<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Klinische Kriterien zur Diagnose des  Apallischen Syndroms &#8211; APS</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Axel Lipp</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_1" part="chapter1" ref="Kap_1" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10044" part="chapter1" ref="N10044" type="pagenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1005A" part="chapter1" ref="N1005A" type="pagenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10067" part="chapter2" ref="N10067" type="pagenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1006C" part="chapter2" ref="N1006C" type="section">2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_21" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_21" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1009D" part="chapter2" ref="N1009D" type="pagenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100A7" part="chapter2" ref="N100A7" type="section">2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_22" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_22" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1010D" part="chapter2" ref="N1010D" type="pagenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10113" part="chapter2" ref="N10113" type="section">2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_24" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_24" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10132" part="chapter2" ref="N10132" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10139" part="chapter2" ref="N10139" type="pagenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101F5" part="chapter2" ref="N101F5" type="section">2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_23" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_23" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1020D" part="chapter2" ref="N1020D" type="section">2.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_25" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_25" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1022A" part="chapter2" ref="N1022A" type="pagenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10235" part="chapter2" ref="N10235" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N102BE" part="chapter2" ref="N102BE" type="mm">247#282</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_2_1" part="chapter2" ref="Abb_2_1" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102E3" part="chapter2" ref="N102E3" type="section">2.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_26" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_26" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102EA" part="chapter2" ref="N102EA" type="pagenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102F2" part="chapter2" ref="N102F2" type="subsection">2.6.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_261" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_261" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10309" part="chapter2" ref="N10309" type="subsection">2.6.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_262" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_262" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1031E" part="chapter2" ref="N1031E" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10327" part="chapter2" ref="N10327" type="subsection">2.6.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_263" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_263" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1033A" part="chapter2" ref="N1033A" type="subsection">2.6.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_264" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_264" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10352" part="chapter2" ref="N10352" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10358" part="chapter2" ref="N10358" type="subsection">2.6.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_265" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_265" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1036C" part="chapter2" ref="N1036C" type="section">2.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_2_7" part="chapter2" ref="Kap_2_7" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10397" part="chapter2" ref="N10397" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_3" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_3" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103A8" part="chapter3" ref="N103A8" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103D4" part="chapter3" ref="N103D4" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103DF" part="chapter3" ref="N103DF" type="section">3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_31" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_31" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103EA" part="chapter3" ref="N103EA" type="subsection">3.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_311" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_311" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103F7" part="chapter3" ref="N103F7" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103FD" part="chapter3" ref="N103FD" type="subsection">3.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_312" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_312" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10440" part="chapter3" ref="N10440" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1044F" part="chapter3" ref="N1044F" type="subsection">3.1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_313" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_313" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1045B" part="chapter3" ref="N1045B" type="subsection">3.1.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_314" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_314" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10474" part="chapter3" ref="N10474" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_3_1" part="chapter3" ref="Tabelle_3_1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N105D5" part="chapter3" ref="N105D5" type="subsection">3.1.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_315" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_315" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N105DC" part="chapter3" ref="N105DC" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10603" part="chapter3" ref="N10603" type="section">3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_32" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_32" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1060A" part="chapter3" ref="N1060A" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10632" part="chapter3" ref="N10632" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N106E6" part="chapter3" ref="N106E6" type="subsection">3.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_321" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_321" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N106F0" part="chapter3" ref="N106F0" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1073B" part="chapter3" ref="N1073B" type="subsection">3.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_322" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_322" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10766" part="chapter3" ref="N10766" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1076D" part="chapter3" ref="N1076D" type="subsection">3.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_323" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_323" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10780" part="chapter3" ref="N10780" type="section">3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_33" part="chapter3" ref="Kap_33" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N107A0" part="chapter3" ref="N107A0" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107AE" part="chapter4" ref="N107AE" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107B3" part="chapter4" ref="N107B3" type="section">4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_41" part="chapter4" ref="Kap_41" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N107CD" part="chapter4" ref="N107CD" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107D6" part="chapter4" ref="N107D6" type="section">4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_42" part="chapter4" ref="Kap_42" type="link"/><cms:entry id="Tabelle_4_1" part="chapter4" ref="Tabelle_4_1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1082B" part="chapter4" ref="N1082B" type="section">4.