<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry id="front" part="front" ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie als Referenzverfahren  in der analytischen Chemie</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Frank Malz</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1004A" part="chapter1" ref="N1004A" type="pagenumber">i</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref15374728" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref15374728" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref17158938" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref17158938" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref17159101" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref17159101" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10057" part="chapter1" ref="N10057" type="pagenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17159052" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref17159052" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref17159130" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref17159130" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref29561313" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref29561313" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref29561329" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref29561329" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100AF" part="chapter2" ref="N100AF" type="pagenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100F0" part="chapter2" ref="N100F0" type="pagenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17159289" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref17159289" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref19775749" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref19775749" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref29561367" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref29561367" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10118" part="chapter3" ref="N10118" type="pagenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1013B" part="chapter3" ref="N1013B" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1015E" part="chapter3" ref="N1015E" type="mm">68#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_Grundlage_Spektrumkonstante" part="chapter3" ref="Glg_Grundlage_Spektrumkonstante" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10189" part="chapter3" ref="N10189" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N101AC" part="chapter3" ref="N101AC" type="mm">291#43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_Freeman_Konstantenberechnung_S" part="chapter3" ref="Glg_Freeman_Konstantenberechnung_S" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N101CD" part="chapter3" ref="N101CD" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N101F0" part="chapter3" ref="N101F0" type="mm">224#43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_Freeman_K_Def" part="chapter3" ref="Glg_Freeman_K_Def" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1020E" part="chapter3" ref="N1020E" type="mm">13#21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10219" part="chapter3" ref="N10219" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1023C" part="chapter3" ref="N1023C" type="mm">178#54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10261" part="chapter3" ref="N10261" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10284" part="chapter3" ref="N10284" type="mm">415#49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102BB" part="chapter3" ref="N102BB" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N102DE" part="chapter3" ref="N102DE" type="mm">327#76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102F9" part="chapter3" ref="N102F9" type="pagenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1030B" part="chapter3" ref="N1030B" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref19066567" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref19066567" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref20077230" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref20077230" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1033E" part="chapter3" ref="N1033E" type="pagenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1036E" part="chapter3" ref="N1036E" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17159887" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref17159887" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1037F" part="chapter3" ref="N1037F" type="mm">405#181</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Grundlagen_Zeitsequenz_SP" part="chapter3" ref="Abb_Grundlagen_Zeitsequenz_SP" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103A9" part="chapter3" ref="N103A9" type="pagenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103B7" part="chapter3" ref="N103B7" type="subsection">3.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref22289109" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref22289109" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103F3" part="chapter3" ref="N103F3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10416" part="chapter3" ref="N10416" type="mm">113#23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10438" part="chapter3" ref="N10438" type="pagenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10458" part="chapter3" ref="N10458" type="subsection">3.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1046D" part="chapter3" ref="N1046D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10490" part="chapter3" ref="N10490" type="mm">60#35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104BE" part="chapter3" ref="N104BE" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104D0" part="chapter3" ref="N104D0" type="subsection">3.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref26750052" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref26750052" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104E9" part="chapter3" ref="N104E9" type="section">3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18195675" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref18195675" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104F7" part="chapter3" ref="N104F7" type="subsection">3.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104FE" part="chapter3" ref="N104FE" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1051B" part="chapter3" ref="N1051B" type="block">3.3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1052D" part="chapter3" ref="N1052D" type="mm">309#117</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Presaturation_Pulssequenz" part="chapter3" ref="Abb_Presaturation_Pulssequenz" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10549" part="chapter3" ref="N10549" type="block">3.3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1055B" part="chapter3" ref="N1055B" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1055F" part="chapter3" ref="N1055F" type="mm">426#142</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Watergate_Pulssequenz" part="chapter3" ref="Abb_Watergate_Pulssequenz" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1057B" part="chapter3" ref="N1057B" type="block">3.3.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10582" part="chapter3" ref="N10582" type="mm">548#146</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105A0" part="chapter3" ref="N105A0" type="subsection">3.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17192494" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref17192494" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N105A7" part="chapter3" ref="N105A7" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105E5" part="chapter3" ref="N105E5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10608" part="chapter3" ref="N10608" type="mm">213#73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_kS_13C_BB_Entkopplung" part="chapter3" ref="Glg_kS_13C_BB_Entkopplung" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10643" part="chapter3" ref="N10643" type="mm">298#135</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_BB_Entkopplung_13C_Pulssequenz" part="chapter3" ref="Abb_BB_Entkopplung_13C_Pulssequenz" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1065E" part="chapter3" ref="N1065E" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10681" part="chapter3" ref="N10681" type="section">3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref21933863" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref21933863" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1069C" part="chapter3" ref="N1069C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N106BF" part="chapter3" ref="N106BF" type="mm">61#40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106E7" part="chapter3" ref="N106E7" type="mm">387#178</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_NOE_Schema" part="chapter3" ref="Abb_NOE_Schema" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1070D" part="chapter3" ref="N1070D" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10724" part="chapter3" ref="N10724" type="section">3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29715676" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref29715676" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref29715711" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref29715711" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1073E" part="chapter3" ref="N1073E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10761" part="chapter3" ref="N10761" type="mm">89#40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_Messgleichung_Stoffmengenverhältnis" part="chapter3" ref="Glg_Messgleichung_Stoffmengenverhältnis" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10782" part="chapter3" ref="N10782" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N107A5" part="chapter3" ref="N107A5" type="mm">160#65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_Messgleichung_Stoffmengenanteile" part="chapter3" ref="Glg_Messgleichung_Stoffmengenanteile" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N107C5" part="chapter3" ref="N107C5" type="section">3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107D4" part="chapter3" ref="N107D4" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107DD" part="chapter3" ref="N107DD" type="subsection">3.6.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10804" part="chapter3" ref="N10804" type="subsection">3.6.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17160233" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref17160233" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10811" part="chapter3" ref="N10811" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10836" part="chapter3" ref="N10836" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10859" part="chapter3" ref="N10859" type="mm">211#40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_Messgleichung_Reinheitsgrad" part="chapter3" ref="Glg_Messgleichung_Reinheitsgrad" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10886" part="chapter3" ref="N10886" type="subsection">3.6.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10890" part="chapter3" ref="N10890" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N108B3" part="chapter3" ref="N108B3" type="mm">276#40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_Messgleichung_Gehalt" part="chapter3" ref="Glg_Messgleichung_Gehalt" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="_Ref19792907" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Ref19792917" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Ref29561423" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N108EB" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N108FF" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10929" type="mm">31#20</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N1092D" type="mm">16#20</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10934" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10957" type="mm">175#68</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Integration_unabh" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_unabh" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N109AC" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N109CF" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N109D3" type="mm">215#51</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_allg_komb_Unsicherheit" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10A13" type="mm">99#20</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10A22" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10A45" type="mm">141#53</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Produkt" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10A82" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10AA5" type="mm">72#20</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_erweiterte_Unsicherheit" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10AD0" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10AF3" type="mm">105#73</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_Welch_Satterthwaite" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10B20" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="_Ref26270605" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10B27" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10B67" type="mm">548#337</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Abb_Ursachen_Wirkungs_Diagramm" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10B8A" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10B9B" type="subsection">4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10BA8" type="subsection">4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10BB7" type="subsection">4.