<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">On the nature of different Fe sites in Fe-containing micro and mesoporous materials and their catalytic role in the abatement of nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">M. Santhosh Kumar</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1039F" part="chapter1" ref="N1039F" type="citenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103FF" part="chapter1" ref="N103FF" type="citenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10451" part="chapter1" ref="N10451" type="citenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10481" part="chapter1" ref="N10481" type="citenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10497" part="chapter2" ref="N10497" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1049C" part="chapter2" ref="N1049C" type="helpercitenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104B0" part="chapter2" ref="N104B0" type="citenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104DB" part="chapter2" ref="N104DB" type="citenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1053B" part="chapter2" ref="N1053B" type="citenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10571" part="chapter2" ref="N10571" type="citenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105CC" part="chapter2" ref="N105CC" type="subsection">2.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10600" part="chapter2" ref="N10600" type="citenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1062A" part="chapter2" ref="N1062A" type="citenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1065A" part="chapter2" ref="N1065A" type="citenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10699" part="chapter2" ref="N10699" type="citenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106CC" part="chapter2" ref="N106CC" type="citenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106FC" part="chapter2" ref="N106FC" type="citenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1070E" part="chapter2" ref="N1070E" type="mm">176#38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10715" part="chapter2" ref="N10715" type="mm">156#45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1071C" part="chapter2" ref="N1071C" type="citenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10752" part="chapter2" ref="N10752" type="citenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107A0" part="chapter2" ref="N107A0" type="citenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107A5" part="chapter2" ref="N107A5" type="subsection">2.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107D6" part="chapter2" ref="N107D6" type="mm">170#34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107DD" part="chapter2" ref="N107DD" type="citenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107EC" part="chapter2" ref="N107EC" type="mm">198#17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107F3" part="chapter2" ref="N107F3" type="mm">175#19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107FA" part="chapter2" ref="N107FA" type="citenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1084B" part="chapter2" ref="N1084B" type="citenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1084E" part="chapter2" ref="N1084E" type="mm">189#25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10867" part="chapter2" ref="N10867" type="mm">254#22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1086E" part="chapter2" ref="N1086E" type="citenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10892" part="chapter2" ref="N10892" type="mm">327#21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108A2" part="chapter2" ref="N108A2" type="citenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108BD" part="chapter2" ref="N108BD" type="mm">200#19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108C4" part="chapter2" ref="N108C4" type="citenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108C7" part="chapter2" ref="N108C7" type="mm">192#18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108CE" part="chapter2" ref="N108CE" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108F1" part="chapter2" ref="N108F1" type="subsection">2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10919" part="chapter2" ref="N10919" type="citenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1092B" part="chapter2" ref="N1092B" type="citenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10961" part="chapter2" ref="N10961" type="citenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109A3" part="chapter2" ref="N109A3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N109CD" part="chapter2" ref="N109CD" type="mm">641#504</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109D9" part="chapter2" ref="N109D9" type="subsection">2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109E3" part="chapter2" ref="N109E3" type="citenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A1C" part="chapter2" ref="N10A1C" type="citenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A31" part="chapter2" ref="N10A31" type="citenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A54" part="chapter2" ref="N10A54" type="subsection">2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A5B" part="chapter2" ref="N10A5B" type="citenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A79" part="chapter2" ref="N10A79" type="citenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A81" part="chapter2" ref="N10A81" type="subsection">2.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AB5" part="chapter2" ref="N10AB5" type="citenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AF1" part="chapter2" ref="N10AF1" type="section">2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B14" part="chapter2" ref="N10B14" type="subsection">2.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B1B" part="chapter2" ref="N10B1B" type="citenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B39" part="chapter2" ref="N10B39" type="citenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B5F" part="chapter2" ref="N10B5F" type="subsection">2.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B69" part="chapter2" ref="N10B69" type="citenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BA2" part="chapter2" ref="N10BA2" type="citenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BD8" part="chapter2" ref="N10BD8" type="citenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BF3" part="chapter2" ref="N10BF3" type="section">2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C0A" part="chapter2" ref="N10C0A" type="subsection">2.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C11" part="chapter2" ref="N10C11" type="citenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C3B" part="chapter2" ref="N10C3B" type="citenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C83" part="chapter2" ref="N10C83" type="citenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C86" part="chapter2" ref="N10C86" type="mm">576#254</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CAC" part="chapter2" ref="N10CAC" type="citenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CBE" part="chapter2" ref="N10CBE" type="mm">261#226</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CC8" part="chapter2" ref="N10CC8" type="subsection">2.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CE4" part="chapter2" ref="N10CE4" type="citenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CE7" part="chapter2" ref="N10CE7" type="mm">253#205</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D0D" part="chapter2" ref="N10D0D" type="citenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D28" part="chapter2" ref="N10D28" type="citenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D39" part="chapter2" ref="N10D39" type="subsection">2.