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_43" part="chapter4" ref="Kap_43" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10832" part="chapter4" ref="N10832" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_4_2" part="chapter4" ref="Tabelle_4_2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tabelle_4_3" part="chapter4" ref="Tabelle_4_3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N108D9" part="chapter4" ref="N108D9" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CCA" part="chapter5" ref="N10CCA" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CCF" part="chapter5" ref="N10CCF" type="section">5.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_51" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_51" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10CDA" part="chapter5" ref="N10CDA" type="subsection">5.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_511" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_511" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10CE5" part="chapter5" ref="N10CE5" type="block">5.1.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_5111" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_5111" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10CF4" part="chapter5" ref="N10CF4" type="block">5.1.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_5112" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_5112" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D00" part="chapter5" ref="N10D00" type="block">5.1.1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_5113" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_5113" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D07" part="chapter5" ref="N10D07" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D4D" part="chapter5" ref="N10D4D" type="subsection">5.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D55" part="chapter5" ref="N10D55" type="block">5.1.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_5121" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_5121" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D5C" part="chapter5" ref="N10D5C" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D65" part="chapter5" ref="N10D65" type="block">5.1.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_5122" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_5122" type="link"/><cms:entry id="Tabelle_5_1" part="chapter5" ref="Tabelle_5_1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10DFA" part="chapter5" ref="N10DFA" type="block">5.1.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_5123_Charakteristk_motrischer_Rkt" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_5123_Charakteristk_motrischer_Rkt" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E1F" part="chapter5" ref="N10E1F" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_5_1" part="chapter5" ref="Abb_5_1" type="mm">624#227</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E31" part="chapter5" ref="N10E31" type="subsection">5.1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_513" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_513" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E3E" part="chapter5" ref="N10E3E" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_5_2" part="chapter5" ref="Tabelle_5_2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11208" part="chapter5" ref="N11208" type="subsection">5.1.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_514" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_514" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1120F" part="chapter5" ref="N1120F" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11245" part="chapter5" ref="N11245" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_5_3" part="chapter5" ref="Tabelle_5_3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11662" part="chapter5" ref="N11662" type="subsection">5.1.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_515" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_515" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11669" part="chapter5" ref="N11669" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11683" part="chapter5" ref="N11683" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1168A" part="chapter5" ref="N1168A" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118BB" part="chapter5" ref="N118BB" type="section">5.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118D0" part="chapter5" ref="N118D0" type="subsection">5.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_521_EEG_Befund" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_521_EEG_Befund" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N118DD" part="chapter5" ref="N118DD" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_5_5" part="chapter5" ref="Tabelle_5_5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1191F" part="chapter5" ref="N1191F" type="mm">934#506</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1192B" part="chapter5" ref="N1192B" type="subsection">5.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1192F" part="chapter5" ref="N1192F" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11934" part="chapter5" ref="N11934" type="block">5.2.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_5221" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_5221" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11940" part="chapter5" ref="N11940" type="block">5.2.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_5222" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_5222" type="link"/><cms:entry id="Tabelle_5_6" part="chapter5" ref="Tabelle_5_6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11963" part="chapter5" ref="N11963" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11981" part="chapter5" ref="N11981" type="mm">934#408</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1198D" part="chapter5" ref="N1198D" type="block">5.2.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_5223" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_5223" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11994" part="chapter5" ref="N11994" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119A3" part="chapter5" ref="N119A3" type="section">5.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_53" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_53" type="link"/><cms:entry id="Tabelle_5_7" part="chapter5" ref="Tabelle_5_7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11B1C" part="chapter5" ref="N11B1C" type="subsection">5.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_531" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_531" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11B23" part="chapter5" ref="N11B23" type="pagenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B2C" part="chapter5" ref="N11B2C" type="subsection">5.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_532" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_532" type="link"/><cms:entry id="Abb_5_2" part="chapter5" ref="Abb_5_2" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11B44" part="chapter5" ref="N11B44" type="mm">616#259</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_5_8" part="chapter5" ref="Tabelle_5_8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11C3B" part="chapter5" ref="N11C3B" type="subsection">5.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_533" part="chapter5" ref="Kap_533" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11C48" part="chapter5" ref="N11C48" type="mm">495#282</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C5B" part="chapter6" ref="N11C5B" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C60" part="chapter6" ref="N11C60" type="section">6.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_61" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_61" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11C99" part="chapter6" ref="N11C99" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11C9F" part="chapter6" ref="N11C9F" type="section">6.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CA4" part="chapter6" ref="N11CA4" type="subsection">6.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_621" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_621" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11CC7" part="chapter6" ref="N11CC7" type="block">6.2.