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10BCC" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10BEF" type="mm">164#52</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Molmasse" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10C0D" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10C16" type="subsection">4.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10C38" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10C5B" type="mm">155#69</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_SD" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10C7F" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10CA2" type="mm">132#44</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Rechteckverteilung" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10CC3" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10CE6" type="mm">371#56</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Waage" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10D04" type="mm">37#16</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10D0B" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10D2E" type="mm">136#39</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Waage_Nichtl_TypA" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Rechteckverteilung_2" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10D51" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10D5C" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="Tab_Unsicherheit_Einwaage_TypB" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10E1E" type="mm">43#19</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10E2C" type="subsection">4.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10E3D" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10E60" type="mm">147#52</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Stoffmengenanteile" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10E7E" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10E85" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10EA8" type="mm">469#49</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Reinheit" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10EC9" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10EEC" type="mm">477#49</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Gehalt" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10F0A" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10F15" type="mm">89#22</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10F22" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10F45" type="mm">113#25</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_systematische_Abweichung" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10F69" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10F8C" type="mm">204#33</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_systemat_Abweichung" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N10FB1" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N10FD4" type="mm">97#23</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_Kriterium_Systematisch" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N11010" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="_1101148233" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N11017" type="mm">400#207</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Abb_Richtigkeit_Verfahren" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N1104C" type="table"/><cms:entry ref="N1106F" type="mm">235#33</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Abweichungen" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17159322" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref17159322" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1109B" part="chapter5" ref="N1109B" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110AE" part="chapter5" ref="N110AE" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110C6" part="chapter5" ref="N110C6" type="subsection">5.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Kapitel_Anforderungen_Lsg" part="chapter5" ref="Kapitel_Anforderungen_Lsg" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N110FE" part="chapter5" ref="N110FE" type="subsection">5.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref13840211" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref13840211" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11105" part="chapter5" ref="N11105" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1111E" part="chapter5" ref="N1111E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_allg_Parameter" part="chapter5" ref="Tab_allg_Parameter" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1134A" part="chapter5" ref="N1134A" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1136E" part="chapter5" ref="N1136E" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref19580750" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref19580750" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1138F" part="chapter5" ref="N1138F" type="subsection">5.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1139A" part="chapter5" ref="N1139A" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113A5" part="chapter5" ref="N113A5" type="mm">547#225</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_LM_Reinheit" part="chapter5" ref="Abb_LM_Reinheit" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N113BD" part="chapter5" ref="N113BD" type="mm">548#205</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Reaktion_Par_CDCl3" part="chapter5" ref="Abb_Reaktion_Par_CDCl3" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N113E4" part="chapter5" ref="N113E4" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N113EB" part="chapter5" ref="N113EB" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_Zusammensetzung_NMR_CCQM" part="chapter5" ref="Tab_Zusammensetzung_NMR_CCQM" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N115B7" part="chapter5" ref="N115B7" type="mm">491#279</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_ETS_Isomer" part="chapter5" ref="Abb_ETS_Isomer" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N115D0" part="chapter5" ref="N115D0" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N115D7" part="chapter5" ref="N115D7" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_Einwaagen_NMR_CCQM" part="chapter5" ref="Tab_Einwaagen_NMR_CCQM" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1162B" part="chapter5" ref="N1162B" type="mm">28#43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11638" part="chapter5" ref="N11638" type="mm">88#68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1176D" part="chapter5" ref="N1176D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Zusammensetzung_NMR_CCQM_2" part="chapter5" ref="Tab_Zusammensetzung_NMR_CCQM_2" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N117C4" part="chapter5" ref="N117C4" type="mm">28#43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117D1" part="chapter5" ref="N117D1" type="mm">88#68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11910" part="chapter5" ref="N11910" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11914" part="chapter5" ref="N11914" type="mm">502#330</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Spektren_CCQM_NMR_2" part="chapter5" ref="Abb_Spektren_CCQM_NMR_2" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11924" part="chapter5" ref="N11924" type="subsection">5.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref13840197" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref13840197" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11942" part="chapter5" ref="N11942" type="subsection">5.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11946" part="chapter5" ref="N11946" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1194D" part="chapter5" ref="N1194D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Namen_CCQM_P3" part="chapter5" ref="Tab_Namen_CCQM_P3" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1096025382" part="chapter5" ref="_1096025382" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1096025810" part="chapter5" ref="_1096025810" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1096030886" part="chapter5" ref="_1096030886" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11AD5" part="chapter5" ref="N11AD5" type="mm">547#383</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_CCQM_P3_StVer_D4" part="chapter5" ref="Abb_CCQM_P3_StVer_D4" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11AE9" part="chapter5" ref="N11AE9" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11AFF" part="chapter5" ref="N11AFF" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_CCQM_P3_Stoff_Verhältnis_Methode" part="chapter5" ref="Tab_CCQM_P3_Stoff_Verhältnis_Methode" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11B41" part="chapter5" ref="N11B41" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B53" part="chapter5" ref="N11B53" type="mm">32#18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CA1" part="chapter5" ref="N11CA1" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1096026241" part="chapter5" ref="_1096026241" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1096030890" part="chapter5" ref="_1096030890" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11CAB" part="chapter5" ref="N11CAB" type="mm">547#558</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_CCQM_P3_StAnt" part="chapter5" ref="Abb_CCQM_P3_StAnt" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11CD8" part="chapter5" ref="N11CD8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11CDF" part="chapter5" ref="N11CDF" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_CCQM_P3_Stoff_Anteile_Methode" part="chapter5" ref="Tab_CCQM_P3_Stoff_Anteile_Methode" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D1E" part="chapter5" ref="N11D1E" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D30" part="chapter5" ref="N11D30" type="mm">32#18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E92" part="chapter5" ref="N11E92" type="subsection">5.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EAA" part="chapter5" ref="N11EAA" type="pagenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EAE" part="chapter5" ref="N11EAE" type="mm">457#858</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_NMR_2_StVer_D4" part="chapter5" ref="Abb_NMR_2_StVer_D4" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11EC2" part="chapter5" ref="N11EC2" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11ED7" part="chapter5" ref="N11ED7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_NMR_2_Stoff_Verhältnis_Methode" part="chapter5" ref="Tab_NMR_2_Stoff_Verhältnis_Methode" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11F19" part="chapter5" ref="N11F19" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11F2B" part="chapter5" ref="N11F2B" type="mm">32#18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="OLE_LINK1" part="chapter5" ref="OLE_LINK1" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12072" part="chapter5" ref="N12072" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12076" part="chapter5" 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part="chapter6" ref="N147E6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Reinheitsergebnisse_Maleinsäure" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Reinheitsergebnisse_Maleinsäure" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N148E1" part="chapter6" ref="N148E1" type="mm">442#227</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Veresterung_Maleinsäure" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Veresterung_Maleinsäure" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N148F7" part="chapter6" ref="N148F7" type="block">6.1.