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D4F" part="chapter2" ref="N10D4F" type="citenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DEE" part="chapter2" ref="N10DEE" type="citenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DF1" part="chapter2" ref="N10DF1" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10E12" part="chapter2" ref="N10E12" type="mm">418#507</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E66" part="chapter2" ref="N10E66" type="subsection">2.4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E73" part="chapter2" ref="N10E73" type="citenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10ECA" part="chapter2" ref="N10ECA" type="citenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EFD" part="chapter2" ref="N10EFD" type="citenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F30" part="chapter2" ref="N10F30" type="citenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F64" part="chapter3" ref="N10F64" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F69" part="chapter3" ref="N10F69" type="helpercitenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F6C" part="chapter3" ref="N10F6C" type="subsection">3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F73" part="chapter3" ref="N10F73" type="citenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F8B" part="chapter3" ref="N10F8B" type="citenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FAF" part="chapter3" ref="N10FAF" type="citenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FEB" part="chapter3" ref="N10FEB" type="citenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1101A" part="chapter3" ref="N1101A" type="subsection">3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11027" part="chapter3" ref="N11027" type="citenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11036" part="chapter3" ref="N11036" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11377" part="chapter3" ref="N11377" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1137C" part="chapter3" ref="N1137C" type="subsection">3.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11383" part="chapter3" ref="N11383" type="citenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1139B" part="chapter3" ref="N1139B" type="mm">271#443</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113A6" part="chapter3" ref="N113A6" type="citenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113E1" part="chapter3" ref="N113E1" type="citenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113F2" part="chapter3" ref="N113F2" type="subsection">3.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11402" part="chapter3" ref="N11402" type="mm">585#275</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1140D" part="chapter3" ref="N1140D" type="citenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1141F" part="chapter3" ref="N1141F" type="citenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1145E" part="chapter3" ref="N1145E" type="citenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1148D" part="chapter3" ref="N1148D" type="subsection">3.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11494" part="chapter3" ref="N11494" type="citenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114AC" part="chapter3" ref="N114AC" type="citenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114B2" part="chapter3" ref="N114B2" type="section">3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114C3" part="chapter3" ref="N114C3" type="subsection">3.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114ED" part="chapter3" ref="N114ED" type="subsection">3.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114FA" part="chapter3" ref="N114FA" type="citenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11539" part="chapter4" ref="N11539" type="helpercitenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1153C" part="chapter4" ref="N1153C" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11547" part="chapter4" ref="N11547" type="subsection">4.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11554" part="chapter4" ref="N11554" type="citenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115A8" part="chapter4" ref="N115A8" type="mm">408#208</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115BF" part="chapter4" ref="N115BF" type="citenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11616" part="chapter4" ref="N11616" type="citenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1162B" part="chapter4" ref="N1162B" type="citenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1162E" part="chapter4" ref="N1162E" type="mm">465#254</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11663" part="chapter4" ref="N11663" type="citenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11666" part="chapter4" ref="N11666" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11F88" part="chapter4" ref="N11F88" type="mm">516#504</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11F99" part="chapter4" ref="N11F99" type="citenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11FD5" part="chapter4" ref="N11FD5" type="citenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11FF9" part="chapter4" ref="N11FF9" type="mm">503#241</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12025" part="chapter4" ref="N12025" type="citenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12031" part="chapter4" ref="N12031" type="mm">624#480</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12051" part="chapter4" ref="N12051" type="citenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12057" part="chapter4" ref="N12057" type="mm">591#289</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1206E" part="chapter4" ref="N1206E" type="citenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12086" part="chapter4" ref="N12086" type="mm">612#291</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12097" part="chapter4" ref="N12097" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N120B8" part="chapter4" ref="N120B8" type="mm">560#268</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120C5" part="chapter4" ref="N120C5" type="citenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120DD" part="chapter4" ref="N120DD" type="citenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120E0" part="chapter4" ref="N120E0" type="mm">624#278</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12103" part="chapter4" ref="N12103" type="citenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12106" part="chapter4" ref="N12106" type="mm">604#468</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12141" part="chapter4" ref="N12141" type="citenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12183" part="chapter4" ref="N12183" type="citenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121A1" part="chapter4" ref="N121A1" type="mm">527#505</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121BE" part="chapter4" ref="N121BE" type="citenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121F1" part="chapter4" ref="N121F1" type="mm">563#299</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12202" part="chapter4" ref="N12202" type="citenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12216" part="chapter4" ref="N12216" type="subsection">4.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12238" part="chapter4" ref="N12238" type="citenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12268" part="chapter4" ref="N12268" type="citenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1226B" part="chapter4" ref="N1226B" type="mm">468#228</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12294" part="chapter4" ref="N12294" type="citenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122A0" part="chapter4" ref="N122A0" type="mm">275#378</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122D5" part="chapter4" ref="N122D5" type="citenumber">85</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122E7" part="chapter4" ref="N122E7" type="mm">452#274</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1230D" part="chapter4" ref="N1230D" type="citenumber">86</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12310" part="chapter4" ref="N12310" type="mm">269#261</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1231E" part="chapter4" ref="N1231E" type="mm">264#444</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12329" part="chapter4" ref="N12329" type="citenumber">87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12347" part="chapter4" ref="N12347" type="citenumber">88</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1238F" part="chapter4" ref="N1238F" type="citenumber">89</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123A1" part="chapter4" ref="N123A1" type="citenumber">90</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123A4" part="chapter4" ref="N123A4" type="mm">492#275</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123CA" part="chapter4" ref="N123CA" type="citenumber">91</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123DC" part="chapter4" ref="N123DC" type="mm">263#229</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123ED" part="chapter4" ref="N123ED" type="citenumber">92</