<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">GENOME-WIDE SCREENING OF LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY IN HUMAN MIDGUT CARCINOID TUMORS WITH FLUORESCENT TECHNIQUE</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Ruth Mari Caroline Löllgen</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10097" part="N10097" ref="N10097" type="preface">
				Vorwort</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1009B" part="N10097" ref="N1009B" type="pagenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100C3" part="N10097" ref="N100C3" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100CE" part="chapter1" ref="N100CE" type="section">1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100D7" part="chapter1" ref="N100D7" type="section">1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100E0" part="chapter1" ref="N100E0" type="section">1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100F2" part="chapter1" ref="N100F2" type="section">1.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10102" part="chapter2" ref="N10102" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10107" part="chapter2" ref="N10107" type="section">2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10119" part="chapter2" ref="N10119" type="section">2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10128" part="chapter2" ref="N10128" type="section">2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10143" part="chapter2" ref="N10143" type="section">2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10154" part="chapter3" ref="N10154" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1015F" part="chapter3" ref="N1015F" type="section">3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1016B" part="chapter3" ref="N1016B" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1018B" part="chapter3" ref="N1018B" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10190" part="chapter3" ref="N10190" type="subsection">3.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10195" part="chapter3" ref="N10195" type="block">3.1.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101A6" part="chapter3" ref="N101A6" type="block">3.1.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101B2" part="chapter3" ref="N101B2" type="subsection">3.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101B7" part="chapter3" ref="N101B7" type="block">3.1.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101BE" part="chapter3" ref="N101BE" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101CA" part="chapter3" ref="N101CA" type="block">3.1.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101DB" part="chapter3" ref="N101DB" type="section">3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101DF" part="chapter3" ref="N101DF" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101FC" part="chapter3" ref="N101FC" type="section">3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10204" part="chapter3" ref="N10204" type="subsection">3.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10208" part="chapter3" ref="N10208" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10211" part="chapter3" ref="N10211" type="subsection">3.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1021A" part="chapter3" ref="N1021A" type="subsection">3.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1022D" part="chapter3" ref="N1022D" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1023D" part="chapter3" ref="N1023D" type="section">3.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10242" part="chapter3" ref="N10242" type="subsection">3.4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10247" part="chapter3" ref="N10247" type="block">3.4.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10259" part="chapter3" ref="N10259" type="block">3.4.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10266" part="chapter3" ref="N10266" type="subsection">3.4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10270" part="chapter3" ref="N10270" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10279" part="chapter3" ref="N10279" type="subsection">3.4.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10282" part="chapter3" ref="N10282" type="subsection">3.4.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1028E" part="chapter3" ref="N1028E" type="subsection">3.4.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10297" part="chapter3" ref="N10297" type="subsection">3.4.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102A0" part="chapter3" ref="N102A0" type="subsection">3.4.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102AA" part="chapter3" ref="N102AA" type="section">3.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102AE" part="chapter3" ref="N102AE" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102BD" part="chapter3" ref="N102BD" type="section">3.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102C2" part="chapter3" ref="N102C2" type="subsection">3.6.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102CC" part="chapter3" ref="N102CC" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102D3" part="chapter3" ref="N102D3" type="section">3.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102D8" part="chapter3" ref="N102D8" type="subsection">3.7.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102E7" part="chapter4" ref="N102E7" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102EF" part="chapter4" ref="N102EF" type="section">4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102FE" part="chapter4" ref="N102FE" type="section">4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10311" part="chapter4" ref="N10311" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10318" part="chapter4" ref="N10318" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10471" part="chapter4" ref="N10471" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10478" part="chapter4" ref="N10478" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10587" part="chapter4" ref="N10587" type="section">4.