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17096607" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref17096607" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N148FE" part="chapter6" ref="N148FE" type="pagenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1493F" part="chapter6" ref="N1493F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Atommassen_Maleinsäure" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Atommassen_Maleinsäure" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N149FC" part="chapter6" ref="N149FC" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Unsicherheit_Maleinsäure" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Unsicherheit_Maleinsäure" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14A39" part="chapter6" ref="N14A39" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14A46" part="chapter6" ref="N14A46" type="mm">32#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14A53" part="chapter6" ref="N14A53" type="mm">35#40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14A60" part="chapter6" ref="N14A60" type="mm">16#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14BC8" part="chapter6" ref="N14BC8" type="pagenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14BE0" part="chapter6" ref="N14BE0" type="block">6.1.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref27610919" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref27610919" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14C00" part="chapter6" ref="N14C00" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Fehleranalyse_Maleinsäure" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Fehleranalyse_Maleinsäure" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14C4F" part="chapter6" ref="N14C4F" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14C5F" part="chapter6" ref="N14C5F" type="mm">41#21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14CDB" part="chapter6" ref="N14CDB" type="subsection">6.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref20073856" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref20073856" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14CE2" part="chapter6" ref="N14CE2" type="pagenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14CF2" part="chapter6" ref="N14CF2" type="block">6.1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14D03" part="chapter6" ref="N14D03" type="block">6.1.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14D07" part="chapter6" ref="N14D07" type="pagenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14D0F" part="chapter6" ref="N14D0F" type="subblock">6.1.2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17088602" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref17088602" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref17088605" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref17088605" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14D2D" part="chapter6" ref="N14D2D" type="subblock">6.1.2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14D34" part="chapter6" ref="N14D34" type="mm">280#116</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Struktur_Spiraeosid" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Struktur_Spiraeosid" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14D5C" part="chapter6" ref="N14D5C" type="pagenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14D60" part="chapter6" ref="N14D60" type="mm">547#276</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Spektrum_Spiraeosid" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Spektrum_Spiraeosid" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14D78" part="chapter6" ref="N14D78" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14D9B" part="chapter6" ref="N14D9B" type="mm">283#41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14DBE" part="chapter6" ref="N14DBE" type="subblock">6.1.2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14DC5" part="chapter6" ref="N14DC5" type="mm">131#118</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Struktur_Thymol" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Struktur_Thymol" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14DE6" part="chapter6" ref="N14DE6" type="pagenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14DF1" part="chapter6" ref="N14DF1" type="mm">548#301</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Spektrum_Thymol" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Spektrum_Thymol" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14E09" part="chapter6" ref="N14E09" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14E2C" part="chapter6" ref="N14E2C" type="mm">323#41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14E4C" part="chapter6" ref="N14E4C" type="subblock">6.1.2.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14E5C" part="chapter6" ref="N14E5C" type="pagenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14E60" part="chapter6" ref="N14E60" type="mm">148#178</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Struktur_Loganin" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Struktur_Loganin" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14E7C" part="chapter6" ref="N14E7C" type="mm">547#246</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Spektrum_Loganin" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Spektrum_Loganin" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14E9E" part="chapter6" ref="N14E9E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14EA5" part="chapter6" ref="N14EA5" type="pagenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_Reinheit_Loganin" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Reinheit_Loganin" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N14FB0" part="chapter6" ref="N14FB0" type="block">6.1.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14FD4" part="chapter6" ref="N14FD4" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Unsicherheit_Loganin" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Unsicherheit_Loganin" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1500E" part="chapter6" ref="N1500E" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1501B" part="chapter6" ref="N1501B" type="mm">32#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15028" part="chapter6" ref="N15028" type="mm">35#40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15035" part="chapter6" ref="N15035" type="mm">16#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N151A3" part="chapter6" ref="N151A3" type="pagenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N151B5" part="chapter6" ref="N151B5" type="subsection">6.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N151C5" part="chapter6" ref="N151C5" type="pagenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N151D0" part="chapter6" ref="N151D0" type="section">6.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N151E7" part="chapter6" ref="N151E7" type="subsection">6.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17160162" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref17160162" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref17268987" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref17268987" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref27617840" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref27617840" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15205" part="chapter6" ref="N15205" type="block">6.2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17160159" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref17160159" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1520F" part="chapter6" ref="N1520F" type="pagenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15232" part="chapter6" ref="N15232" type="block">6.2.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17679643" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref17679643" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1523C" part="chapter6" ref="N1523C" type="mm">548#282</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Spektrum_Xylole" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Spektrum_Xylole" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15250" part="chapter6" ref="N15250" type="pagenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1526D" part="chapter6" ref="N1526D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Xylole_13C" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Xylole_13C" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N152EA" part="chapter6" ref="N152EA" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N152F7" part="chapter6" ref="N152F7" type="mm">32#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1544A" part="chapter6" ref="N1544A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Xylole_Unsicherheiten" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Xylole_Unsicherheiten" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1556C" part="chapter6" ref="N1556C" type="block">6.2.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15570" part="chapter6" ref="N15570" type="pagenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15583" part="chapter6" ref="N15583" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Fehleranalyse_Xylole13C" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Fehleranalyse_Xylole13C" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N155DC" part="chapter6" ref="N155DC" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N155EC" part="chapter6" ref="N155EC" type="mm">41#21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1573F" part="chapter6" ref="N1573F" type="subsection">6.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15770" part="chapter6" ref="N15770" type="block">6.2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref20098749" part="chapter6" ref="_Ref20098749" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15777" part="chapter6" ref="N15777" type="pagenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15795" part="chapter6" ref="N15795" type="block">6.2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N157AD" part="chapter6" ref="N157AD" type="mm">547#291</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Spektrum_QNP_TBT_Cl" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Spektrum_QNP_TBT_Cl" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N157BE" part="chapter6" ref="N157BE" type="pagenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N157D1" part="chapter6" ref="N157D1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Ergebnisse_5mm_CCQM_P20a" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Ergebnisse_5mm_CCQM_P20a" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N158CC" part="chapter6" ref="N158CC" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_TBT_Cl_Matrix" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_TBT_Cl_Matrix" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15A28" part="chapter6" ref="N15A28" type="pagenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15A2C" part="chapter6" ref="N15A2C" type="mm">526#249</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Xylol_10mm_Fehlerursache" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Xylol_10mm_Fehlerursache" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15A4C" part="chapter6" ref="N15A4C" type="mm">539#275</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Xylol_10mm_einIntegral" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_Xylol_10mm_einIntegral" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15A5D" part="chapter6" ref="N15A5D" type="pagenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15A6F" part="chapter6" ref="N15A6F" type="block">6.2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15A88" part="chapter6" ref="N15A88" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Unsicherheit_TBTCl" part="chapter6" ref="Tab_Unsicherheit_TBTCl" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15AC2" part="chapter6" ref="N15AC2" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15ACF" part="chapter6" ref="N15ACF" type="mm">32#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15ADC" part="chapter6" ref="N15ADC" type="mm">35#40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15AE9" part="chapter6" ref="N15AE9" type="mm">16#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15C58" part="chapter6" ref="N15C58" type="block">6.2.