter6" ref="N141C8" type="citenumber">103</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N141D7" part="chapter6" ref="N141D7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14209" part="chapter6" ref="N14209" type="mm">37#9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1423D" part="chapter6" ref="N1423D" type="citenumber">104</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14240" part="chapter6" ref="N14240" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14274" part="chapter6" ref="N14274" type="mm">37#9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N142CE" part="chapter6" ref="N142CE" type="mm">583#100</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N142DC" part="chapter6" ref="N142DC" type="citenumber">105</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N142FA" part="chapter6" ref="N142FA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14772" part="chapter6" ref="N14772" type="section">6.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14779" part="chapter6" ref="N14779" type="citenumber">106</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1487D" part="chapter6" ref="N1487D" type="citenumber">107</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N148C0" part="chapter6" ref="N148C0" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14A70" part="chapter6" ref="N14A70" type="citenumber">108</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14A8E" part="chapter6" ref="N14A8E" type="mm">469#643</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14AA5" part="chapter6" ref="N14AA5" type="citenumber">109</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14AA8" part="chapter6" ref="N14AA8" type="mm">585#217</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14B08" part="chapter6" ref="N14B08" type="citenumber">110</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14B46" part="chapter6" ref="N14B46" type="mm">585#831</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14B63" part="chapter6" ref="N14B63" type="citenumber">111</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14B6C" part="chapter6" ref="N14B6C" type="mm">512#264</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14BB9" part="chapter6" ref="N14BB9" type="citenumber">112</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14BC2" part="chapter6" ref="N14BC2" type="mm">415#408</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14C21" part="chapter6" ref="N14C21" type="citenumber">113</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14C24" part="chapter6" ref="N14C24" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14E15" part="chapter6" ref="N14E15" type="citenumber">114</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14E1E" part="chapter6" ref="N14E1E" type="mm">368#529</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14E47" part="chapter6" ref="N14E47" type="citenumber">115</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14EA1" part="chapter6" ref="N14EA1" type="mm">337#265</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14ED0" part="chapter6" ref="N14ED0" type="citenumber">116</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14ED3" part="chapter6" ref="N14ED3" type="mm">348#265</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14EF6" part="chapter6" ref="N14EF6" type="citenumber">117</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14F14" part="chapter6" ref="N14F14" type="mm">585#854</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14F22" part="chapter6" ref="N14F22" type="citenumber">118</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14F43" part="chapter6" ref="N14F43" type="mm">585#378</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14F50" part="chapter6" ref="N14F50" type="section">6.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14F57" part="chapter6" ref="N14F57" type="citenumber">119</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14F66" part="chapter6" ref="N14F66" type="mm">585#555</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14F98" part="chapter6" ref="N14F98" type="citenumber">120</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14FB6" part="chapter6" ref="N14FB6" type="citenumber">121</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14FBC" part="chapter6" ref="N14FBC" type="mm">585#243</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14FD0" part="chapter6" ref="N14FD0" type="citenumber">122</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14FE8" part="chapter6" ref="N14FE8" type="mm">411#264</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14FF8" part="chapter6" ref="N14FF8" type="mm">377#273</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15023" part="chapter6" ref="N15023" type="section">6.