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123F3" part="chapter4" ref="N123F3" type="mm">281#220</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12404" part="chapter4" ref="N12404" type="citenumber">93</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12407" part="chapter4" ref="N12407" type="mm">276#425</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1242A" part="chapter4" ref="N1242A" type="citenumber">94</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12430" part="chapter4" ref="N12430" type="mm">262#253</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12447" part="chapter4" ref="N12447" type="citenumber">95</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1246E" part="chapter4" ref="N1246E" type="mm">306#488</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1249A" part="chapter4" ref="N1249A" type="citenumber">96</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1249D" part="chapter4" ref="N1249D" type="mm">612#524</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N124B4" part="chapter4" ref="N124B4" type="mm">528#360</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N124BF" part="chapter4" ref="N124BF" type="citenumber">97</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N124FE" part="chapter4" ref="N124FE" type="citenumber">98</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12516" part="chapter4" ref="N12516" type="mm">461#470</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12539" part="chapter4" ref="N12539" type="citenumber">99</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1253C" part="chapter4" ref="N1253C" type="mm">423#396</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1255C" part="chapter4" ref="N1255C" type="mm">293#263</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12567" part="chapter4" ref="N12567" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1256E" part="chapter4" ref="N1256E" type="citenumber">100</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N125BF" part="chapter4" ref="N125BF" type="citenumber">101</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N125C2" part="chapter4" ref="N125C2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12814" part="chapter4" ref="N12814" type="mm">572#372</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12825" part="chapter4" ref="N12825" type="citenumber">102</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12831" part="chapter4" ref="N12831" type="mm">551#379</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12842" part="chapter4" ref="N12842" type="citenumber">103</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12860" part="chapter4" ref="N12860" type="mm">547#418</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1286B" part="chapter4" ref="N1286B" type="citenumber">104</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12894" part="chapter4" ref="N12894" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128BC" part="chapter4" ref="N128BC" type="subsection">4.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128DB" part="chapter4" ref="N128DB" type="citenumber">105</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128E4" part="chapter4" ref="N128E4" type="mm">597#275</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1291F" part="chapter4" ref="N1291F" type="citenumber">106</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12985" part="chapter4" ref="N12985" type="citenumber">107</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12988" part="chapter4" ref="N12988" type="mm">601#384</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12993" part="chapter4" ref="N12993" type="mm">600#413</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129E9" part="chapter4" ref="N129E9" type="citenumber">108</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12A31" part="chapter4" ref="N12A31" type="mm">595#420</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12A3F" part="chapter4" ref="N12A3F" type="citenumber">109</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12A42" part="chapter4" ref="N12A42" type="mm">578#409</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12A9B" part="chapter4" ref="N12A9B" type="citenumber">110</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12AC5" part="chapter4" ref="N12AC5" type="mm">593#323</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12ADF" part="chapter4" ref="N12ADF" type="citenumber">111</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12AE2" part="chapter4" ref="N12AE2" type="mm">319#288</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B1A" part="chapter4" ref="N12B1A" type="citenumber">112</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B32" part="chapter4" ref="N12B32" type="mm">604#837</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B3D" part="chapter4" ref="N12B3D" type="citenumber">113</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B40" part="chapter4" ref="N12B40" type="mm">336#329</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B66" part="chapter4" ref="N12B66" type="citenumber">114</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B93" part="chapter4" ref="N12B93" type="mm">610#469</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12BA7" part="chapter4" ref="N12BA7" type="citenumber">115</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12BB0" part="chapter4" ref="N12BB0" type="mm">564#576</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C06" part="chapter4" ref="N12C06" type="citenumber">116</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C30" part="chapter4" ref="N12C30" type="mm">612#559</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C50" part="chapter4" ref="N12C50" type="citenumber">117</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C58" part="chapter4" ref="N12C58" type="subsection">4.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C6E" part="chapter4" ref="N12C6E" type="citenumber">118</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C71" part="chapter4" ref="N12C71" type="mm">607#409</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CA9" part="chapter4" ref="N12CA9" type="citenumber">119</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CB8" part="chapter4" ref="N12CB8" type="citenumber">120</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CC1" part="chapter4" ref="N12CC1" type="mm">612#420</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CD5" part="chapter4" ref="N12CD5" type="citenumber">121</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CEA" part="chapter4" ref="N12CEA" type="mm">549#429</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CF5" part="chapter4" ref="N12CF5" type="citenumber">122</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D22" part="chapter4" ref="N12D22" type="citenumber">123</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D25" part="chapter4" ref="N12D25" type="mm">623#468</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D5D" part="chapter4" ref="N12D5D" type="citenumber">124</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D8D" part="chapter4" ref="N12D8D" type="citenumber">125</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D90" part="chapter4" ref="N12D90" type="mm">612#636</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12DCB" part="chapter4" ref="N12DCB" type="citenumber">126</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12DF7" part="chapter4" ref="N12DF7" type="subsection">4.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E25" part="chapter4" ref="N12E25" type="citenumber">127</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E34" part="chapter4" ref="N12E34" type="mm">576#312</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E63" part="chapter4" ref="N12E63" type="citenumber">128</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12E96" part="chapter4" ref="N12E96" type="mm">612#336</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12EA1" part="chapter4" ref="N12EA1" type="citenumber">129</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12EE0" part="chapter4" ref="N12EE0" type="citenumber">130</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F19" part="chapter4" ref="N12F19" type="mm">612#336</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F33" part="chapter4" ref="N12F33" type="citenumber">131</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F54" part="chapter4" ref="N12F54" type="mm">612#366</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F7A" part="chapter4" ref="N12F7A" type="citenumber">132</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FB9" part="chapter4" ref="N12FB9" type="mm">605#312</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FC4" part="chapter4" ref="N12FC4" type="citenumber">133</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1306A" part="chapter4" ref="N1306A" type="mm">381#313</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13090" part="chapter4" ref="N13090" type="citenumber">134</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1309C" part="chapter4" ref="N1309C" type="mm">612#300</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130C5" part="chapter4" ref="N130C5" type="citenumber">135</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130DD" part="chapter4" ref="N130DD" type="section">4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130E8" part="chapter4" ref="N130E8" type="subsection">4.