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15C5C" part="chapter6" ref="N15C5C" type="pagenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15C66" part="chapter6" ref="N15C66" type="mm">406#229</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_CCQM_P20a_Ergebnisse" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_CCQM_P20a_Ergebnisse" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15C7E" part="chapter6" ref="N15C7E" type="block">6.2.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15C99" part="chapter6" ref="N15C99" type="pagenumber">85</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15C9D" part="chapter6" ref="N15C9D" type="mm">526#200</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_TBT_1H_800MHz" part="chapter6" ref="Abb_TBT_1H_800MHz" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15CAE" part="chapter6" ref="N15CAE" type="subsection">6.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15CCD" part="chapter6" ref="N15CCD" type="pagenumber">86</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15CE4" part="chapter6" ref="N15CE4" type="section">6.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15D0F" part="chapter6" ref="N15D0F" type="pagenumber">87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter7" part="chapter7" ref="chapter7" type="chapter">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17159470" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref17159470" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref19776782" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref19776782" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15D54" part="chapter7" ref="N15D54" type="pagenumber">88</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref29561511" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref29561511" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15D7F" part="chapter7" ref="N15D7F" type="section">7.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18133365" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18133365" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref18729518" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18729518" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref20081313" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref20081313" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref21925219" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref21925219" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref23051842" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref23051842" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15D9A" part="chapter7" ref="N15D9A" type="mm">178#87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Struktur_TSP" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Struktur_TSP" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15DCE" part="chapter7" ref="N15DCE" type="subsection">7.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15DE7" part="chapter7" ref="N15DE7" type="pagenumber">89</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15DFA" part="chapter7" ref="N15DFA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Einwaagen_TSP_Gehalt" part="chapter7" ref="Tab_Einwaagen_TSP_Gehalt" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15E9A" part="chapter7" ref="N15E9A" type="subsection">7.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15EB7" part="chapter7" ref="N15EB7" type="mm">527#263</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Spektrum_TSP" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Spektrum_TSP" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15ED3" part="chapter7" ref="N15ED3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_TSP_Gehalt" part="chapter7" ref="Tab_TSP_Gehalt" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N15FCE" part="chapter7" ref="N15FCE" type="pagenumber">90</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N15FE8" part="chapter7" ref="N15FE8" type="subsection">7.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18678740" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18678740" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref18955364" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18955364" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16010" part="chapter7" ref="N16010" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Unsicherheit_TSP" part="chapter7" ref="Tab_Unsicherheit_TSP" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1604A" part="chapter7" ref="N1604A" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16057" part="chapter7" ref="N16057" type="mm">32#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16064" part="chapter7" ref="N16064" type="mm">35#40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16071" part="chapter7" ref="N16071" type="mm">16#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N161E2" part="chapter7" ref="N161E2" type="pagenumber">91</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N161F9" part="chapter7" ref="N161F9" type="subsection">7.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1620B" part="chapter7" ref="N1620B" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Fehleranalyse_TSP_Gehalt" part="chapter7" ref="Tab_Fehleranalyse_TSP_Gehalt" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1625A" part="chapter7" ref="N1625A" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1626D" part="chapter7" ref="N1626D" type="mm">41#21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1630D" part="chapter7" ref="N1630D" type="section">7.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref17775773" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref17775773" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref18140473" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18140473" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16317" part="chapter7" ref="N16317" type="pagenumber">92</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16329" part="chapter7" ref="N16329" type="subsection">7.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18244175" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18244175" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16336" part="chapter7" ref="N16336" type="mm">519#305</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Spektrum_Ethanol_gegen_Wasser" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Spektrum_Ethanol_gegen_Wasser" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1634A" part="chapter7" ref="N1634A" type="pagenumber">93</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16358" part="chapter7" ref="N16358" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1637B" part="chapter7" ref="N1637B" type="mm">468#171</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16396" part="chapter7" ref="N16396" type="mm">123#23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N163AE" part="chapter7" ref="N163AE" type="subsection">7.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N163D5" part="chapter7" ref="N163D5" type="pagenumber">94</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N163E3" part="chapter7" ref="N163E3" type="subsection">7.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N163F6" part="chapter7" ref="N163F6" type="subsection">7.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18376580" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18376580" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref18674014" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18674014" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16427" part="chapter7" ref="N16427" type="block">7.2.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16431" part="chapter7" ref="N16431" type="pagenumber">95</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1643E" part="chapter7" ref="N1643E" type="subblock">7.2.4.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18955769" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18955769" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref18961495" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18961495" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref18961672" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18961672" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16467" part="chapter7" ref="N16467" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Presat_Evaluierung_Stärke" part="chapter7" ref="Tab_Presat_Evaluierung_Stärke" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1663F" part="chapter7" ref="N1663F" type="pagenumber">96</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16651" part="chapter7" ref="N16651" type="mm">447#264</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Presaturation_Evaluierung_Stärke" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Presaturation_Evaluierung_Stärke" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16674" part="chapter7" ref="N16674" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N16697" part="chapter7" ref="N16697" type="mm">189#52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_Presaturation_Evaluierung_Unsicherhe" part="chapter7" ref="Glg_Presaturation_Evaluierung_Unsicherhe" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N166C1" part="chapter7" ref="N166C1" type="pagenumber">97</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N166D2" part="chapter7" ref="N166D2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_Presat_Evaluierung_Länge" part="chapter7" ref="Tab_Presat_Evaluierung_Länge" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16809" part="chapter7" ref="N16809" type="mm">464#268</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Presaturation_Evaluierung_Länge" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Presaturation_Evaluierung_Länge" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1681A" part="chapter7" ref="N1681A" type="pagenumber">98</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16840" part="chapter7" ref="N16840" type="block">7.2.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18661522" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18661522" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16855" part="chapter7" ref="N16855" type="pagenumber">99</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1685F" part="chapter7" ref="N1685F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N16882" part="chapter7" ref="N16882" type="mm">140#19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_Phasenfehler_Watergate" part="chapter7" ref="Glg_Phasenfehler_Watergate" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N168B6" part="chapter7" ref="N168B6" type="mm">550#232</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Watergate_Phasenfehler" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Watergate_Phasenfehler" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N168C8" part="chapter7" ref="N168C8" type="subblock">7.2.4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N168D5" part="chapter7" ref="N168D5" type="subblock">7.2.4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N168E0" part="chapter7" ref="N168E0" type="pagenumber">100</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N168EF" part="chapter7" ref="N168EF" type="mm">539#195</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Phasenfehler_W3W4W5" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Phasenfehler_W3W4W5" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16911" part="chapter7" ref="N16911" type="mm">250#146</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Spektrum_Doppelt_Watergate" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Spektrum_Doppelt_Watergate" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16922" part="chapter7" ref="N16922" type="block">7.2.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16929" part="chapter7" ref="N16929" type="pagenumber">101</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1693D" part="chapter7" ref="N1693D" type="subsection">7.