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1059C" part="chapter4" ref="N1059C" type="section">4.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105B4" part="chapter4" ref="N105B4" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105E2" part="chapter4" ref="N105E2" type="section">4.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105F9" part="chapter5" ref="N105F9" type="section">5.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1061F" part="chapter5" ref="N1061F" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10628" part="chapter5" ref="N10628" type="section">5.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10660" part="chapter5" ref="N10660" type="section">5.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1068C" part="chapter6" ref="N1068C" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter7" part="chapter7" ref="chapter7" type="chapter">7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106B1" part="chapter7" ref="N106B1" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106B8" part="chapter7" ref="N106B8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref20760729" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref20760729" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter8" part="chapter8" ref="chapter8" type="chapter">8.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1091F" part="chapter8" ref="N1091F" type="section">8.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10930" part="chapter8" ref="N10930" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10942" part="chapter8" ref="N10942" type="section">8.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10961" part="chapter8" ref="N10961" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10967" part="chapter8" ref="N10967" type="section">8.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10986" part="chapter8" ref="N10986" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1099E" part="chapter8" ref="N1099E" type="section">8.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A01" part="chapter8" ref="N10A01" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A61" part="chapter8" ref="N10A61" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10ACC" part="chapter8" ref="N10ACC" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AD0" part="chapter8" ref="N10AD0" type="mm">614#732</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter9" part="chapter9" ref="chapter9" type="chapter">9.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AE8" part="chapter9" ref="N10AE8" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B56" part="chapter9" ref="N10B56" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B5D" part="chapter9" ref="N10B5D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref20761768" part="chapter9" ref="_Ref20761768" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter10" part="chapter10" ref="chapter10" type="chapter">10.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118F4" part="chapter10" ref="N118F4" type="pagenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11982" part="chapter10" ref="N11982" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119DF" part="chapter10" ref="N119DF" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119F1" part="N119F1" ref="N119F1" type="bibliography">
				REFERENCES</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119F5" part="N119F1" ref="N119F5" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BB7" part="N119F1" ref="N11BB7" type="pagenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D8E" part="N119F1" ref="N11D8E" type="pagenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11F84" part="N119F1" ref="N11F84" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1214D" part="N119F1" ref="N1214D" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12348" part="N119F1" ref="N12348" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N124FF" part="N119F1" ref="N124FF" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N126AC" part="N119F1" ref="N126AC" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1286A" part="N119F1" ref="N1286A" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129C8" part="N129C8" ref="N129C8" type="abbreviation">Abbreviations</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129CF" part="N129C8" ref="N129CF" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12D86" part="N12D86" ref="N12D86" type="acknowledgement">
				Acknowledgements</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D8A" part="N12D86" ref="N12D8A" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12DB7" part="N12DB7" ref="N12DB7" type="vita">
				Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12DBB" part="N12DB7" ref="N12DBB" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12DC2" part="N12DB7" ref="N12DC2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12E31" part="N12DB7" ref="N12E31" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12EBE" part="N12DB7" ref="N12EBE" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12EF5" part="N12DB7" ref="N12EF5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12FBF" part="N12DB7" ref="N12FBF" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13046" part="N12DB7" ref="N13046" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13067" part="N12DB7" ref="N13067" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N131A5" part="N12DB7" ref="N131A5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N131F3" part="N12DB7" ref="N131F3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1322D" part="N12DB7" ref="N1322D" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13268" part="N13268" ref="N13268" type="declaration">