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_6211" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_6211" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11CCE" part="chapter6" ref="N11CCE" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CEB" part="chapter6" ref="N11CEB" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11CF2" part="chapter6" ref="N11CF2" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11FFC" part="chapter6" ref="N11FFC" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1203E" part="chapter6" ref="N1203E" type="block">6.2.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_6212_stim" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_6212_stim" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12048" part="chapter6" ref="N12048" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12080" part="chapter6" ref="N12080" type="pagenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120A6" part="chapter6" ref="N120A6" type="subsection">6.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_622_Habituation" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_622_Habituation" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref482087668" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref482087668" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N120C6" part="chapter6" ref="N120C6" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1210F" part="chapter6" ref="N1210F" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12136" part="chapter6" ref="N12136" type="subsection">6.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_623" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_623" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1213D" part="chapter6" ref="N1213D" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1216D" part="chapter6" ref="N1216D" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121AE" part="chapter6" ref="N121AE" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121D7" part="chapter6" ref="N121D7" type="pagenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1221E" part="chapter6" ref="N1221E" type="pagenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12224" part="chapter6" ref="N12224" type="subsection">6.2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_624" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_624" type="link"/><cms:entry id="Tabelle_6_2" part="chapter6" ref="Tabelle_6_2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12262" part="chapter6" ref="N12262" type="pagenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12696" part="chapter6" ref="N12696" type="pagenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N126CE" part="chapter6" ref="N126CE" type="pagenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_6_3" part="chapter6" ref="Tabelle_6_3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12825" part="chapter6" ref="N12825" type="section">6.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12829" part="chapter6" ref="N12829" type="pagenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1282E" part="chapter6" ref="N1282E" type="subsection">6.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_631" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_631" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1289F" part="chapter6" ref="N1289F" type="pagenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128F0" part="chapter6" ref="N128F0" type="pagenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1293C" part="chapter6" ref="N1293C" type="pagenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12976" part="chapter6" ref="N12976" type="pagenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_6_4_Pat" part="chapter6" ref="Tabelle_6_4_Pat" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12AB4" part="chapter6" ref="N12AB4" type="pagenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_6_5_EEG_Lit" part="chapter6" ref="Tabelle_6_5_EEG_Lit" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12ADC" part="chapter6" ref="N12ADC" type="pagenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F88" part="chapter6" ref="N12F88" type="subsection">6.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_632" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_632" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12F8F" part="chapter6" ref="N12F8F" type="pagenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_6_6" part="chapter6" ref="Tabelle_6_6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12FC7" part="chapter6" ref="N12FC7" type="pagenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13393" part="chapter6" ref="N13393" type="block">6.3.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_6321" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_6321" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1339A" part="chapter6" ref="N1339A" type="pagenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_6_7" part="chapter6" ref="Tabelle_6_7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13411" part="chapter6" ref="N13411" type="pagenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N134DD" part="chapter6" ref="N134DD" type="block">6.3.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_6322_AEP" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_6322_AEP" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N13513" part="chapter6" ref="N13513" type="pagenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_6_8_FAEP" part="chapter6" ref="Tabelle_6_8_FAEP" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N136F4" part="chapter6" ref="N136F4" type="pagenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_6_9" part="chapter6" ref="Tabelle_6_9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13737" part="chapter6" ref="N13737" type="mm">624#442</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13752" part="chapter6" ref="N13752" type="pagenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tabelle_6_10" part="chapter6" ref="Tabelle_6_10" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1378C" part="chapter6" ref="N1378C" type="mm">623#470</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N137A5" part="chapter6" ref="N137A5" type="pagenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1380D" part="chapter6" ref="N1380D" type="block">6.3.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_6323" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_6323" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N13814" part="chapter6" ref="N13814" type="pagenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13829" part="chapter6" ref="N13829" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1384A" part="chapter6" ref="N1384A" type="mm">623#428</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13857" part="chapter6" ref="N13857" type="pagenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13869" part="chapter6" ref="N13869" type="block">6.3.2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_6324" part="chapter6" ref="Kap_6324" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1389E" part="chapter6" ref="N1389E" type="pagenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter7" part="chapter7" ref="chapter7" type="chapter">7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_7" part="chapter7" ref="Kap_7" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N138CA" part="chapter7" ref="N138CA" type="pagenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_7_1" part="chapter7" ref="Tab_7_1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N138E7" part="chapter7" ref="N138E7" type="pagenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13BE6" part="chapter7" ref="N13BE6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13BED" part="chapter7" ref="N13BED" type="pagenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_7_2" part="chapter7" ref="Tab_7_2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13E7D" part="chapter7" ref="N13E7D" type="pagenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N140EE" part="chapter7" ref="N140EE" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N140F5" part="chapter7" ref="N140F5" type="pagenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter8" part="chapter8" ref="chapter8" type="chapter">8.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_8" part="chapter8" ref="Kap_8" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14389" part="chapter8" ref="N14389" type="pagenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1439F" part="chapter8" ref="N1439F" type="pagenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N143A9" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N143AB" part="N143AB" ref="N143AB" type="appendix">
				