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18674023" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18674023" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1694C" part="chapter7" ref="N1694C" type="block">7.2.5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1695D" part="chapter7" ref="N1695D" type="mm">454#315</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Vgl_Ethanol_Unterdrückung" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Vgl_Ethanol_Unterdrückung" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1696E" part="chapter7" ref="N1696E" type="pagenumber">102</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1697B" part="chapter7" ref="N1697B" type="block">7.2.5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16989" part="chapter7" ref="N16989" type="mm">441#295</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Vgl_Ethanol_Spektrenform" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Vgl_Ethanol_Spektrenform" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16999" part="chapter7" ref="N16999" type="block">7.2.5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18660506" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18660506" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N169A0" part="chapter7" ref="N169A0" type="pagenumber">103</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N169AD" part="chapter7" ref="N169AD" type="mm">538#409</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Abb_Vgl_Ethanol_Profil" part="chapter7" ref="Abb_Vgl_Ethanol_Profil" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N169C3" part="chapter7" ref="N169C3" type="pagenumber">104</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N169D1" part="chapter7" ref="N169D1" type="block">7.2.5.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N169EE" part="chapter7" ref="N169EE" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N16A11" part="chapter7" ref="N16A11" type="mm">124#39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Glg_kor_Watergate_Intensität" part="chapter7" ref="Glg_kor_Watergate_Intensität" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16A41" part="chapter7" ref="N16A41" type="block">7.2.5.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16A45" part="chapter7" ref="N16A45" type="pagenumber">105</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N16A62" part="chapter7" ref="N16A62" type="subsection">7.2.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18739268" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18739268" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref18959142" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref18959142" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref20081403" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref20081403" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref22223447" part="chapter7" ref="_Ref22223447" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N16A72" part="chapter7" ref="N16A72" 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part="N18095" ref="Lit_Mao_1994" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Jancke_NMR_2_Workshop_2000" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Jancke_NMR_2_Workshop_2000" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Hinckley_1969" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Hinckley_1969" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Evans_1975" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Evans_1975" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Dambska_1980" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Dambska_1980" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Dambska_1980a" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Dambska_1980a" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="N187FD" part="N18095" ref="N187FD" type="pagenumber">134</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Lit_Turczan_1977" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Turczan_1977" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Cockerill_1974" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Cockerill_1974" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Holzgrabe_1998" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Holzgrabe_1998" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Vailaya_2001" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Vailaya_2001" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Wells_2002" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Wells_2002" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Henderson_2002" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Henderson_2002" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_IUPAC_Atommassen_1999" part="N18095" ref="Lit_IUPAC_Atommassen_1999" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Pauli_2001" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Pauli_2001" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Jancke_CCQM_1998" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Jancke_CCQM_1998" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Jaki_2001" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Jaki_2001" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Peters_2000" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Peters_2000" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Harvey_2000" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Harvey_2000" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Harvey_2002" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Harvey_2002" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Forshed_2002" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Forshed_2002" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Meshitsuka_2001" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Meshitsuka_2001" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Sahrbacher_2002" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Sahrbacher_2002" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Xia_2001" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Xia_2001" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Igarashi_2000" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Igarashi_2000" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="N189AE" part="N18095" ref="N189AE" type="pagenumber">135</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Lit_Papke_2001" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Papke_2001" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Erickson_2001" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Erickson_2001" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Pressemitteilung_BAM_2002" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Pressemitteilung_BAM_2002" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Liu_1998" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Liu_1998" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Zhang_2002" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Zhang_2002" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Jancke_CCQM_P35_2001" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Jancke_CCQM_P35_2001" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_CITAC_1997" part="N18095" ref="Lit_CITAC_1997" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Jancke_NMR_3_2002" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Jancke_NMR_3_2002" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_Jancke_NMR_3_Workshop_2002" part="N18095" ref="Lit_Jancke_NMR_3_Workshop_2002" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="Lit_BAM_Referenzverfahren_2001" part="N18095" ref="Lit_BAM_Referenzverfahren_2001" type="citation"/><cms:entry id="N18AB3" part="N18AB3" ref="N18AB3" type="appendix">
				
				11 Anhang</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N18AB5" part="N18AB3" ref="N18AB5" type="head"/><cms:entry id="_Ref20467056" part="N18AB3" ref="_Ref20467056" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N18ABA" part="N18AB3" ref="N18ABA" type="pagenumber">136</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N18ABF" part="N18AB3" ref="N18ABF" type="part"/><cms:entry id="_Ref21602500" part="N18AB3" ref="_Ref21602500" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N18AC9" part="N18AB3" ref="N18AC9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_CCQM_P3_Stoffmengen_Verhältnis" part="N18AB3" ref="Tab_CCQM_P3_Stoffmengen_Verhältnis" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N18B4F" part="N18AB3" ref="N18B4F" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N18B65" part="N18AB3" ref="N18B65" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N18B7B" part="N18AB3" ref="N18B7B" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N18B91" part="N18AB3" ref="N18B91" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N18F83" part="N18AB3" ref="N18F83" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_CCQM_P3_Stoffmengen_Anteil" part="N18AB3" ref="Tab_CCQM_P3_Stoffmengen_Anteil" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N19024" part="N18AB3" ref="N19024" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1903A" part="N18AB3" ref="N1903A" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N19050" part="N18AB3" ref="N19050" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N19066" part="N18AB3" ref="N19066" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1907C" part="N18AB3" ref="N1907C" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N19542" part="N18AB3" ref="N19542" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N19549" part="N18AB3" ref="N19549" type="pagenumber">137</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_NMR_2_Stoffmengen_Verhältnis" part="N18AB3" ref="Tab_NMR_2_Stoffmengen_Verhältnis" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N195D4" part="N18AB3" ref="N195D4" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N195EA" part="N18AB3" ref="N195EA" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N19600" part="N18AB3" ref="N19600" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N19616" part="N18AB3" ref="N19616" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1A2E4" part="N18AB3" ref="N1A2E4" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1A2EB" part="N18AB3" ref="N1A2EB" type="pagenumber">138</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_NMR_2_Stoffmengen_Anteil" part="N18AB3" ref="Tab_NMR_2_Stoffmengen_Anteil" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1A389" part="N18AB3" ref="N1A389" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1A39F" part="N18AB3" ref="N1A39F" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1A3B5" part="N18AB3" ref="N1A3B5" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1A3CB" part="N18AB3" ref="N1A3CB" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1A3E1" part="N18AB3" ref="N1A3E1" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1B369" part="N18AB3" ref="N1B369" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1B370" part="N18AB3" ref="N1B370" type="pagenumber">139</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_NMR_2_FID_Auswertung" part="N18AB3" ref="Tab_NMR_2_FID_Auswertung" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1B409" part="N18AB3" ref="N1B409" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1B41F" part="N18AB3" ref="N1B41F" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1B435" part="N18AB3" ref="N1B435" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1B44B" part="N18AB3" ref="N1B44B" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1BFB6" part="N18AB3" ref="N1BFB6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1BFBD" part="N18AB3" ref="N1BFBD" type="pagenumber">140</cms:entry><cms:entry id="Tab_CCQM_P35_Teilnehmer_Ergebnisse" part="N18AB3" ref="Tab_CCQM_P35_Teilnehmer_Ergebnisse" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1C019" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C019" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1C02F" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C02F" type="mm">15#20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1C369" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C369" type="table"/><cms:entry id="Tab_NMR_2_Teilnehmer" part="N18AB3" ref="Tab_NMR_2_Teilnehmer" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1C392" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C392" type="part"/><cms:entry