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1502A" part="chapter6" ref="N1502A" type="citenumber">123</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="chapter7" type="chapter">7</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N1504C" type="citenumber">124</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N15055" type="mm">585#422</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N15066" type="citenumber">125</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N15069" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N151D2" type="citenumber">126</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N151F6" type="citenumber">127</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N151FF" type="mm">585#423</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N1520D" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N15359" type="citenumber">128</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N15392" type="citenumber">129</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N1539E" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N153A0" part="N153A0" ref="N153A0" type="acknowledgement">Acknowledgements</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N153DB" part="N153DB" ref="N153DB" type="abbreviation">List of Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N153E2" part="N153DB" ref="N153E2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N159E2" part="N159E2" ref="N159E2" type="bibliography">References</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1732E" part="N1732E" ref="N1732E" type="vita">Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N17344" part="N1732E" ref="N17344" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N173A5" part="N1732E" ref="N173A5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N17432" part="N17432" ref="N17432" type="declaration">Selbständigkeitserklärung</cms:entry><cms:entry part="chapter7" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">en</cms:entry><cms:entry id=":contents" part="front" ref=":contents" type=":contents">Table of contents</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Help</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><chapter id="chapter7" label="7">
			<head>Summary and conclusion</head>
			<p>
				<citenumber id="N1504C" start="124"/> The research in this thesis concerns the design of highly active and selective heterogeneous base catalysts for liquid-phase Michael additions. MgO, potassium-modified ZrO<sub>2</sub>, calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcite, and Mg(O,F) catalyst systems were prepared, characterized and tested in Michael additions. The research is simplified in scheme 7.1.</p>
			<p>
				<mm entity="ID_d0e64918" file="image066.gif" id="N15055" label="585#422">
					<caption>
						<strong>Scheme 7.1 </strong>
					</caption>
				</mm>
			</p>
			<p>Table 7.1 gives a brief summary of catalytic behavior of different catalysts.</p>
			<p>
				<citenumber id="N15066" start="125"/>
				<table frame="all" id="N15069" orient="port" tocentry="1">
					<caption>
						<strong>Table 7.1 </strong>
						<strong>
							<br/>Summary of the behavior of catalysts in Michael addition</strong>
					</caption>
					<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
						<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
						<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
						<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
						<tbody valign="top">
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>
										<strong>Catalysts</strong>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>
										<strong>Active sites</strong>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>
										<strong>Catalytic results in the reaction</strong>
									</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>MgO</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Strong Lewis base </p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>High activity, low selectivity </p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Brønsted base</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>High activity, low selectivity</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>ZrO<sub>2</sub>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Amphoteric</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>No activity</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Amphoteric</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>No activity or low activity</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>K-modified ZrO<sub>2</sub>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Base</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>High activity, leaching of active sites</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Calcined hydrotalcite</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Base (main) + acid (weak)</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>High activity and high selectivity</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Low F Mg(O,F)</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Base</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>High activity and low selectivity</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>High F Mg(O,F)</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Base (main) + acid (weak)</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>High activity and high selectivity</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
						</tbody>
					</tgroup>
				</table>
			</p>
			<p>In<strong> Chapter 3</strong>, MgO prepared by different methods and conditions was first investigated in Michael additions of 2-methylcyclohexane-1,3-dione to methyl vinyl ketone. MgO can not catalyze the reaction selectively because of a consecutive aldol cyclitzation.</p>