				Anlagen</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N143AD" part="N143AB" ref="N143AD" type="head"/><cms:entry id="Kap_9" part="N143AB" ref="Kap_9" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N143B2" part="N143AB" ref="N143B2" type="pagenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N143B7" part="N143AB" ref="N143B7" type="p"/><cms:entry id="Tabelle_9_1" part="N143AB" ref="Tabelle_9_1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1493A" part="N1493A" ref="N1493A" type="acknowledgement">
				
				Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kap_10" part="N1493A" ref="Kap_10" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14941" part="N1493A" ref="N14941" type="pagenumber">85</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14950" part="N14950" ref="N14950" type="abbreviation">
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ref="_bib102" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib91" part="N14C40" ref="_bib91" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib56" part="N14C40" ref="_bib56" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib77" part="N14C40" ref="_bib77" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib78" part="N14C40" ref="_bib78" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib107" part="N14C40" ref="_bib107" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib105" part="N14C40" ref="_bib105" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib110" part="N14C40" ref="_bib110" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib111" part="N14C40" ref="_bib111" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib87" part="N14C40" ref="_bib87" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib86" part="N14C40" ref="_bib86" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib92" part="N14C40" ref="_bib92" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib79" part="N14C40" ref="_bib79" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib80" part="N14C40" ref="_bib80" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib81" part="N14C40" ref="_bib81" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib82" part="N14C40" ref="_bib82" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib83" part="N14C40" ref="_bib83" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="_bib84" part="N14C40" ref="_bib84" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="N15A86" part="N14C40" ref="N15A86" type="pagenumber">87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="RMRefList_Diss_final_19_3_04_citation" part="N14C40" ref="RMRefList_Diss_final_19_3_04_citation" type="link"/><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><school>Aus der Klinik für Neurologie<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité &#8211; Universitätsmedizin Berlin</school><submission>DISSERTATION</submission><title>Klinische Kriterien zur Diagnose des <br/>Apallischen Syndroms &#8211; APS</title><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades <br/>Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité &#8211; Universitätsmedizin Berlin</major><author>von  <given>Axel</given>
			<surname>Lipp</surname>
			<suffix>aus Torgau / Elbe</suffix>
		</author><dean>Dekan: Prof. Dr. Martin Paul</dean><approvals>
			<name>PD Dr. G. Arnold </name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. H. Angstwurm</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. K.-H. Mauritz </name>
		</approvals><date>Datum der Promotion: 25.04.2005</date><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1.</link> 
				