id="N1C396" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C396" type="pagenumber">141</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1C3A2" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C3A2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1C408" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C408" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1C4AD" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C4AD" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1C592" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C592" type="pagenumber">142</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1C5C4" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C5C4" type="part"/><cms:entry id="_Ref20468413" part="N18AB3" ref="_Ref20468413" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1C5CB" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C5CB" type="pagenumber">143</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1C5D5" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C5D5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1C6E1" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C6E1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1C800" part="N18AB3" ref="N1C800" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1C91B" part="N1C91B" ref="N1C91B" type="abbreviation">Abkürzungsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1C928" part="N1C91B" ref="N1C928" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1CA34" part="N1C91B" ref="N1CA34" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1CB3D" part="N1C91B" ref="N1CB3D" type="mm">12#15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1CB56" part="N1C91B" ref="N1CB56" type="mm">12#19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1CDBB" part="N1C91B" ref="N1CDBB" type="mm">12#16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1CE10" part="N1C91B" ref="N1CE10" type="mm">24#19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1CE4D" part="N1C91B" ref="N1CE4D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1D2A8" part="N1D2A8" ref="N1D2A8" type="acknowledgement">
				Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1D2AC" part="N1D2A8" ref="N1D2AC" type="pagenumber">144</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1D2D0" part="N1D2D0" ref="N1D2D0" type="vita">
				Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1D2D4" part="N1D2D0" ref="N1D2D4" type="pagenumber">145</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1D2E2" part="N1D2D0" ref="N1D2E2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1D371" part="N1D2D0" ref="N1D371" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1D3E3" part="N1D2D0" ref="N1D3E3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1D45C" part="N1D2D0" ref="N1D45C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1D4D3" part="N1D2D0" ref="N1D4D3" type="pagenumber">146</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1D4DD" part="N1D2D0" ref="N1D4DD" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1D58E" part="N1D58E" ref="N1D58E" type="declaration">
				Selbstständigkeitserklärung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1D592" part="N1D58E" ref="N1D592" type="pagenumber">147</cms:entry><cms:entry part="chapter4" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry id=":contents" part="front" ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><chapter id="chapter4" label="4">
			<head>
				<link id="_Ref19792907"/>
				<link id="_Ref19792917"/>
				<link id="_Ref29561423"/>
				<pagenumber id="N108EB" label="17" numbering="arabic" start="17"/>Unsicherheitsbetrachtung</head>
			<p>Die ISO/IEC 17025 [<link ref="Lit_ISO_17025_xxx">53</link>] schreibt vor, Analysenergebnisse mit einer Messunsicherheit anzu­geben. Ferner wird durch die Definition einer primären Methode ein vollständiges Unsicher­heitsbudget zur Angabe der Messunsicherheit gefordert. Es sollen daher die Unsicherheits­budgets für die vier in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln beschriebenen quantitativen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der NMR-Spektroskopie dargestellt werden. Zugrunde gelegt werden dazu die Leitfäden von ISO [<link ref="Lit_GUM_1995">11</link>], der sogenannte GUM, und EURACHEM [<link ref="Lit_QUAM_EURACHEM_2000">55</link>].</p>
			<section id="N108FF" label="4.1">
				<head>Allgemeines Verfahren zur Berechnung der Messunsicherheit</head>
				<p>Die Messunsicherheit eines Verfahrens oder einer Methode setzt sich aus den Standardunsicherheiten der Eingangsgrößen x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2</sub>, ..., x<sub>n</sub> zusammen, die in der kombinierten Standardunsicherheit u<sub>c</sub>(y) einer Messgröße in Abhängigkeit von den Eingangsgrößen <br/>
					<em>y(x<sub>1</sub>,x<sub>2</sub>, ..., x<sub>n</sub>)</em> erfasst und schließlich als erweiterte Messunsicherheit U mit dem betrachteten Grad des Vertrauens p und dem Erweiterungsfaktor k angegeben werden.</p>
				<p>Bei der Betrachtung der Standardunsicherheiten von Eingangsgrößen unterscheidet GUM nach solchen, deren Werte statistisch ermittelt wurden (Typ A), und solchen, die nicht aus mehrmaligen Beobachtungen gewonnen wurden (Typ B). </p>
				<p>Für die Berechnung der Standardunsicherheit u(x<sub>i</sub>) nach Typ A gilt, dass sie gleich der Stan­dardabweichung <mm entity="Objekt22" file="Malz_html_m28e14f86.gif" id="N10929" label="31#20"/> des aus n unabhängigen Werten gebildeten Schätzwertes <mm entity="Objekt23" file="Malz_html_414e9a91.gif" id="N1092D" label="16#20"/> (arith­metischer Mittelwert) ist. Dabei kennzeichnet die Standardabweichung eines Schätzwertes die Streuung der beobachteten Werte um den Schätzwert:</p>
				<p>
					<table frame="none" id="N10934" orient="port" tocentry="1">
						<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
							<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
							<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
							<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
							<tbody valign="top">
								<row>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>
											<mm entity="Objekt24" file="Malz_html_m31d2919c.gif" id="N10957" label="175#68"/>.</p>
									</entry>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>(<link id="Glg_Unsicherheit_Integration_unabh"/>
											<link id="Glg_Unsicherheit_unabh"/>4.1)</p>
									</entry>
								</row>
							</tbody>
						</tgroup>
					</table>
				</p>
				<p>Die Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade f<sub>i</sub> von <em>u(x<sub>i</sub>)</em> ist bei n Messungen gleich n-1. </p>
				<p>Standardunsicherheiten vom Typ B können z.B. aus den Angaben der Hersteller, Daten von Zertifikaten oder Kalibrierscheinen übernommen werden. Ist diese dabei als ein Vielfaches einer Standardabweichung bzw. als erweiterte Messunsicherheit angeben, so errechnet sich die Standardunsicherheit als Quotient aus dem angegebenen Wert und dem Multiplikations­faktor.</p>
				<p>Die kombinierte Standardunsicherheit u<sub>c</sub>(y) einer Messgröße <em>y(x<sub>1</sub>,x<sub>2</sub>, ..., x<sub>n</sub>)</em> in Abhängigkeit von den Eingangsgrößen x<sub>i</sub> berechnet sich im Falle unkorrelierter Eingangsgrößenals positive Quadratwurzel aus der Quadratsumme aller Unsicherheitsbeiträge u(y,x<sub>i</sub>)=c<sub>i</sub> &#8729; u(x<sub>i</sub>) der <em>n</em> Eingangsgrößen [<link ref="Lit_GUM_1995">11</link>]:</p>
				<p>
					<table frame="none" id="N109AC" orient="port" tocentry="1">
						<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
							<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
							<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
							<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
							<tbody valign="top">
								<row>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>
											<pagenumber id="N109CF" label="18" numbering="arabic" start="18"/>
											<mm entity="Objekt25" file="Malz_html_m3e9d23e7.gif" id="N109D3" label="215#51"/>.</p>
									</entry>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>(<link id="Glg_allg_komb_Unsicherheit"/>4.2)</p>
									</entry>
								</row>
							</tbody>
						</tgroup>
					</table>
				</p>
				<p>Dabei beschreiben die <em>c<sub>i</sub>
					</em>, gegeben durch die partiellen Ableitungen &#8706;y(x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2</sub>, ...,x<sub>n</sub>)/ &#8706;x<sub>i</sub>, die Variation des Ausgangsgrößenwertes y bei Veränderung der Werte für die Eingangsgrößen <em>x<sub>1</sub>,x<sub>2</sub>, ..., x<sub>n</sub>
					</em> und werden als Empfindlichkeitskoeffizienten bezeichnet [<link ref="Lit_GUM_1995">11</link>]. Für den Fall, dass die Eingangsgrößen nur als Produkte oder Quotienten in der Messgleichung auftreten (z.B. <mm entity="Objekt26" file="Malz_html_m26b96172.gif" id="N10A13" label="99#20"/>), vereinfacht sich Gleichung <link ref="Glg_allg_komb_Unsicherheit">4.2</link> nach GUM [<link ref="Lit_QUAM_EURACHEM_2000">55</link>, Kapitel 8.2.6, Regel 2] zu folgender Form: </p>
				<p>
					<table frame="none" id="N10A22" orient="port" tocentry="1">
						<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
							<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
							<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
							<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
							<tbody valign="top">
								<row>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>
											<mm entity="Objekt27" file="Malz_html_m23281ce4.gif" id="N10A45" label="141#53"/>,</p>
									</entry>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>(<link id="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Produkt"/>4.3)</p>
									</entry>
								</row>
							</tbody>
						</tgroup>
					</table>
				</p>
				<p>wobei u(x<sub>i</sub>)/x<sub>i</sub>die relativen Unsicherheiten der Eingangsgrößen x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2</sub>, ..., x<sub>n</sub> beschrei­ben. Nach der Empfehlung des GUM (genauer: nach der dort zitierten Empfehlung INC-1 (1980), Absatz 5 einer internationalen Arbeitsgruppe zur Angabe von Unsicherheiten) ist die Messunsicherheit mit einem Grad des Vertrauens <em>p</em> anzugeben, der den Bereich um das Messergebnis angibt, mit dem ein p-entsprechender Anteil der Verteilung der Werte umfasst wird, die der gemessenen Größe sinnvollerweise zugeordnet werden können [<link ref="Lit_GUM_1995">11</link>]. Dieses zusätzliche Maß der Unsicherheit wird als erweiterte Unsicherheit <em>U</em> bezeichnet. Durch Multiplikation der kombinierten Standardunsicherheit mit einem Erweiterungsfaktor <em>k</em> erhält man die erweiterte Unsicherheit:</p>
				<p>
					<table frame="none" id="N10A82" orient="port" tocentry="1">
						<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
							<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
							<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
							<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
							<tbody valign="top">
								<row>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>
											<mm entity="Objekt28" file="Malz_html_m50d8dde5.gif" id="N10AA5" label="72#20"/>.</p>
									</entry>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>(<link id="Glg_erweiterte_Unsicherheit"/>4.4)</p>
									</entry>
								</row>
							</tbody>
						</tgroup>
					</table>
				</p>
				<p>Als Erweiterungsfaktoren werden Faktoren von k=2 oder k=3 allgemein verwendet, die als Schätzwert ein Konfidenzniveau von p=95% bzw. p=99% angeben. Diese Schätzung gilt jedoch nur für eine große Anzahl von Mehrfachmessungen. Ist diese Anzahl n kleiner als 10 [<link ref="Lit_Kromidas_1999">54</link>], so ist der effektive Freiheitsgrad <em>f<sub>eff</sub>
					</em> einer kombinierten Standardunsicherheit nach der Welch-Satterthwaite-Formel zu berechnen:</p>
				<p>
					<table frame="none" id="N10AD0" orient="port" tocentry="1">
						<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
							<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
							<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
							<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
							<tbody valign="top">
								<row>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>
											<mm entity="Objekt29" file="Malz_html_8e4dec8.gif" id="N10AF3" label="105#73"/>.</p>
									</entry>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>(<link id="Glg_Welch_Satterthwaite"/>4.5)</p>
									</entry>
								</row>
							</tbody>
						</tgroup>
					</table>
				</p>
				<p>Der Erweiterungsfaktor <em>k</em> wird dann in Abhängigkeit vom effektiven Freiheitsgrad f<sub>eff</sub> und dem beabsichtigten Grad des Vertrauens <em>p</em> (Konfidenzintervall) aus GUM [<link ref="Lit_GUM_1995">11</link>, Tabelle G.2] entnommen.</p>