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N130FB" part="chapter4" ref="N130FB" type="citenumber">136</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13113" part="chapter4" ref="N13113" type="mm">522#445</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13130" part="chapter4" ref="N13130" type="citenumber">137</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1314E" part="chapter4" ref="N1314E" type="citenumber">138</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1315A" part="chapter4" ref="N1315A" type="mm">427#468</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1316E" part="chapter4" ref="N1316E" type="citenumber">139</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13180" part="chapter4" ref="N13180" type="mm">442#420</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1319A" part="chapter4" ref="N1319A" type="citenumber">140</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N131B4" part="chapter4" ref="N131B4" type="subsection">4.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N131D0" part="chapter4" ref="N131D0" type="citenumber">141</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N131E5" part="chapter4" ref="N131E5" type="mm">425#370</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1321D" part="chapter4" ref="N1321D" type="citenumber">142</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13235" part="chapter4" ref="N13235" type="mm">414#301</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1326D" part="chapter4" ref="N1326D" type="citenumber">143</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1328E" part="chapter4" ref="N1328E" type="mm">489#361</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N132AE" part="chapter4" ref="N132AE" type="citenumber">144</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N132E4" part="chapter4" ref="N132E4" type="mm">492#395</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13307" part="chapter4" ref="N13307" type="citenumber">145</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13335" part="chapter5" ref="N13335" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1333A" part="chapter5" ref="N1333A" type="helpercitenumber">145</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13340" part="chapter5" ref="N13340" type="subsection">5.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13347" part="chapter5" ref="N13347" type="citenumber">146</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1336E" part="chapter5" ref="N1336E" type="citenumber">147</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N133B9" part="chapter5" ref="N133B9" type="citenumber">148</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13443" part="chapter5" ref="N13443" type="citenumber">149</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13460" part="chapter5" ref="N13460" type="subsection">5.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13484" part="chapter5" ref="N13484" type="subsection">5.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1348B" part="chapter5" ref="N1348B" type="citenumber">150</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N134CF" part="chapter5" ref="N134CF" type="subsection">5.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N134D8" part="chapter5" ref="N134D8" type="subsection">5.1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N134E2" part="chapter5" ref="N134E2" type="citenumber">151</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N134EB" part="chapter5" ref="N134EB" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N134FC" part="chapter5" ref="N134FC" type="subsection">5.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1351B" part="chapter5" ref="N1351B" type="citenumber">152</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13572" part="chapter5" ref="N13572" type="citenumber">153</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13599" part="chapter5" ref="N13599" type="citenumber">154</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N135DB" part="chapter5" ref="N135DB" type="citenumber">155</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13620" part="chapter5" ref="N13620" type="citenumber">156</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13679" part="chapter5" ref="N13679" type="subsection">5.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N136A7" part="chapter5" ref="N136A7" type="citenumber">157</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N136AA" part="chapter5" ref="N136AA" type="mm">612#312</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N136E8" part="chapter5" ref="N136E8" type="citenumber">158</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N136EB" part="chapter5" ref="N136EB" type="mm">611#313</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1371A" part="chapter5" ref="N1371A" type="citenumber">159</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13750" part="chapter5" ref="N13750" type="citenumber">160</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13773" part="chapter5" ref="N13773" type="subsection">5.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1377D" part="chapter5" ref="N1377D" type="citenumber">161</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N137BF" part="chapter5" ref="N137BF" type="citenumber">162</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N137CE" part="chapter5" ref="N137CE" type="mm">430#338</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N137F7" part="chapter5" ref="N137F7" type="citenumber">163</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1382C" part="chapter5" ref="N1382C" type="citenumber">164</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13871" part="chapter5" 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type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14C1E" part="N14AE5" ref="N14C1E" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14C2A" part="N14AE5" ref="N14C2A" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14C3E" part="N14AE5" ref="N14C3E" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14C53" part="N14AE5" ref="N14C53" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14C64" part="N14AE5" ref="N14C64" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14C7E" part="N14AE5" ref="N14C7E" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14C92" part="N14AE5" ref="N14C92" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14CA3" part="N14AE5" ref="N14CA3" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14CB7" part="N14AE5" ref="N14CB7" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14CCB" part="N14AE5" ref="N14CCB" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14CE2" part="N14AE5" ref="N14CE2" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14CF9" part="N14AE5" ref="N14CF9" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14D0A" part="N14AE5" ref="N14D0A" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14D1B" part="N14AE5" ref="N14D1B" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14D2F" part="N14AE5" ref="N14D2F" type="p"/><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">en</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Table of contents</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Help</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><title>On the nature of different Fe sites in Fe-containing micro and<br/>mesoporous materials and their catalytic role in the abatement of<br/>nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases</title><submission>D i s s e r t a t i o n</submission><degree>zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/><br/>Doctor   rerum   naturalium<br/><br/>(Dr. rer. nat.)<br/><br/>im Fach Chemie</degree><major>eingereicht an der<br/><br/>Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I<br/><br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</major><author>von<br/><br/>