				Einleitung</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2.</link> 
				Das Apallische Syndrom und seine Differentialdiagnosen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1006C">2.1.</link> 
					Entwicklung des Begriffs &#8211; Apallisches Syndrom</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100A7">2.2.</link> 
					Definition des Apallischen Syndroms</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10113">2.3.</link> 
					Verlauf und Prognose des Apallischen Syndroms</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101F5">2.4.</link> 
					Häufigkeit des Apallischen Syndroms</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1020D">2.5.</link> 
					Ätiologie des Apallischen Syndroms</p></li><li><p><link ref="N102E3">2.6.</link> 
					
					Verwandte klinische Syndrome<ul><li><p><link ref="N102F2">2.6.1.</link> 
						Das Locked-In Syndrom</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10309">2.6.2.</link> 
						Der Akinetische Mutismus</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10327">2.6.3.</link> 
						Das Koma</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1033A">2.6.4.</link> 
						Der Minimally consciousness state &#8211; MCS </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10358">2.6.5.</link> 
						Der Hirntod</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1036C">2.7.</link> 
					Ziele der Arbeit</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3.</link> 
				
				Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N103DF">3.1.</link> 
					Methoden des klinischen Untersuchungsblocks<ul><li><p><link ref="N103EA">3.1.1.</link> 
						Untersuchung des motorischen Profils in Ruhe</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103FD">3.1.2.</link> 
						Untersuchung des motorischen Profils unter Stimulation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1044F">3.1.3.</link> 
						Primitivreflexe</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1045B">3.1.4.</link> 
						Habituationsfähigkeit</p></li><li><p><link ref="N105D5">3.1.5.</link> 
						
						Augenbewegungen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10603">3.2.</link> 
					
					Der apparative Untersuchungsblock<ul><li><p><link ref="N106E6">3.2.1.</link> 
						Elektroenzephalographie - EEG</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1073B">3.2.2.</link> 
						Evozierte Potentiale - EP</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1076D">3.2.3.</link> 
						Transkranielle Dopplersonographie - TCD</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10780">3.3.</link> 
					Langzeituntersuchungen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4.</link> 
				Auswahl der Patienten<ul><li><p><link ref="N107B3">4.1.</link> 
					Patientenrekrutierung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N107D6">4.2.</link> 
					Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1082B">4.3.</link> 
					
					Patientencharakteristik</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5.</link> 
				Ergebnisse der Untersuchung apallischer Patienten<ul><li><p><link ref="N10CCF">5.1.</link> 
					Ergebnisse der klinischen Untersuchungen <ul><li><p><link ref="N10CDA">5.1.1.</link> 
						Motorisches Profil ohne Stimulation<ul><li><p><link ref="N10CE5">5.1.1.1.</link> 
							Muskeltonus</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CF4">5.1.1.2.</link> 
							Lage und Haltung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D00">5.1.1.3.</link> 
							
							Spontanmotorik </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D4D">5.1.2.</link> Motorisches Profil unter Stimulation<ul><li><p><link ref="N10D55">5.1.2.1.</link> 
							
							Auslösbarkeit motorischer Reaktionen und Weckreaktion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D65">5.1.2.2.</link> 
							Reizqualität</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DFA">5.1.2.3.</link> 
							Charakteristik der motorischen Reaktionen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E31">5.1.3.</link> 
						Primitivreflexe</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11208">5.1.4.</link> 
						
						Okulomotorik im Apallischen Syndrom</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11662">5.1.5.</link> 
						