			</section>
			<section id="N10B20" label="4.2">
				<head>
					<link id="_Ref26270605"/>
					<pagenumber id="N10B27" label="19" numbering="arabic" start="19"/>Unsicherheitsbudget für die quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie</head>
				<p>Die Vorgehensweise zur Berechnung der Messunsicherheit eines Analysenergebnisses lässt sich in die folgenden vier Schritte aufgliedern [<link ref="Lit_QUAM_EURACHEM_2000">55</link>]: </p>
				<p>
					<ol numbering="arabic">
						<li>
							<p>Spezifikation der Messgröße</p>
						</li>
						<li>
							<p>Identifizierung der Unsicherheitsquellen</p>
						</li>
						<li>
							<p>Quantifizierung der Unsicherheitskomponenten</p>
						</li>
						<li>
							<p>Berechnung der gesamten Unsicherheit.</p>
						</li>
					</ol>
				</p>
				<p>Der erste Schritt, die Spezifikation der Messgröße in Abhängigkeit der Eingangsgrößen, erfolgte bereits für die vier Anwendungsgebiete der quantitativen NMR im Kapitel <link ref="_Ref19775749">3</link>. Für den zweiten Schritt, der Identifizierung der Unsicherheitsquellen, ist es sinnvoll, in einem Ursachen-Wirkungs-Diagramm die Eingangsgrößen und deren Einflussgrößen gemäß der Gleichung der Messgröße darzustellen. Die Vorgehensweise zum Aufstellen eines solchen Diagramms beschreiben Ellison und Barwick [<link ref="Lit_Ellison_1998">56</link>] in Übereinstimmung mit der ISO 9004-4 [<link ref="Lit_ISO_9004_4_1993">57</link>]. Für die vier Anwendungen der quantitativen NMR-Spektroskopie erfolgt dies in der Abbildung <link ref="Abb_Ursachen_Wirkungs_Diagramm">4.1</link>.</p>
				<p>
					<mm entity="Grafik5" file="Malz_html_m8de2c6d.png" id="N10B67" label="548#337">
						<caption>Abbildung <link id="Abb_Ursachen_Wirkungs_Diagramm"/>4.1: Ursachen-Wirkungs-Diagramm nach ISO 9004-4. Für die Analyse von Stoff­mengenanteilen und -verhältnissen gelten nur die schwarzen Pfeile, für die Gehalts- und Reinheitsbestimmung die schwarzen und die roten Pfeile.</caption>
					</mm>
				</p>
				<p>Die einzelnen Unsicherheitsbeiträge der Eingangsgrößen Intensitätsverhältnis (Integration), Anzahl der zur Resonanzlinie beitragenden Kerne <em>N<sub>i</sub>
					</em>, Molmasse M<sub>i</sub>, Einwaage m<sub>i</sub> sowie Reinheitsgrad P<sub>Std</sub> bzw. -faktor f<sub>Std</sub> sollen nun näher betrachtet werden.</p>
				<p>
					<pagenumber id="N10B8A" label="20" numbering="arabic" start="20"/>Die Schritte 3 (Quantifizierung der Unsicherheitskomponenten) und 4 (Berechnung der ge­samten Unsicherheit) werden für die Ermittlung von Stoffmengenverhältnissen und -anteilen im Kapitel <link ref="_Ref17159322">5</link>, für die Reinheitsanalyse im Kapitel <link ref="_Ref16315627">6</link> und für die Gehaltsbestimmung im Kapitel <link ref="_Ref19776782">7</link> behandelt.</p>
				<subsection id="N10B9B" label="4.2.1">
					<head>Intensitätsverhältnis (Integration)</head>
					<p>Generell kann aus einem NMR-Spektrum nur die Information über das Intensitätsverhältnis erhalten werden, dessen Präzision nach Typ A durch Mehrfachmessungen zu ermitteln ist. Werden die Messungen direkt nacheinander durchgeführt, so erhält man die Wiederhol­präzision. Dagegen spricht man von der Vergleichspräzision, wenn die Messungen z.B. zeitlich versetzt mit jeweiligen Shimmen des Systems ausgeführt werden. Die in dieser Arbeit aufgeführten Standardunsicherheiten der Integration geben die Vergleichspräzision wider (Kriterium: unterschiedliche Shim-Zustände). Die Berechnung der Unsicherheit des Intensitätsverhältnisses erfolgt nach Gleichung (<link ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Integration_unabh">4.1</link>), in der nicht nur die Unsicherheit der Integration, sondern die des gesamten Systems der Spektrenaufnahme (Shimmen, Aufnahme, Prozessierung, Spektrenkorrekturen und Integration) berücksichtigt. </p>
				</subsection>
				<subsection id="N10BA8" label="4.2.2">
					<head>Anzahl der zur Resonanzlinie beitragenden Kerne <em>N</em>
					</head>
					<p>Die Anzahl von Kernen, die zu einer Resonanzlinie beitragen, sind gemäß der Summenfor­mel einer Substanz eine Integergröße, sofern keine Reaktion stattfindet (z.B. Deuterierung von Protonen durch Lösungsmittel in der <sup>1</sup>H-NMR). Generell ist für quantitative Analyse mit der NMR-Spektroskopie die Stabilität der auszuwertenden Signale Voraussetzung und mit­tels Stabilitätsuntersuchungen zu belegen. Eine Unsicherheit ist daher nicht zu betrachten.</p>
				</subsection>
				<subsection id="N10BB7" label="4.2.3">
					<head>Molmasse</head>
					<p>Die Standardunsicherheit der Molmasse u(M<sub>i</sub>) wird nach Typ B ermittelt und setzt sich aus den Unsicherheiten der Atommasse gemäß der Summenformel der betrachteten Komponen­te zusammen. In der Zeitschrift &#8222;Pure and Applied Chemistry&#8220; wird von der IUPAC regel­mäßig eine Tabelle mit den relativen Atommassen aller Elemente und deren Unsicherheiten veröffentlicht. Da sich die Molmasse als Summe unabhängiger Eingangsgrößen berechnet, wird die Standardunsicherheit der Molmasse nach GUM [<link ref="Lit_QUAM_EURACHEM_2000">55</link>, Kapitel 8.2.6, Regel 1] wie folgt berechnet [<link ref="Lit_Rösslein_EMPA_1999">58</link>]:</p>
					<p>
						<table frame="none" id="N10BCC" orient="port" tocentry="1">
							<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
								<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
								<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
								<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
								<tbody valign="top">
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>
												<mm entity="Objekt30" file="Malz_html_m2119e003.gif" id="N10BEF" label="164#52"/>.</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>(<link id="Glg_Unsicherheit_Molmasse"/>4.6)</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
								</tbody>
							</tgroup>
						</table>
					</p>
					<p>
						<pagenumber id="N10C0D" label="21" numbering="arabic" start="21"/>Dabei gibt N<sub>j</sub> die Anzahl der Atome des Elements j, u(j) die Standardunsicherheit der Atommasse des Elements j und n die Anzahl der vorkommenden verschiedenen Elemente im Molekül wieder. Der Freiheitsgrad wird zu 50 gesetzt.</p>
				</subsection>
				<subsection id="N10C16" label="4.2.4">
					<head>Einwaage</head>
					<p>Die Standardunsicherheit einer Einwaage <em>u(m<sub>i</sub>)</em> wird vor allem durch die Unsicherheiten der Wiederholbarkeit <em>u<sub>W</sub>(m<sub>i</sub>)</em> und die der Nichtlinearität u<sub>Nichtlinearität</sub>(m<sub>i</sub>) ermittelt, die aus den Her­stellerangaben der Waage nach Typ B herangezogen werden können. </p>
					<p>Die Unsicherheit der Wiederholbarkeit kann direkt aus dem Datenblatt entnommen werden. Darin ist die Unsicherheit der Ablesegenauigkeit enthalten. Will man die Unsicherheit nach Typ A ermitteln, so ist eine Messreihe von n Wägungen durchzuführen und die Wiederhol­präzision zu berechnen, die als Standardunsicherheit folgendermaßen angegeben wird:</p>
					<p>
						<table frame="none" id="N10C38" orient="port" tocentry="1">
							<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
								<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
								<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
								<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
								<tbody valign="top">
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>
												<mm entity="Objekt31" file="Malz_html_46562651.gif" id="N10C5B" label="155#69"/>
											</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>(<link id="Glg_SD"/>4.7)</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
								</tbody>
							</tgroup>
						</table>
					</p>
					<p>Die Linearitätsabweichung wird allgemein als maximale Abweichung &#916;<em>m</em> vom wahren Wert im Datenblatt angegeben. In der Annahme einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung (Rechteckvertei­lung) wird somit die Unsicherheit der Nichtlinearität wie folgt berechnet:</p>
					<p>
						<table frame="none" id="N10C7F" orient="port" tocentry="1">
							<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
								<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
								<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
								<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
								<tbody valign="top">
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>
												<mm entity="Objekt32" file="Malz_html_m5a6e22c2.gif" id="N10CA2" label="132#44"/>.</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>(<link id="Glg_Unsicherheit_Rechteckverteilung"/>4.8)</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
								</tbody>
							</tgroup>
						</table>
					</p>
					<p>Der Vorgang einer Einwaage besteht aus zwei Wägvorgängen (Tara- und Bruttoeinwaage), wodurch die Nichtlinearität zweimal zu berücksichtigen ist. Da diese beiden Ablesungen voneinander unabhängig sind, geht die Standardunsicherheit der Nichtlinearität zweimal ein. Die kombinierte Unsicherheit berechnet sich daher aufgrund unabhängigen Eingangsgrößen wie folgt:</p>
					<p>
						<table frame="none" id="N10CC3" orient="port" tocentry="1">
							<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
								<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
								<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
								<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
								<tbody valign="top">
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>
												<mm entity="Objekt33" file="Malz_html_e718c5c.gif" id="N10CE6" label="371#56"/>.</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>(<link id="Glg_Unsicherheit_Waage"/>4.9)</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
								</tbody>
							</tgroup>
						</table>
					</p>
					<p>Will man die Unsicherheit der Nichtlinearität nach Typ A bestimmen, so ist die maximale Differenz aller ermittelten Messwerte, das Intervall <mm entity="Objekt34" file="Malz_html_5a3cce3d.gif" id="N10D04" label="37#16"/>, zu bestimmen, in dem der wahre, aber unbekannte Wert liegt. Die Unsicherheit berechnet sich dann wie folgt:</p>
					<p>
						<table frame="none" id="N10D0B" orient="port" tocentry="1">
							<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
								<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
								<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
								<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
								<tbody valign="top">
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>
												<mm entity="Objekt35" file="Malz_html_m5c1a866.gif" id="N10D2E" label="136#39"/>.</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>(<link id="Glg_Unsicherheit_Waage_Nichtl_TypA"/>
												<link id="Glg_Unsicherheit_Rechteckverteilung_2"/>4.10)</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
								</tbody>
							</tgroup>
						</table>
					</p>
					<p>Die in dieser Arbeit ausgeführten Wägungen erfolgten mit einer Ablesegenauigkeit von <br/>0,1mg auf einer Sartorius BP 121 S und mit einer Ablesegenauigkeit von 0,01mg auf einer <pagenumber id="N10D51" label="22" numbering="arabic" start="22"/>Mettler AT 261 Delta Range. In Tabelle <link ref="Tab_Unsicherheit_Einwaage_TypB">4.1</link> sind die Kenndaten, entnommen aus den Herstellerblättern, sowie die daraus nach Typ B berechneten Unsicherheiten aufgeführt.</p>
					<p>
						<table frame="all" id="N10D5C" orient="port" tocentry="1">
							<caption>Tabelle <link id="Tab_Unsicherheit_Einwaage_TypB"/>4.1: Kenndaten aus den Herstellerangaben für die verwendeten Waagen. Ermittlung der Einwaageunsicherheit nach Typ B.</caption>
							<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
								<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
								<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
								<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
								<tbody valign="top">
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>Sartorius BP 121 S</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>Mettler AT 261 Delta Range</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>Ablesegenauigkeit</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>0,1 mg</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>0,01 mg </p>
										</entry>
									</row>
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>
												<em>u<sub>W</sub>(m)</em>