         <given>M.</given><surname>Santhosh Kumar</surname>, M.Sc.<br/><br/>geboren am 10.10.1975 in Secunderabad, Indien</author><p>Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin<br/>Prof. Dr. Jürgen Mlynek</p><dean>Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I<br/>Prof. Thomas Buckhout, Ph.D</dean><approvals>
         <name>PROF. DR. R. STÖSSER</name>
         <name>HABIL. DR. A. BRÜCKNER</name>
      </approvals><date>Tag der mündlichen Prüfung:  22.09.2005</date><abstract lang="de">
      <head>ZUSAMMENFASSUNG</head>
      <p>
         <em>Einführung und Zielsetzung </em>
      </p>
      <p>Die Entfernung von Stickoxiden aus Abgasen mobiler und stationärer Emissionsquellen gehört seit Jahren zu den wichtigsten Forschungsthemen in der Umweltkatalyse. Der Dreiwegekatalysator für Ottomotoren und die selektive katalytische Reduktion (SCR) von Stickoxiden mit NH<sub>3</sub> in Abgasströmen von Kraftwerken sind seit langem kommerziell etablierte Technologien. In den vergangenen Jahren sind verstärkt Forschungsarbeiten zur SCR von Stickoxiden im Sauerstoffüberschuss durchgeführt worden, da diese eine elegante Lösung für die Abgasreinigung bei Diesel- und Magermix-Ottomotoren darstellt. Neben Kohlenwasserstoffen (HC) ist auch NH<sub>3</sub> als Reduktionsmittel untersucht worden, da die NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR einerseits als Teilprozess der HC-SCR verstanden werden kann und andererseits zumindest für schwere Dieselfahrzeuge auf der Basis von Harnstoff als Reduktionsmittel entwickelt worden ist (SINOX-Technologie, Siemens). Eisen-dotierte Zeolith-Katalysatoren, insbesondere solche mit MFI-Struktur sind als besonders Erfolg versprechend identifiziert worden, zeigten jedoch z. T. stark differierende SCR-Aktivitäten. Als Ursache kommt die Koexistenz von Fe-Spezies unterschiedlicher Natur in Betracht, deren katalytische Wirkung bisher widersprüchlich diskutiert bzw. kaum verstanden wurde. Mit dieser Arbeit wurden deshalb folgende Ziele verfolgt:</p>
      <p>
         <ol numbering="arabic">
            <li>
               <p>Aufklärung des Einflusses verschiedener Präparationsmethoden sowie des Si/Al-Verhältnisses auf Struktur und Redoxeigenschaften von Fe-Spezies in Fe-MFI-Zeolithen. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>Aufklärung des Einflusses der Porenstruktur auf Natur und Redoxverhalten der Fe-Spezies. Dies wurde durch Vergleich von mikroporösem Fe-Silikalith und mesoporösem Fe-SBA-15 erreicht.</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>Aufklärung der Rolle verschiedener Fe-Spezies in der SCR von NO mit NH<sub>3</sub> und Isobutan sowie in der direkten Zersetzung bzw. der SCR von N<sub>2</sub>O mit CO durch Anwendung verschiedener in situ-Methoden unter reaktionsnahen Bedingungen.</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>Korrelation der erhaltenen Ergebnisse mit den Resultaten katalytischer Tests zur Ableitung von Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehungen. </p>
            </li>
         </ol>
      </p>
      <p><strong>Experimentelles</strong></p>
      <p>Diese Arbeit ist Bestandteil eines DFG-Verbund-Projektes (Förderkennzeichen: BR 1380/7-1, BR 1380/7-2). Die katalytische Testung sowie die Präparation der mikroporösen Fe-Zeolithe erfolgte in den Arbeitskreisen der Kooperationspartner Prof. W. Grünert (Ruhr-Universität Bochum) sowie Prof. J. Pérez-Ramírez (Yara-Technology Center Porsgrun (Norwegen) und ICREA (Tarragona, Spanien)). Dabei kamen folgende Methoden zum Einsatz:</p>
      <p>
         <ol numbering="lalpha">
            <li>
               <p>Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) von wasserfreiem FeCl<sub>3</sub> in H-ZSM-5</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>Festkörperionenaustausch (Solid State Ion Exchange, SSIE) von FeCl<sub>3</sub><sup>.</sup> 6 H<sub>2</sub>O in H-ZSM-5</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>konventioneller Ionenaustausch (Liquid Ion Exchange, LIE) mit Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>-Lösung in NH<sub>4</sub>-ZSM-5 und Improved Liquid Ion Exchange (ILIE) in H-ZSM-5 unter Verwendung von Eisenpulver in verdünnter HCl</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>eine mechanochemische Route (MR) der Vermischung von FeCl<sub>3</sub>
                  <sup>.</sup> 6 H<sub>2</sub>O mit H-ZSM-5 gefolgt von kurzzeitigem Waschen</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>isomorpher Einbau von Fe auf Gitterplätzen von ZSM-5, Silikalith und Zeolith Beta durch Hydrothermalsynthese mit anschließender Extraktion durch Wasserdampfbehandlung (ex-HS)</p>
            </li>
         </ol>
      </p>
      <p>Mesoporöses Fe-SBA-15 wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit am ACA durch Imprägnieren hergestellt. </p>
      <p> Struktur und Verteilung der Fe-Spezies nach verschiedenen Schritten des Präparationsprozesses sowie nach dem Einsatz in der SCR wurden mittels EPR- und UV/VIS-Spektroskopie in diffuser Reflexion untersucht. Insbesondere konnten die Vorteile der Kombination beider Methoden im Vergleich zu anderen in der Literatur verwendeten Techniken (z. B. EXAFS, Mössbauer-Spektroskopie, TPR) eindrucksvoll demonstriert werden, da mittels EPR vorzugsweise verschiedene isolierte Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies detektiert werden können, während intensive charge-transfer (CT)-Banden im UV/VIS-Bereich Auskunft über deren Koordinationsgeometrie, die Größe von Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Clustern sowie den relativen Anteil der dieser Spezies in der Probe geben. </p>
      <p>Die Redoxeigenschaften sowie das Verhalten der verschiedenen Fe-Spezies bei höheren Temperaturen in Gegenwart von Komponenten der SCR-Reaktionsgasmischungen wurde mittels in situ-EPR und in situ-UV/VIS-DRS unter Verwendung spezieller Reaktionszellen verfolgt. Darüber hinaus wurden an ausgewählten Proben in situ-FT-IR-Untersuchungen durchgeführt, um Oberflächenintermediate zu identifizieren. Diese Methode kam auch bei der Analyse azider Zentren mittels Pyridinadsorption zum Einsatz.</p>
      <p><strong>Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen</strong></p>
      <p>
         <em>Einfluss der Präparationsmethoden auf Struktur, Verteilung und Redoxverhalten der Fe-Spezies</em>
      </p>
      <p>Mittels EPR wurden praktisch in allen Katalysatoren mindestens zwei Arten isolierter Fe<sup>+3</sup>-Spezies nachgewiesen (Signale bei g' &#8776; 4.3 und 6). Das Signal einer weiteren isolierten Fe<sup>+3</sup>-Spezies (g' &#8776; 2) wird in Proben mit Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Clustern vom Signal letzterer überlagert. In den UV/VIS-Spektren werden isolierte Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies in tetraedrischer und höherer Koordination durch CT-Banden um 240 bzw. 290 nm reflektiert, während die CT-Banden von Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Clustern oberhalb 300 nm auftreten und mit zunehmender Clustergröße zu höheren Wellenlängen verschoben werden. Auf der Basis dieser Untersuchungen wurde gefunden, dass die Methoden MR und ILIE mit Fe-Gehalten &lt;0.5 M.-% vorzugsweise zu Katalysatoren mit isolierten Fe-Spezies führen und die Bildung oxidischer Cluster weitgehend unterdrückt wird. Dies gilt auch für die Synthese von Fe-Silikalith mittels ex-HS, während in den Al-haltigen Katalysatoren Fe-ZSM-5 und Fe-Beta die Bildung von Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Clustern mit ex-HS nicht verhindert werden kann. Signifikante Mengen isolierter Fe-Zentren entstehen auch durch CVD und SSIE, mit denen deutlich größere Fe-Gehalte bis 5 M.-% in H-ZSM-5 eingebracht werden können. Allerdings bilden sich mit diesen Methoden auch beträchtliche Mengen oligonuklearer Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Cluster und, insbesondere bei SSIE, auch größere Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Partikel. Am wenigsten förderlich für die Erzeugung hoher Fe-Dispersitäten ist die LIE-Methode. Hingegen kann mittels ILIE durch geeignete Wahl des Fe-Gehalts der Agglomerisatiosgrad gezielt gesteuert werden. </p>