			<p>In<strong> Chapter 4</strong>, the properties and the activities of the catalysts can be influenced by a variety of parameters, such as the zirconia precursor and the potassium modifying agent. Modified hydrous zirconia forms the metastable, tetragonal ZrO<sub>2</sub> phase after calcination; the phase of modified anhydrous zirconia, on the other hand, is monoclinic. The specific surface areas of the modified samples are much lower than that of ZrO<sub>2</sub>. The potassium compounds on hydrous zirconia decompose in a broader temperature range than those on anhydrous zirconia. Stronger base catalysts were produced by potassium-modification of ZrO<sub>2. </sub>The modified anhydrous zirconia has a wider distribution of basic site strengths than modified hydrous zirconia. Potassium-modified zirconia give high yields and high <em>cis/trans</em> ratios of 2-butene in the double-bond isomerzation of 1-butene. Although potassium-modified zirconia exhibit high activity and selectivity, it is less suitable as a solid base catalyst for liquid-phase Micheal addition in methanol because of potassium leaching effects.</p>
			<p>
				<citenumber id="N151D2" start="126"/>In<strong> Chapter 5</strong>, the influence of chemical composition and acid-base property on the catalytic performance of the calcined hydrotalcites was studied. Calcined hydrotalcites (Mg/Al = 0.6, 1.4, 2.2, 3.0) exhibit Lewis acid, Brønsted base, and Lewis base sites. The Al-rich sample (Mg/Al molar ratio of 0.6) possesses Lewis acid sites similar in strength to those found on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, but stronger than those found on the Mg-rich hydrotalcites. Calcined hydrotalcites can catalyze the Michael additions of 2-methylcyclohexane-1,3-dione, 2-acetylcyclopentanone, and 2-acetylcyclohexanone to methyl vinyl ketone with 100% selectivity. A nonlinear correlation between the Mg content and catalytic activity was found. However, catalytic activity correlates with the amount of the base sites determined by benzoic acid microcalorimetry. An optimal balance of acid-base properties may make the Al-rich calcined hydrotalcite an excellent catalyst in the Michael addition of numerous 1,3-diones independent of their p<em>K</em>
				<sub>a</sub> values.</p>
			<p>In<strong> Chapter 6</strong>, a novel catalyst system was prepared by sol-gel method. Amorphous-like material Mg(O,F) with high surface area can be prepared by two-step soft fluorination-hydrolysis sol-gel process. Different fluorine species in Mg(O,F) are detected by <sup>19</sup>F MAS NMR and XPS. Mg(O,F) with suitable F content can act as an efficient and selective catalyst for Michael additions. The catalyst with a F/Mg mol ratio of 1.6 achieved the best catalytic results producing the Michael addition product in a yield of 90% with a selectivity of 100% at room temperature within 24 h. Successfully controlled introduction of F and OH group into the MgO network makes it possible to tune the acid-base property of the resulting material. Therefore, this method enables the design of new bifunctional materials for catalytic reactions that have very specific requirements on the amount and type of base and acid sites necessary.</p>
			<freehead>Zusammenfassung</freehead>
			<p>Die Promotionsarbeit befasst sich mit der Herstellung und Untersuchung von hoch aktiven und selektiv wirkenden alkalischen Katalysatoren für Michael-Additionen in Flüssig-Phasen Reaktionen. </p>
			<p>
				<citenumber id="N151F6" start="127"/>MgO, Kalium-modifiziertes ZrO<sub>2</sub>, calcinierte Mg-Al Hydrotalcite und Mg(O,F) basierte Katalysatoren mit basischen Zentren wurden hergestellt, charakterisiert und in Michael-Additionen getestet. Die Untersuchungen sind im Folgenden schematisch dargestellt. </p>
			<p>
				<mm entity="ID_d0e65774" file="image067.gif" id="N151FF" label="585#423">
					<caption>
						<strong>Schema 7.1 </strong>
					</caption>
				</mm>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table frame="all" id="N1520D" orient="port" tocentry="1">
					<caption>
						<strong>Table 7.1 </strong>Zusammenfassung der katalytischen Eigenschaften verschiedener Katalysatoren</caption>
					<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
						<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
						<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
						<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
						<tbody valign="top">
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>
										<strong>Katalysatoren</strong>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>
										<strong>Aktive Zentren</strong>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>
										<strong>Katalytische Ergebnisse</strong>
									</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>MgO</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Starke Lewis Base </p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Sehr aktiv, geringe Selektivität</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Brønsted Base</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Sehr aktiv, geringe Selektivität </p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>ZrO<sub>2</sub>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Amphoter</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Nicht aktiv</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Amphoter</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Keine oder geringe Aktivität</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>K-mod. ZrO<sub>2</sub>