				Eidestattliche Erklärung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1326C" part="N13268" ref="N1326C" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":lang">en</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Table of contents</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Help</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><school>
			Aus der Klinik für Innere Medizin<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</school><submission>Dissertation</submission><title>GENOME-WIDE SCREENING OF LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY IN HUMAN MIDGUT CARCINOID TUMORS WITH FLUORESCENT TECHNIQUE</title><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</major><author>von<br/>
			<given>Ruth Mari Caroline</given>
			<surname>Löllgen</surname>
			<suffix>aus Düsseldorf</suffix>
		</author><dean> Prof. Dr. med. Joachim W. Dudenhausen</dean><approvals>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. Wiedenmann</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. Zeitz</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. Arnold</name>
		</approvals><date>Datum der Promotion:14. Juni 2004</date><abstract lang="en">
			<head>
				Abstract</head>
			<p>Background: Midgut carcinoid tumors are rare malignant tumors with origin in the neuroendocrine cells of the small intestine. Due to secretion of a variety of peptide hormones and biogenic amines they cause the carcinoid syndrome. Metastases are often present at first diagnosis. Despite this, patients have a realistic chance to survive for a prolonged period (30% (unresectable/metastatic disease) -79% (non-metastatic disease) 5-year survival rate) if treated by a combination of surgery and medication. Unlike their foregut counterparts, midgut carcinoid tumors are not or rarely associated with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. The genetic back-ground to tumorigenesis of these neoplasms is unknown. In contrast, the events involved in tumorigenesis of gastroenteropancreatic adenocarcinomas are better characterized with frequent mutations e.g. of the Smad4/DPC4, Smad2/MADR2/JV18-1 and DCC genes on chromosome 18.</p>
			<p>Methods: Eight metastatic midgut carcinoids were analysed by a genome-wide screening for loss of heterozygosity using 131 PCR-amplified fluorescent-labelled microsatellite markers. DNA sequence analysis using oligonucleotide primers flanking exons 8-11 of the Smad4/DPC4 gene and immunohistochemical staining with Smad4/DPC4 antibodies was performed.</p>
			<p>Results: Chromosome 18 was deleted in seven out of eight tumors (88%). All but one of these tumors had lost both 18p and 18q, the remaining tumor had lost the long arm but retained the short arm. Several other chromosomal alleles were lost in a subset of the tumors. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 11q13, the MEN 1 locus, was not found. Smad4/DPC4 wild-type sequence and normal immunohistochemical staining for Smad4/DPC4 protein was found for all analysed tumors.</p>
			<p>Conclusions: Our finding of a high frequency of chromosome 18 deletions in 88% of the tumors strongly suggests that midgut carcinoid tumorigenesis might involve inactivation of a candidate tumor suppressor gene located in that region while Smad4/DPC4 is unlikely to be involved in that process. A more detailed analysis of the genetic events in midgut carcinoid tumors is warranted to clarify their neogenetic origin.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="en">
			<keyword>Loss of heterozygosity</keyword>
			<keyword>chromosome 18</keyword>
			<keyword>midgut</keyword>
			<keyword>carcinoid tumor</keyword>
			<keyword>SMAD4/DPC4</keyword>
		</keywords><abstract lang="de">
			<head>Zusammenfassung</head>
			<p>Hintergrund: Karzinoid-Tumoren des embryonalen Mitteldarms sind seltene intestinale neuroendokrine Tumoren, bei denen zum Zeitpunkt der Diagnose häufig Metastasen vorliegen. Im Gegensatz zu Karzinoiden des Vorderdarms und Respirationstraktes sind sie nicht mit der Multiplen Endokrinen Neoplasie Typ 1 (MEN1) vergesellschaftet. Die Mechanismen ihrer Tumorigenesis sind weitgehend unbekannt. </p>
			<p>Methoden: Tumorgewebe acht sporadischer, maligner Dünndarm-Karzinoide war Objekt dieser Studie über Verlust der Heterozygotie ("Loss Of Heterozygosity" (LOH)) mit 131 fluoreszierenden Mikrosatelliten. DNA Sequenz-Analyse mit Oligonucleotid Primern, die Exon 8-11 des SMAD4/DPC4 Gens flankieren sowie immunhistochemische Färbung mit Smad4/DPC4 antikörpern wurde durchgeführt.</p>
			<p>Ergebnis: Chromosom 18 wies Deletionen in 88% der Tumoren auf. Alle außer einem Tumor hatten sowohl 18p als auch 18q verloren, in einem der Tumoren war eine kleine Region telomer zu den SMAD4/DPC4/DCC Genen auf 18q21 verloren. Andere Chromosomen waren nur in drei Tumoren betroffen. LOH auf Chromosom 11q13, dem MEN1 Lokus, wurde nicht gefunden.Sequenzierung der DNA und immunhistochemische Färbung für das SMAD4/DPC4 Gen zeigten keine Aberrationen. </p>
			<p>Diskussion: Die Funde der Chromosom 18 Deletionen weisen eindeutig auf ein entscheidendes Ereignis in der Tumorigenese von Karzinoiden des Mitteldarms hin. An der Entstehung dieser Tumoren könnte ein mutmaßliches Tumor Suppressor Gen beteiligt sein, welches auf Chromosom 18 lokalisiert ist. Dahingegen ist SMAD4/DPC4 wahrscheinlich nicht in die Tumorneogenese von Carcinois Tumoren involviert. </p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="de">
			<keyword>Verlust der Heterozygotie</keyword>
			<keyword>Chromosom 18</keyword>
			<keyword>Mitteldarm</keyword>
			<keyword>Karzinoid</keyword>
			<keyword>SMAD4/DPC4</keyword>
		</keywords><dedication>
			<head>
				Widmung</head>
			<p>Meinen lieben Eltern </p>
		</dedication><freehead id=":contents">Table of contents</freehead><ul><li><link ref="N10097">
				Vorwort</link></li><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1.</link> Zusammenfassung<ul><li><p><link ref="N100CE">1.1.</link> Hintergrund</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100D7">1.2.</link> Methoden</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100E0">1.3.</link> Ergebnis</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100F2">1.4.</link> Diskussion </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2.</link> 