						Habituation apallischer Patienten</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N118BB">5.2.</link> Ergebnisse der apparativen Untersuchungen <ul><li><p><link ref="N118D0">5.2.1.</link> 
						Elektroenzephalographische Untersuchung apallischer Patienten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1192B">5.2.2.</link> 
						Evozierte Potentiale bei Patienten im APS (EP)<ul><li><p><link ref="N11934">5.2.2.1.</link> 
							Somatosensibel evozierte Potentiale - SEP </p></li><li><p><link ref="N11940">5.2.2.2.</link> 
							Akustisch evozierte Potentiale - AEP</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1198D">5.2.2.3.</link> 
							
							Visuell evozierte Potentiale - VEP</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N119A3">5.3.</link> 
					Langzeituntersuchung von Patienten im APS<ul><li><p><link ref="N11B1C">5.3.1.</link> 
						
						Gesamtschlafzeit</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11B2C">5.3.2.</link> 
						Schlaf- / Wachrhythmus</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11C3B">5.3.3.</link> 
						Rhythmik und externe Zeitgeber</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6.</link> 
				Diskussion der Befunde<ul><li><p><link ref="N11C60">6.1.</link> 
					Stand der aktuellen Literatur zum APS</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11C9F">6.2.</link> Diskussion der klinischen Untersuchungsbefunde <ul><li><p><link ref="N11CA4">6.2.1.</link> 
						Das motorische Profil apallischer Patienten<ul><li><p><link ref="N11CC7">6.2.1.1.</link> 
							
							Das motorische Profil des APS unter Ruhebedingungen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1203E">6.2.1.2.</link> 
							Das motorische Profil des APS unter Stimulation</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N120A6">6.2.2.</link> 
						Habituation bei Patienten im APS</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12136">6.2.3.</link> 
						
						Okulomotorik bei Patienten im APS</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12224">6.2.4.</link> 
						Schlaf, Wachheit und andere zirkadiane Prozesse im APS</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12825">6.3.</link> 
					Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen im Apallischen Syndrom<ul><li><p><link ref="N1282E">6.3.1.</link> 
						Elektroenzephalographische Untersuchung apallischer Patienten </p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F88">6.3.2.</link> 
						
						Evozierte Potentiale (EP) im Apallischen Syndrom<ul><li><p><link ref="N13393">6.3.2.1.</link> 
							
							Somatosensibel evozierte Potentiale &#8211; SEP</p></li><li><p><link ref="N134DD">6.3.2.2.</link> 
							Akustisch evozierte Potentiale &#8211; AEP</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1380D">6.3.2.3.</link> 
							
							Visuell evozierte Potentiale &#8211; VEP</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13869">6.3.2.4.</link> 
							Zusammenfassung der EP-Befunde</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter7">7.</link> 
				
				Schlüsselsymptome des Apallischen Syndroms</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter8">8.</link> 
				
				Zusammenfassung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N143AB">
				
				Anlagen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1493A">
				
				Danksagung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14950">
				Abkürzungsverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14C40">Literaturverzeichnis</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10132">
							
							<strong>Tabelle 2 &#8209; 1</strong>Prognose des Apallischen Syndroms in Abhängigkeit der Ätiologie[10] *12 Monate nach dem Trauma bestehen bei 7% der APS Patienten nur noch leichte Defizite (good recovery nach der Glasgow Outcome Scale). Kognitive Fähigkeiten waren bei einem Großteil dieser Patienten allerdings schon innerhalb von 3 Monaten, bei nahezu allen Patienten innerhalb von 6 Monaten nachweisbar. Die Inzidenz eines good recovery (GOS) nach mehr als 6 Monaten in einem APS beträgt nur 0,5%. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10235">
							<strong>Tabelle 2 &#8211; 2</strong>Mögliche Ursachen eines Apallischen Syndroms</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_3_1">
								<strong>Tabelle 3 &#8209; 1</strong>Untersuchungen des klinischen Untersuchungsblocks</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10632">
							<strong>Tabelle 3 &#8209; 2</strong>Zahl elektrophysiologisch untersuchter apallischer Patienten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_4_1">
							<strong>Tabelle 4 &#8209; 1</strong>Kriterien zur Diagnose des Apallischen Syndroms und zum Einschluss der Patienten in die Untersuchungsreihe (in Anlehnung an die MSTF[11])</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_4_2">
							<strong>Tabelle 4 &#8209; 2</strong>Differenzierung der Patienten nach der Dauer des APS </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_4_3">
							