											</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>0,1 mg</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>Einwaage bis 50 g: 0,015 mg</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>&#916;m</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>0,2 mg</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>0,03 mg</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>u(m) (Gleichung (<link ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Waage">4.9</link>))</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>0,2 mg</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>0,03 mg</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
								</tbody>
							</tgroup>
						</table>
					</p>
					<p>Im Rahmen der routinemäßig durchgeführten Überprüfungen der Waagen wurde durch den DKD eine Kalibrierung der Sartorius BP 121 S vorgenommen. Hierzu wurden mit einem Eichgewicht von 100g sechs Messungen ausgeführt, deren Standardabweichung zu 0,05mg bestimmt wurde. Die maximale Abweichung von 0,1mg (<mm entity="Objekt36" file="Malz_html_m533324b7.gif" id="N10E1E" label="43#19"/>) bei der Überprüfung der Nichtlinearität wurde bei vier Tara-Einwaagen (0g, 30g, 60g und 100g) mit einem Eichge­wicht von 20g bestimmt. Aus diesen beiden Angaben wurde nach Typ A die Standardun­sicherheit einer Einwaage nach Gleichung (<link ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Waage">4.9</link>) berechnet, wobei die Unsicherheit der Nichtlinearität der Waage nach Gleichung (<link ref="Glg_Unsicherheit_Waage_Nichtl_TypA">4.10</link>) ermittelt wurde. Daraus ergab sich eine Standardunsicherheit von 0,08 mg. Diese liegt deutlich unterhalb der aus den Hersteller­daten ermittelten. Der Freiheitsgrad einer Wägung wird zu 1000 gesetzt.</p>
				</subsection>
				<subsection id="N10E2C" label="4.2.5">
					<head>Reinheitsgrad, Reinheitsfaktor</head>
					<p>Die Standardunsicherheit des Reinheitsgrades bzw. des Reinheitsfaktors eines Standards kann bei einem ZRM direkt aus dem Zertifizierungsschein nach Typ B übernommen werden. Ist dabei ein Erweiterungsfaktor angegeben worden, so ist die angegebene Unsicherheit durch diesen Faktor zu dividieren. Liegt bei Einsatz eines anderen Standards keine Angabe über die Unsicherheit des Reinheitsgrades vor, so ist die Reinheit experimentell zu ermitteln und mit der Unsicherheit des eingesetzten Verfahrens zu belegen.</p>
					<p>Zusammengefasst ergeben sich somit die nach Gleichung (<link ref="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Produkt">4.3</link>) aufgestellten kombinierten Messunsicherheiten für Stoffmengenverhältnis und -anteil zu</p>
					<p>
						<table frame="none" id="N10E3D" orient="port" tocentry="1">
							<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
								<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
								<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
								<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
								<tbody valign="top">
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>
												<mm entity="Objekt37" file="Malz_html_m1412efc.gif" id="N10E60" label="147#52"/>,</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>(<link id="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Stoffmengenanteile"/>4.11)</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
								</tbody>
							</tgroup>
						</table>
					</p>
					<p>
						<pagenumber id="N10E7E" label="23" numbering="arabic" start="23"/>für die Reinheitsanalyse zu</p>
					<p>
						<table frame="none" id="N10E85" orient="port" tocentry="1">
							<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
								<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
								<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
								<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
								<tbody valign="top">
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>
												<mm entity="Objekt38" file="Malz_html_5ead98d2.gif" id="N10EA8" label="469#49"/>
											</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>(<link id="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Reinheit"/>4.12)</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
								</tbody>
							</tgroup>
						</table>
					</p>
					<p>und für die Gehaltsanalyse zu</p>
					<p>
						<table frame="none" id="N10EC9" orient="port" tocentry="1">
							<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
								<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
								<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
								<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
								<tbody valign="top">
									<row>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>
												<mm entity="Objekt39" file="Malz_html_587515fd.gif" id="N10EEC" label="477#49"/>.</p>
										</entry>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
										<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
											<p>(<link id="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Gehalt"/>4.13)</p>
										</entry>
									</row>
								</tbody>
							</tgroup>
						</table>
					</p>
				</subsection>
			</section>
			<section id="N10F0A" label="4.3">
				<head>Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit von quantitativen NMR-Analyseverfahren mittels Referenzwerten</head>
				<p>Die im Kapitel <link ref="_Ref26270605">4.2</link> beschriebene Messunsicherheit für quantitative NMR-Messungen berück­sichtigt nur zufällige Abweichungen der Eingangsgrößen im Unsicherheitsbudget. Um die Messunsicherheit eines Analysenverfahrens vollständig zu beschreiben, ist zusätzlich die Ermittlung systematischer Abweichungen nötig. Hierzu wird ein Soll-Ist-Vergleich des Mittelwertes der Analysenergebnisse <mm entity="Objekt40" file="Malz_html_43529bb2.gif" id="N10F15" label="89#22"/> mit einem zugehörigen Referenzwert x<sub>Ref</sub>± u(x<sub>Ref</sub>) durchgeführt. Die Differenz </p>
				<p>
					<table frame="none" id="N10F22" orient="port" tocentry="1">
						<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
							<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
							<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
							<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
							<tbody valign="top">
								<row>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>
											<mm entity="Objekt41" file="Malz_html_3b9ee14c.gif" id="N10F45" label="113#25"/>
										</p>
									</entry>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>(<link id="Glg_systematische_Abweichung"/>4.14)</p>
									</entry>
								</row>
							</tbody>
						</tgroup>
					</table>
				</p>
				<p>beschreibt die systematische Abweichung des Analysenwertes vom Referenzwert, deren Standardunsicherheit u(&#916;<sub>Anl</sub>) wie folgt berechnet wird:</p>
				<p>
					<table frame="none" id="N10F69" orient="port" tocentry="1">
						<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
							<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
							<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
							<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
							<tbody valign="top">
								<row>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>
											<mm entity="Objekt42" file="Malz_html_63e3cfdd.gif" id="N10F8C" label="204#33"/>.</p>
									</entry>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>(<link id="Glg_Unsicherheit_systemat_Abweichung"/>4.15)</p>
									</entry>
								</row>
							</tbody>
						</tgroup>
					</table>
				</p>
				<p>Über das Ausmaß der systematischen Abweichung gibt das folgende Kriterium Auskunft [<link ref="Lit_Hässelbarth_1998">7</link>]: </p>
				<p>
					<table frame="none" id="N10FB1" orient="port" tocentry="1">
						<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
							<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
							<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
							<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
							<tbody valign="top">
								<row>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>
											<mm entity="Objekt43" file="Malz_html_m4d0d5c5a.gif" id="N10FD4" label="97#23"/>. </p>
									</entry>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>(<link id="Glg_Kriterium_Systematisch"/>4.16)</p>
									</entry>
								</row>
							</tbody>
						</tgroup>
					</table>
				</p>
				<p>Bei Nichterfüllung dieser Gleichung liegt eine signifikante systematische Abweichung vor, die entweder zu eliminieren (Analysenverfahren verbessern) oder rechnerisch zu korrigieren ist (Korrekturterm). Kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass diese systematische Abweichung nicht konstant auftritt, so ist sie als Unsicherheitsbeitrag direkt im Unsicherheitsbudget zu berücksichtigen. Allgemein wird bei Erfüllung dieses Kriteriums (Gleichung <link ref="Glg_Kriterium_Systematisch">4.16</link>) die syste­matische Abweichung als nicht signifikant eingestuft und daher vernachlässigt [<link ref="Lit_Hässelbarth_1998">7</link>]. Diese Vorgehensweise hat zur Folge, dass zwar für &#916;<sub>Anl</sub> &#8804; u(&#916;<sub>Anl</sub>) (Fall 1) der Analysenwert einschließlich der kombinierten Unsicherheit in der erweiterten Messunsicherheit des Verfah­rens vollständig erfasst wird, bei  u(&#916;<sub>Anl</sub>)&lt;&#916;<sub>Anl</sub> &#8804; 2u(&#916;<sub>Anl</sub>) (Fall 2) jedoch nicht (Abbildung <link ref="Abb_Richtigkeit_Verfahren">4.2</link>, schwarze Linien). </p>
				<p>
					<pagenumber id="N11010" label="24" numbering="arabic" start="24"/>
					<link id="_1101148233"/>
					<mm entity="Objekt44" file="Malz_html_ma7edc69.gif" id="N11017" label="400#207">
						<caption>Abbildung <link id="Abb_Richtigkeit_Verfahren"/>4.2: Schematische Darstellung bei der Betrachtung der Messunsicherheit eines Analysenverfahrens bei unterschiedlichen Handhabung von systematischen Abweichungen. Schwarz: Geringfügige Abweichungen werden vernachlässigt; Fall 1 wird mit der Mess­unsicherheit des Verfahrens vollständig beschrieben, nicht aber Fall 2. Rot: Geringfügige Abweichungen werden berücksichtigt; beide Fälle liegen innerhalb der Messunsicherheit des Verfahrens. </caption>
					</mm>
				</p>
				<p>In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll die Messunsicherheit eines Analysenverfahrens entsprechend der Anlage 1 zum QMH-I-5 der BAM, dem Konzept zur Ermittlung und Angabe von Messunsicherheiten der Abteilung I [<link ref="Lit_Noack_2002">59</link>], berechnet werden. Hiernach werden auch gering­fügige Abweichungen, die obiges Kriterium erfüllen (Gleichung <link ref="Glg_Kriterium_Systematisch">4.16</link>), im Unsicherheits­budget eingerechnet. Die im Kapitel <link ref="_Ref26270605">4.2</link> aufgestellten Unsicherheitsbudgets für die vier Anwendungsgebiete (Gleichungen <link ref="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Stoffmengenanteile">4.11</link>, <link ref="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Reinheit">4.12</link> und <link ref="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Gehalt">4.13</link>), hier als u<sub>c</sub>(x<sub>Anl</sub>) bezeichnet, müssen zur Betrachtung der Messunsicherheit des Analysenverfahrens um die Beiträge der systematischen Abweichung &#916;<sub>Anl</sub> und der Unsicherheit des Referenzwertes u(x<sub>Ref</sub>) erweitert werden. Man erhält somit für die Messunsicherheit eines Analysenverfahrens die folgende kombinierte Unsicherheit:</p>
				<p>
					<table frame="none" id="N1104C" orient="port" tocentry="1">
						<tgroup align="left" char="" charoff="50" cols="3">
							<colspec colname="1" colnum="1"/>
							<colspec colname="2" colnum="2"/>
							<colspec colname="3" colnum="3"/>
							<tbody valign="top">
								<row>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>
											<mm entity="Objekt45" file="Malz_html_7a974343.gif" id="N1106F" label="235#33"/>.</p>
									</entry>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top"/>
									<entry morerows="0" rotate="0" valign="top">
										<p>(<link id="Glg_komb_Unsicherheit_Abweichungen"/>4.17)</p>
									</entry>
								</row>
							</tbody>
						</tgroup>
					</table>
				</p>
				<p>Hierbei wird auch der Fall 2 der Abbildung <link ref="Abb_Richtigkeit_Verfahren">4.2</link> mit der so berechneten Messunsicherheit des Verfahrens (rote Linie) vollständig miterfasst.</p>
			</section>
		</chapter></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>