									</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Base</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Hohe Aktivität, Leaching</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Calcinierte Hydrotalcite</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Base (stark)+Säure (schwach)</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Hohe Aktivität, geringe Selektivität</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Mg(O,F) F&#8593;</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Base</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Hohe Aktivität, geringe Selektivität</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Mg(O,F) F&#8595;</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Base (stark)+Säure (schwach)</p>
								</entry>
								<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
									<p>Hohe Aktivität, geringe Selektivität</p>
								</entry>
							</row>
						</tbody>
					</tgroup>
				</table>
			</p>
			<p>
				<citenumber id="N15359" start="128"/>
				<strong>Kapitel 3: </strong>MgO hergestellt nach unterschiedlichen Methoden wurde erstmalig in Michael-Additionen von 2-Methylcyclohexan-1,3-dion zu Methyl-vinyl Ketonen untersucht. MgO ist nicht in der Lage die Reaktion selektiv zu katalysieren, da sich eine Aldol-Cyclisierung als Folgereaktion anschließt.</p>
			<p>
				<strong>Kapitel 4: </strong>Eigenschaften und Aktivitäten der Katalysatoren können durch eine Anzahl von Parametern beeinflusst werden wie z.B. im Fall des ZrO<sub>2</sub> &#8211;Precursors modifiziert durch Kalium-Dotierung. Modifiziertes wässriges Zirkonoxid bildet nach der Calcinierung eine metastabile tetragonale ZrO<sub>2</sub> Phase, während andererseits nichtwässriges Zirkonoxid monoklin ist. Die spezifischen Oberflächen der modifizierten Oberflächen sind viel kleiner als die von ZrO<sub>2. </sub>Die Verbindung mit Kalium auf dem wässrigen ZrO<sub>2 </sub>zersetzt sich thermisch in einem breiteren Temperaturbereich als das auf nichtwässrigem Wege erhaltene Zirkondioxid. Stärker basische Katalysatoren werden durch Modifizierung von ZrO<sub>2 </sub>mit Kalium erhalten. Diese haben eine breitere Verteilung der Basenstärke als die modifizierten wässrigen ZrO<sub>2 </sub>-Katalysatoren. Kalium modifiziertes ZrO<sub>2 </sub>gibt hohe Ausbeuten und hohe <em>cis/trans</em> Verhältnisse in der Doppelbindungsisomerisierung von1-Buten. Obwohl das Kalium modifizierte Zirconia hohe katalytische Aktivität und Selektivität aufweist, ist es als Basenkatalysator für die Michael Addition in der flüssigen Phase wenig geeignet, da es Leaching-Effekte zeigt.</p>
			<p>
				<strong>Kapitel 5: </strong>Es wurde der Einfluss der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Säure-Basen-Eigenschaften auf die katalytische Wirkung von calcinierten Hydrotalciten untersucht. Diese zeigen bei den Zusammensetzungen (Mg/Al = 0.6, 1.4, 2.2, 3.0) Lewis saure, Brønsted basische und Lewis basische Zentren. Die Al-reichen Proben (Mg/Al Verhältnis 0.6) besitzen Lewis saure Zentren in vergleichbarer Stärke wie im Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> und jedoch stärkere als in den Mg-reichen Hydrotalciten. Calcinierte Hydrotalcite können Michael-Additionen wie 2-methylcyclohexan-1,3-dion, 2-acetylcyclopentanon, and 2-acetylcyclohexanon zu Methyl-vinyl keton mit 100% Selektivität katalysieren. Dabei hat sich eine nichtlineare Korrelation zwischen dem Mg-Gehalt und der katalytischen Aktivität ergeben. Die katalytische Aktivität korreliert dagegen jedoch mit der Anzahl der basischen Zentren, die mikrokalorimetrisch mit Benzoesäure bestimmt wurden. Ein optimales Säure-Base Gleichgewicht der Al-reichen Hydrotalcite macht diese zu ausgezeichneten Katalysatoren in Michael-Additionen von zahlreichen 1,3-Dionen, unabhängig von ihrem p<em>K</em>
				<sub>a </sub>Wert.</p>
			<p>
				<citenumber id="N15392" start="129"/>
				<strong>Kapitel 6:</strong> Es wird ein neuartiges Katalysatorsystem beschrieben, dass nach einer Sol-Gel-Methode hergestellt wurde. Ein amorphes Material der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung von Mg(O,F) mit einer aussergewöhnlich hohen Oberfläche kann nach einem 2-Stufenprozess in einer Fluorierungs-Hydrolyse-Reaktion vom Sol-Gel-Typ hergestellt werden. Verschiedene fluorierte Species in der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung Mg(O,F) wurden durch <sup>19</sup>F MAS NMR und XPS nachgewiesen. Mg(O,F)-Materialien mit einem geeigneten F Anteil können als effiziente und selektiv wirkende Katalysatoren in Michael-Additionen fungieren. Katalysatoren mit einem molaren Verhältnis von F/Mg wie 1.6 haben die besten Ergebnisse in diesen Reaktionen gezeigt mit einer Ausbeute von 90% und Selektivitäten von 100% bei Raumtemperatur in einer Reaktionszeit von 24 h. Die erfolgreiche kontrollierte Einführung von F und OH Gruppen in die MgO Strukturen erlaubt es die Säure-Basen-Eigenschaften des Katalysators in der gewünschten Weise einzustellen. Damit ermöglicht diese neuartige Methode die Herstellung von wirksamen bifunktionellen Materialien für katalytische Zwecke mit besonderen Anforderungen an Menge und Art der notwendigen Säure- und Basenzentren.</p>
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