      <p>Am Beispiel von zwei CVD-Proben auf der Basis von H-ZSM-5 mit unterschiedlichem Si/Al-Verhältnis (14 und 40) wurde der Einfluss des Wasch- und Calciniervorgangs, des Si/Al-Verhältnisses in der H-ZSM-5-Matrix (14 und 40) sowie des Einsatzes in der Isobutan-SCR von NO untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass die Bildung oxidischer Cluster durch intensives Waschen und geringe Aufheizraten bei der Calcinierung teilweise vermindert werden kann. In der Probe mit Si/Al &#8776; 40, die eine vergleichsweise hohe Konzentration an Silanol-Defekten enthält, wird das Clusterwachstum während der Calcinierung durch Fixierung des Fe an den Defekten vermindert. Allerdings wurden mit dieser Matrix deutlich geringere Fe-Gehalte erreicht. Der Einsatz der Katalysatoren in der SCR führt zur verstärkten Bildung größerer Partikel durch Wachstum oligonuklearer Cluster.</p>
      <p>UV/VIS-Untersuchungen des Redoxverhaltens der verschiedenen Fe-Spezies haben gezeigt, dass in weitgehend clusterfreien Katalysatoren von den isolierten Fe-Spezies in den Poren solche in tetraedrischer Koordination mit vergleichbarer Geschwindigkeit reduziert und reoxidiert werden, während die Reduktion höher koordinierter Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies etwas schneller, ihre Reoxidation hingegen langsamer verläuft als die tetraedrisch koordinierter Fe-Zentren. Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Cluster werden im Vergleich zu isolierten Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies deutlich langsamer reduziert und schneller reoxidiert. Interessanterweise gleicht das Redoxverhalten isolierter Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies in clusterhaltigen Katalysatoren dem der Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Cluster, da während der Calcinierung bevorzugt die leicht reduzierbaren Fe-Spezies zu Clustern agglomerieren während die reduktionsstabilen isoliert bleiben. Im Gegensatz zu Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies in den Poren konnte für solche, die während der Hydrothermalsynthese auf Gitterplätzen der Zeolith-Struktur eingebaut werden, unter gleichen Bedingungen keine Reduzierbarkeit festgestellt werden.</p>
      <p>
         <em>Struktur-Reaktivitäts-Beziehungen in der SCR von NO mit Isobutan und NH<sub>3</sub></em>
      </p>
      <p>Ein Vergleich des katalytischen Verhaltens verschieden präparierter Fe-ZSM-5-Katalysatoren mit dem aus UV/VIS-Untersuchungen abgeleiteten relativen Anteil isolierter und clusterförmiger Fe-Spezies hat gezeigt, dass Aktivität und Selektivität im unteren Temperaturbereich der Isobutan-SCR hauptsächlich durch isolierte Fe-Spezies und kleine, oligonukleare Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Cluster in den Poren getragen wird, während große Oxidpartikel, zumindest in der Isobutan-SCR, inaktiv sind. Mit steigender Temperatur wirken die Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Cluster aufgrund ihrer schnellen Reoxidierbarkeit zunehmend unselektiv und führen zur Totaloxidation des Reduktionsmittels. Die besten Katalysatoren für die Isobutan-SCR sind deshalb solche mit vorzugsweise isolierten Fe-Zentren (MR- und ILIE-Proben mit geringem Fe-Gehalt). Die unerwünschte Totaloxidation ist bei der NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR deutlich weniger ausgeprägt, weshalb hier die Aktivität mit dem Anteil zugänglicher Fe-Spezies zunimmt.</p>
      <p>Anhand der Ergebnisse spektroskopischer in situ-Untersuchungen kann eine weitere Differenzierung zwischen den an der Reaktion mitwirkenden Fe-Spezies vorgenommen werden. So wurde mittels in-situ-FT-IR gefunden, dass NO vorzugsweise an oxidierten Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies über Nitrat-Intermediate aktiviert wird, während reduziertes Fe<sup>2+ </sup> dazu kaum in der Lage ist. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Ionen, die unter SCR-Bedingungen irreversibel reduziert werden (EPR-Signal bei g' &#8776; 6), möglicherweise nur Spektator-Spezies sind, während die katalytische Aktivität durch oxidiertes Fe<sup>3+</sup> (EPR-Signal bei g' &#8776; 2 und z. T. bei 4.3)  getragen wird. Die beobachtete höhere Aktivität der Katalysatoren in der NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR wird auf die im Vergleich zur Isobutan-SCR deutlich geringere Reduktion der Fe-Spezies im Gleichgewicht zurückgeführt. </p>
      <p>
         <em>Struktur-Reaktivitäts-Beziehungen in der SCR und direkten Zersetzung von N<sub>2</sub>O</em>
      </p>
      <p>In Analogie zur SCR von NO wird auch die SCR von N<sub>2</sub>O mit CO durch isolierte und oligonukleare Fe-Spezies katalysiert, offensichtlich aber nach unterschiedlichen Mechanismen. Isolierte, tetraedrische Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies werden durch CO kaum reduziert. Es wird angenommen, dass letzteres im adsorbierten Zustand mit N<sub>2</sub>O unter Bildung von CO<sub>2</sub> und N<sub>2</sub> reagiert. Hingegen werden oktaedrische Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies und Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em>-Cluster durch CO reduziert und durch N<sub>2</sub>O unter Bildung von N<sub>2</sub> reoxidiert. Im Gegensatz zur SCR von N<sub>2</sub>O sind Katalysatoren mit überwiegend isolierten Fe-Zentren für die direkte N<sub>2</sub>O-Zersetzung deutlich weniger aktiv, da die Rekombination von an isolierten Fe-Zentren adsorbiertem O zu O<sub>2</sub> gehindert ist. </p>
      <p><strong>Einfluss von Acidität und Porenstruktur auf die Reaktivität der Katalysatoren</strong></p>
      <p>Katalysatoren mit MFI-Struktur, vergleichbarem Fe-Gehalt und überwiegend isolierten Fe-Spezies, jedoch stark verschiedener Acidität (Fe-ZSM-5 hergestellt durch ILIE und Fe-Silikalith hergestellt durch ex-HS) zeigten ähnliche katalytische Aktivität in der Zersetzung und SCR von N<sub>2</sub>O mit CO, was darauf hindeutet, dass beide Reaktionen keine aziden Zentren erfordern. Im Unterschied dazu ist der deutlich azidere Fe-ZSM-5-Katalysator in der SCR von NO wesentlich aktiver. Dies veranschaulicht die Bedeutung azider Zentren für diese Reaktion.</p>
      <p>In dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen, einen mesoporösen Fe-SBA-15-Katalysator mit vergleichbarer Menge von praktisch ausschließlich isolierten Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Spezies identischer Struktur und vergleichbarer (sehr geringer) Acidität herzustellen. Dadurch ist erstmals eine explizite Bewertung des Poreneinflusses möglich. Im Gegensatz zu Fe-Silikalith ist Fe-SBA-15 sowohl in der SCR von NO als auch in der SCR von N<sub>2</sub>O deutlich weniger aktiv. Dies zeigt, dass eine hohe Dispersität von Fe-Zentren ein notwendiges, aber kein hinreichendes Kriterium für hohe SCR-Aktivität ist. Optimale Porendimensionen sind ebenfalls erforderlich, um einen ausreichenden Kontakt zwischen aktiven Zentren und Reaktant-Molekülen zu ermöglichen. Dies ist in den Mesoporen von Fe-SBA-15 offensichtlich nicht gegeben.</p>
      </abstract><abstract lang="en">
      <head>SUMMARY</head>
      <p><em>Introduction and Objectives</em></p>
      <p>The abatement of nitrogen oxides including NO, NO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O is essential before being discharged from their sources such as lean-burn Otto engines, chemical plants etc. Since, they contribute to ozone layer depletion, greenhouse gas effect, acid rain and smog. Hence, emission regulations for nitrogen oxides are becoming more and more stringent all over the world. The available catalytic technologies (e.g., Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), direct catalytic decomposition etc.) reduce nitrogen oxides from lean conditions to a great extent. However, catalysts which have been in use so far for these technologies are inadequate and vary in their reduction efficiency in different sources. Differently, Fe-zeolites, in particular Fe-MFI shows high activity, selectivity and durability for reducing nitrogen oxides under lean conditions from various sources. However, this type of catalytic system is not yet developed for practical applications. This mainly is due to the fact that the structure of the Fe sites in Fe-MFI zeolites and their catalytic role are not yet clearly known. Also, the structure of the adsorbed NO<sub>x</sub> species is not unambiguous. Thus, the understanding of the structure of Fe sites in differently prepared Fe-MFI and their catalytic role in the abatement of nitrogen oxides is crucial for optimization of this catalytic system to be considered for practical applications.</p>