				Abstract<ul><li><p><link ref="N10107">2.1.</link> Background</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10119">2.2.</link> Methods</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10128">2.3.</link> Results</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10143">2.4.</link> Conclusions</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3.</link> 
				Introduction<ul><li><p><link ref="N1015F">3.1.</link> Carcinoid tumors<ul><li><p><link ref="N10190">3.1.1.</link> Features regarding the different carcinoid subgroups<ul><li><p><link ref="N10195">3.1.1.1.</link> &#8226; Foregut carcinoids</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101A6">3.1.1.2.</link> &#8226; Hindgut carcinoids</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N101B2">3.1.2.</link> Midgut carcinoids<ul><li><p><link ref="N101B7">3.1.2.1.</link> Incidence</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101CA">3.1.2.2.</link> Clinical presentation</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N101DB">3.2.</link> 
					The carcinoid syndrome</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101FC">3.3.</link> Diagnosis<ul><li><p><link ref="N10204">3.3.1.</link> 
						Hormones</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10211">3.3.2.</link> Histopathology</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1021A">3.3.3.</link> Radiological and radionuclear examinations</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1023D">3.4.</link> Treatment<ul><li><p><link ref="N10242">3.4.1.</link> Medical treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumors<ul><li><p><link ref="N10247">3.4.1.1.</link> Somatostatin analogues</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10259">3.4.1.2.</link> Interferon-alpha</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10266">3.4.2.</link> Chemotherapy</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10279">3.4.3.</link> Surgery</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10282">3.4.4.</link> Hepatic embolization</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1028E">3.4.5.</link> Radio frequency ablation (RFA)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10297">3.4.6.</link> Cryosurgery</p></li><li><p><link ref="N102A0">3.4.7.</link> Heart valve surgery </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N102AA">3.5.</link> 
					Survival and prognosis</p></li><li><p><link ref="N102BD">3.6.</link> Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)<ul><li><p><link ref="N102C2">3.6.1.</link> Clinical features</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N102D3">3.7.</link> Endocrine pancreas tumors (EPT)<ul><li><p><link ref="N102D8">3.7.1.</link> Clinical features</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4.</link> 
				TUMOR BIOLOGY<ul><li><p><link ref="N102EF">4.1.</link> The cell cycle </p></li><li><p><link ref="N102FE">4.2.</link> Cancer genes</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10587">4.3.</link> Knudson´s two-hit hypothesis about neoplasia</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1059C">4.4.</link> DNA repair </p></li><li><p><link ref="N105E2">4.5.</link> Definition of LOH - Expression of a tumor suppressor gene</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5.</link> GENETIC FEATURES OF ENDOCRINE TUMORS<ul><li><p><link ref="N105F9">5.1.</link> MEN</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10628">5.2.</link> EPT</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10660">5.3.</link> Midgut Carcinoid Tumors</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6.</link> 
				AIMS OF THE INVESTIGATION</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter7">7.</link> PATIENTS AND TUMORS</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter8">8.</link> METHODS<ul><li><p><link ref="N1091F">8.1.</link> The Polymerase Chain Reaction
				</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10942">8.2.</link> The restriction to PCR sensitivity: Genotyping errors caused by taq DNA polymerase</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10967">8.3.</link> DNA extraction and PCR amplification</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1099E">8.4.</link> LOH screening</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter9">9.</link> 
				RESULTS</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter10">10.</link> 
				DISCUSSION</p></li><li><link ref="N119F1">
				REFERENCES</link></li><li><link ref="N129C8">Abbreviations</link></li><li><link ref="N12D86">
				Acknowledgements</link></li><li><link ref="N12DB7">
				Lebenslauf</link></li><li><link ref="N13268">
				Eidestattliche Erklärung</link></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tables</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10311">
							Table 1. Examples of oncogenes </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10471">
							Table 2. Examples of tumor suppressor genes </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N106B8">
						Table 3. Clinical characteristics of cases with malignant midgut carcinoids subjected to genome- wide LOH screening (AWD=alive with disease)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B5D">
						Table 4. Genome-wide LOH screening of midgut carcinoid tumors</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Images</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10AD0">
							Figure 1.Examples of LOH in tumor T5216. Extensive LOH at chromosome 18q(marker D18S844). Partial LOH at chromosome 4p (marker D4S2639). No LOH atchromosome 11q (marker D11S1984). LOH revealed by allele reduction of one allelein the tumor tissue.</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>