							<strong>Tabelle 4 &#8209; 3</strong>Charakterisierung der Patienten anhand der Ätiologie, der Pathogenese und der Diagnose. (<em color="#808080" slant="roman"/>...Studieneinschluss; <em color="#808080" slant="roman"/>...Studienausschluss; SHT: Schädel-Hirn Trauma; VS- = Dauer des APS &lt; 1 Monat; VS = Dauer des APS 1 &#8209; 3 Monate; PVS = Dauer des APS &gt; 3 Monate).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_5_1">
									<strong>Tabelle 5 &#8209; 1</strong>Einfluss der Stimulusqualität auf reizkorrelierte motorische Reaktionen apallischer Patienten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_5_2">
								<strong>Tabelle 5 &#8211; 2</strong>Motorprofile apallischer Patienten (VR= visueller Reiz; AR = akustischer Reiz; SR = Schmerzreiz; UE = untere Extremität; OE = obere Extremität)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_5_3">
								<strong>Tabelle 5 &#8211; 3</strong>Augenstellung und Augenbewegung apallischer Patienten in Ruhe und nach akustischer, visueller und sensibler Stimulation. (OKN &#8211; Optokinetischer Nystagmus)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11683">
								
								<strong>Tabelle 5 &#8211; 4</strong>Habituation der Lidreaktion nach taktiler Reizung der Glabella Region und nach akustischer Reizung. (k.H. &#8211; keine Habituation; keine Reaktion &#8211; keine reflektorische Lidreaktion infolge akustischer Stimulation)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_5_5">
								<strong>Tabelle 5 - 5</strong> EEG-Befunde apallischer Patienten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_5_6">
									
									<strong>Tabelle 5 &#8209; 6</strong>SEP, AEP und VEP Befunde apallischer Patienten. Innerhalb der SEP wurde zwischen peripheren Störungen (N13) und zentralen Störungen (N20) unterschieden. Der Verlust der AEP Wellen I &#8211; III entspricht einer Perzeptionsstörung. Als Hirnstammstörung wurde der Verlust der Welle V oder der Interpeaklatenz III &#8211; V gewertet. Bei den VEP wurde ausschließlich die Auslösbarkeit der Welle P100 beurteilt. (n.d. &#8211; Untersuchung nicht auswertbar)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_5_7">
							<strong>Tabelle 5 &#8209; 7</strong>Verteilung von Wachheit und Schlaf bei apallischen Patienten innerhalb eines 24-Stunden-Intervalls</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_5_8">
								<strong>Tabelle 5 &#8211; 8</strong>Analyse der Schlaf- und Wachphasen apallischer Patienten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CEB">
									
									<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8209; 1</strong>Literaturübersicht über motorischer Muster Apallischer Patienten. Die Angaben beruhen auf der Auswertung von Fallbeschreibungen apallischer Patienten. Der Umfang klinischer Angaben ist in diesen Dokumentationen oftmals sehr gering.  (k.A. = keine Angaben; AR / VR / SR = Reaktion auf akustischen-, visuellen-, Schmerzreiz; CMR = Corneo-Mandibular Reflex).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_6_2">
								
								<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8209; 2 </strong>Augenbewegungen apallischer Patienten (OKN &#8211; Optokinetischer Reflex; OCR &#8211; Okulozephaler Reflex; VOR &#8211; Vestibulo-okulärer Reflex; roving &#8211; schwimmende konjugierte Augenbewegungen; k.A. &#8211; keine Angaben)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_6_3">
								<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8211; 3</strong>Literatur zu Wachheit und Schlaf sowie zu anderen zirkadianen und ultradianen Rhythmen bei apallischen Patienten.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_6_4_Pat">
								<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8211; 4</strong>Klinische Charakteristika der apallischen Patienten mit erhaltener EEG-Reaktivität auf externe Stimulation </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_6_5_EEG_Lit">
								