      <p>Hence, the goal of this work is to elucidate the structure of iron oxo sites formed by different preparation routes using EPR and UV/VIS-DR spectroscopy, which can distinguish between isolated Fe species of different structure on the one hand and between Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em> clusters of different nuclearity on the other hand. The influence of the pore structure (micro and meso) of the support on the nature and distribution of the Fe species has been studied. The redox properties of different Fe species and their catalytic role in the SCR of NO, N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub>O decomposition have been investigated by in situ-UV/VIS-DRS and -EPR. In situ FT-IR spectroscopy has been used to give more insights into the structure of adsorbed NO<sub>x</sub> species and the structure of possible reaction intermediates in the SCR of NO.</p>
      <p><strong>Experimental</strong></p>
      <p>Differently prepared (Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Solid-State Ion Exchange (SSIE), Mechanochemical Route (MR), Conventional Liquid Ion Exchange (LIE), Improved Liquid Ion Exchange (ILIE) and Hydrothermal synthesis followed by steam activation) Fe-MFI and Fe-beta samples have been provided by the cooperation partners, Prof. Dr. W. Grünert and Prof. Dr. Javier-Perez Ramirez. Fe-SBA-15 was prepared by impregnation method within this thesis work at ACA Berlin. The samples have been tested for SCR of NO with NH<sub>3</sub> and isobutane as well as for direct decomposition of N<sub>2</sub>O and SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O with CO at the laboratories of the cooperation partners.</p>
      <p> The nature and distribution of Fe species in Fe-catalysts were investigated by UV/VIS-DRS and EPR after synthesis, calcination, steaming and use in catalysis as well as in situ during calcination. Iron redox properties of different isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> species and Fe<sup>3+</sup>
         <em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em> clusters have been studied by UV/VIS-DRS to evaluate the impact of different Fe species on the reactions.The surface acidity was investigated by pyridine adsorption monitored by FT-IR. The interaction of NO with oxidized and reduced Fe species was also studied by FT-IR. The behavior of different Fe species in Fe-catalysts under true reaction conditions was investigated by in situ UV/VIS-DRS, in situ EPR and in situ FT-IR to derive structure activity relationships.</p>
      <p><strong>Results and Discussion</strong></p>
      <p>
         <em>Structure, distribution and redox behaviour of Fe sites and surface acidity of the Fe-catalysts</em>
      </p>
      <p>From EPR results it was found that almost all samples contain at least two kinds of strongly distorted isolated Fe<sup>+3</sup> ions, probably in tetrahedral and higher coordination as reflected by EPR signals at g' &#8776; 4.3 and g' &#8776; 6. A third kind of isolated Fe<sup>+3 </sup>ions in less distorted environment contributes to the EPR signal at g' &#8776; 2. However, iron oxide clusters also contribute to this signal which was distinguished by temperature dependent signal behavior. In UV/VIS-DRS isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> sites of different coordination geometry (tetrahedral and octahedral) rather than distortion of the site is reflected by two charge transfer (CT) bands below 300 nm. CT bands above 300 arise from iron oxide clusters of different sizes.</p>
      <p>The influence of the mode of Fe insertion: The results of UV/VIS-DRS and EPR clearly show that the distribution of iron species, as isolated iron ions, oligomeric iron oxo species and iron oxide particles, is a function of the sample genesis. Thus, it was found that all preparations lead to the coexistence of different iron species. However, MR, ILIE at low Fe content and hydrothermal synthesis at low Al content followed by steam activation are the most effective techniques to prepare highly dispersed Fe species as isolated iron ions. Similarly, SBA-15 favours the formation of highly dispersed, almost exclusively isolated Fe species upon incipient wetness preparation. No doubt CVD and SSIE are also effective to produce considerable amount of isolated Fe sites but cluster formation cannot be avoided. Contrarily, conventional LIE produces preferably large iron oxide clusters besides small amount of isolated Fe sites. </p>
      <p>The nature and distribution of iron species depending on the washing (1 or 10 l of water per 5 g catalyst) and calcination (heating rate 0.5 or 5 K/min) procedure, Al content of the parent zeolite matrix (Si/Al &#8776; 14 or 40) and use in the SCR reaction were studied for samples prepared by CVD. The high washing intensity (10 l) and low heating rate (0.5 K/min) during calcination suppress the formation of large iron oxide clusters slightly. Low Al content in the H-ZSM-5 support (Si/Al &#8776; 40) favors iron aggregation, however after calcination the cluster size is somewhat restricted by being trapped in the silanol nests compared to the Al rich support (Si/Al &#8776; 14). By comparing the calcined samples before and after use in SCR of NO with isobutane it is evident that during catalysis structural changes do take place and form large clusters from small ones.</p>
      <p>In situ UV/VIS-DRS shows that the framework Fe<sup>3+</sup> species either in the MFI or in the beta are well shielded in the zeolite framework and are not reduced upon reductive treatment with 20 vol.% H<sub>2</sub>/Ar at 773 K for 1 h.</p>
      <p>Studies of the time dependence of reduction and reoxidation at 673 K by UV/VIS-DRS show that in cluster free samples, extraframework isolated Fe<sup>+3 </sup>ions in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination possess different redox properties. The former species are slightly slowly reduced and fastly reoxidized while the latter species are relatively fastly reduced but only slowly reoxidized. In contrast, iron oxide clusters are hardly reduced and very fastly reoxidized in cluster containing samples. Interestingly, Fe<sup>3+</sup> sites that remain isolated in samples dominated by Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em> clusters, change their redox behaviour and become highly reduction resistant in comparison to those in samples without oxide clusters.</p>
      <p>Brønsted acidity of the samples decreases with increasing Si/Al ratio as evidenced by FT-IR studies of adsorbed pyridine over catalysts with different Si/Al ratio (Si/Al&#8776;14 <em>vs.</em> 40). It was also found that iron oxide clusters provide additional Lewis acidity.</p>
      <p>
         <strong>Studies on the behavior of Fe sites in the presence of feed components by in situ techniques</strong>
      </p>
      <p>Under typical NH<sub>3</sub> and isobutane-SCR conditions, the different isolated iron ions show a different sensitivity versus reduction/reoxidation. Accordingly, in cluster free samples isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions are partially reduced under steady-state SCR conditions, however, to different extents. Octahedral Fe<sup>3+</sup> reflected by EPR signals around g' &#8776; 6 and a UV/VIS band around 290 nm are the most sensitive to reduction followed by tetrahedral Fe<sup>3+</sup> (g' &#8776; 4.3, 240 nm) while Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions evidenced by the EPR signal at g' &#8776; 2, for which the coordination geometry cannot be easily specified, are hardly reduced. With increasing Fe content, the amount of these hardly reducible isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> sites increases as evidenced by a comparison of the UV/VIS intensity below 300 nm under steady-state conditions. In situ FT-IR results revealed a preferred reaction of NO with oxidized Fe<sup>3+</sup> species. Thus, it is possible that among the isolated Fe species, it might be just the hardly reducible Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions which play an active role in the SCR reaction. This is also supported by the fact that in used Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts the g' &#8776; 6 signal disappeared completely, however, no deactivation was observed during the SCR reaction. Since the amount of hardly reducible isolated Fe increases with rising Fe content, it is not surprising that the activity of the Fe-samples has been observed to increase, too. In situ FT-IR studies show that isobutane-SCR of NO reaction over Fe-ZSM-5 mainly proceeds via nitriles, cyanates and/or isocyanates. Interestingly, the formation of nitriles, cyanates and/or isocyanates seem to proceed preferentially on isolated Fe sites, the amount of which increases from sample A(ILIE)0.2 to A(ILIE)1.2. Therefore, it can be regarded as another reason for the superior catalytic performance of isolated Fe sites in the isobutane-SCR. </p>