								<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8211; 5</strong>Literaturübersicht zu EEG - Befunden im APS (leere Felder = keine Angaben in der Literaturstelle) - Fortsetzung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_6_6">
								
								<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8211; 6</strong>Befunde evozierter Potentiale (EP) apallischer Patienten (SHT = Schädelhirntrauma; CCT= central conduction time; SEP &#8595; ~ klinischer Verlauf &#8595; = Korrelation zwischen pathologischem SEP und schlechtem klinischen Verlauf)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_6_7">
									<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8211; 7 </strong>Klinische Charakteristika der apallischen Patienten mit physiologischen SEP Befunden</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_6_8_FAEP">
									<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8211; 8</strong>Klinische Charakteristika von apallischen Patienten mit physiologischen Untersuchungsergebnissen akustisch evozierter Potentiale (AEP); (VS &#8209; vegetative state; PVS  &#8209; APS)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_6_9">
									<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8211; 9</strong>Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (P<sub>300</sub>) im APS</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_6_10">
									<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8211; 10</strong>Literaturübersicht ereigniskorrelierter Potentiale (P<sub>300</sub>) im APS (VS: vegetative state; MCS: minimally consciousness state; PCU: post-coma-unawareness-state; SHT: Schädelhirntrauma)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13829">
									<strong>Tabelle 6 &#8211; 11</strong>Visuell evozierte Potentiale (VEP) im APS und bei Patienten im Hirntod/Hirnstammtod</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tab_7_1">
						
						<strong>Tabelle 7 &#8209; 1</strong>Systematik klinischer Untersuchungsbefunde im Apallischen Syndrom</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13BE6">
						Tabelle 7 &#8209; 1<em>Fortsetzung</em>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tab_7_2">
						
						<strong>Tabelle 7 &#8209; 2</strong>Systematik paraklinischer Untersuchungsergebnisse im Apallischen Syndrom.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N140EE">
						
						<strong>Tabelle 7 &#8209; 2</strong>
						<em>Fortsetzung</em>
					</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="Tabelle_9_1">
						<strong>Tabelle 9 &#8209; 1</strong>Übersicht über Ätiologie und Verlauf des APS der Studienpatienten (VS- = Dauer des APS &lt; 1 Monat; VS = Dauer des APS 1 &#8211; 3 Monat2; PVS = Dauer des APS &gt; 3 Monate; Prä APS = Dauer des APS vor Aufnahme des Patienten; post APS = Dauer des APS bis zur telefonischen Telefonvisite bzw. bis zum Zeitpunkt des Todes des Patienten.</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N102BE">
							
							<strong>Abbildung 2 &#8209; 1</strong>Typische Lokalisation von Läsion des afferenten Systems beim APS. Eine diffuse laminäre Nekrose des Kortex (<strong>1</strong>) entwickelt sich vor allem infolge hypoxischer oder ischämischer Ereignisse. Die erheblichen Scherkräfte, die bei Verkehrsunfällen auf subkortikal gelegene Axone wirken, führen zum Zerreißen thalamokortikaler und kortikoretikulärer Bahnen (<strong>2</strong>). Bilaterale Blutungen im Bereich des Thalamus (<strong>3</strong>) wie im Fall von K.A. Quinlan[20]<em color="#000080" slant="roman"> sind s</em>elten Ursachen eines APS. Mittelliniennahe, lakunäre Infarkte im Bereich der Formatio reticularis (<strong>4</strong>) können ebenfalls zu massiven Schäden des aufsteigenden aktivierenden retikulären Systems (ARAS) führen und somit Ursache eines APS sein.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11B44">
								<strong>Abbildung 5 &#8209; 2</strong>Spektralanalyse der Phasendauer offener und geschlossener Augen bei apallischen Patienten innerhalb eines 24-Stunden-Intervalls</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11C48">
								<strong>Abbildung 5 &#8209; 3</strong>kumulative Augen-offen-Zeit in Abhängigkeit von der Tageszeit</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>