      <p>However, attempts to correlate the rate of the SCR reaction with the number of Fe sites in the Fe-catalysts show the involvement of isolated Fe ions and oligonuclear Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em> clusters in both SCR reactions. Additionally, it was found that in NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR probably even Fe ions accessible on the surface of oxide particles also participate. In situ UV/VIS studies including those of the redox kinetics have shown that Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em> clusters are much faster reoxidized than isolated Fe sites and, thus, can immediately enter in another redox cycle. It is therefore plausible to assume that they contribute to the selective catalytic process at lower reaction temperature, too. At higher temperature these agglomerates, due to their higher oxidation potential in comparison to isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> species, give rise to unselective total oxidation of the reductant, thus, limiting the temperature window of selective NO reduction. This effect is much more pronounced for isobutane-SCR since Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em> clusters oxidize the isobutane to CO<sub>x</sub> already at temperatures as low as 623 K, whereas in NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR they are selective up to temperatures of about 700 K. This is also evident from carbonyl-containing species detected by in situ FT-IR preferentially on cluster containing A(ILIE)1.2 but not on cluster free A(ILIE)0.2. These species are regarded as intermediates in the total oxidation of isobutane. As a result of this unselective oxidation behaviour of the Fe<em>
            <sub>x</sub>
         </em>O<em>
            <sub>y</sub>
         </em> agglomerates, the NO conversion drops dramatically above 600 K in case of isobutane. Hence, the catalyst performing best in this reaction (A(ILIE)0.3) is almost void of clusters. With the NH<sub>3</sub> reductant, the unselective attack occurs at much higher temperature and to a much lower extent. Thus, the limitation of the selective temperature region is of little practical importance. Hence, the best catalyst for NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR was the one with the highest number of accessible Fe sites (A(ILIE)1.2). </p>
      <p>The acidity of the zeolite is essential for both NH<sub>3 </sub>and isobutane-SCR as evidenced by the catalytic performance of cluster free <em>ex</em>-Fe-silicalite and A(ILIE)0.3 and cluster containing B(CVD,W1,C5) with Si/Al &#8776; 40 and A(ILIE)1.2 with Si/Al &#8776; 14. By comparing the catalytic performance of <em>ex</em>-Fe-silicalite (microporous) and (Fe-SBA-I)0.95 (mesoporous) it is evident that the microporous structure of the Fe-catalysts is favorable for the SCR of NO than the mesoporous materials.</p>
      <p>Decomposition and SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O with CO: By correlation of the decomposition and reduction of N<sub>2</sub>O activities with different iron species detected by UV/VIS-DRS it was found that in direct N<sub>2</sub>O decomposition oligomers are preferred over isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions in view of the easier oxygen recombination (rate determining step in the process) of two iron centers that are close together. Hence, the best catalyst for the decomposition of N<sub>2</sub>O was the one with high amounts of oligomers, A'(CVD,W1,C2). </p>
      <p>For SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O by CO, isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> are the active iron centers. The importance of the mononuclear iron sites in the reduction of N<sub>2</sub>O by CO was strongly evidenced by the high specific activity of A(ILIE)0.2 and <em>ex</em>-Fe-silicalite, with a remarkable uniform distribution of isolated iron ions. Furthermore, a correlation between the N<sub>2</sub>O conversion and the fraction of isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions in the catalysts was found. In situ UV/VIS-DRS and EPR studies further evidenced the participation of mononuclear iron ions in the SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O with CO, however, they also support the involvement of oligomeric species. The interaction of N<sub>2</sub>O and CO and the reaction mechanism is iron site dependent. Over tetrahedral isolated iron sites, which are coordinatively unsaturated and, thus, can extend their coordination sphere, the reduction of N<sub>2</sub>O with CO occurs via coordinated CO species on Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions, not involving change of oxidation state. In contrast, octahedrally coordinated isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> sites convert N<sub>2</sub>O in the presence of CO by involving a Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> redox process. The reaction over oligomers proceeds, too, via a redox Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> process and involves the intermediate formation of O<sup>-</sup> radicals.</p>
      <p>The acidity of the zeolite has no affect on both the decomposition and SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O reactions as evidenced by the catalytic performance of <em>ex</em>-Fe-silicalite (Si/Al &#8776; &#8734;) and A(ILIE)0.2 (Si/Al &#8776; 14). In contrast, pore structure of the Fe-catalyst strongly influences the catalytic activity as shown by <em>ex</em>-Fe-silicalite and (Fe-SBA-I)0.95. Additionally, <em>ex</em>-Fe-ZSM-5 and <em>ex</em>-Fe-beta with similar pore structure show similar activity in both SCR and decomposition of N<sub>2</sub>O. Thus, it was found that microporous structure such as MFI is more favorable than mesoporous material. </p>
      <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p>
      <p>The UV/VIS and EPR spectroscopic investigation of Fe-micro and mesoporous materials showed that the preparation method, framework composition of the support and pretreatment conditions determine the nature and distribution of Fe species in the final catalyst. In situ-UV/VIS, -EPR and -FT-IR studies under typical SCR of NO, N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub>O decomposition show relationships between the nature of active Fe sites and the catalytic performance. Thus, from this study the following structure activity relationships can be drawn:</p>
      <p>
         <ul>
            <li>
               <p>SCR of NO with isobutane and NH<sub>3</sub>: isolated Fe sites are efficient active sites for both the reactions. However, oligomeric species also contribute to the reactions at lower temperatures. Due to their higher oxidation potential, at high temperatures they cause undesired total oxidation of the reductant being much more severe in the case of isobutane than NH<sub>3</sub>. Thus, oligomers drastically deteriorate the activity in isobutane-SCR while they play a constructive role, to some extent, in NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>The strong Brønsted and Lewis acidity is required for both the SCR reactions.</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>SCR and direct decomposition of N<sub>2</sub>O: for SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O isolated Fe sites are more effective, while for decomposition highly dispersed oligomeric moieties are preferred. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>Acidity of Fe-catalysts is not mandatory for both SCR and decomposition of N<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>Studies on the microporous <em>ex</em>-Fe-silicalite and mesoporous (Fe-SBAI)0.95 show that the latter supports are only suitable for high Fe dispersion but their pore structure is not suitable for catalytic activity (SCR of NO, N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub>O decomposition). Thus, the confinement of the iron species in the microporous material is essential to facilitate intimate contact between active Fe sites and reactants. </p>
            </li>
         </ul>
      </p>
      </abstract><freehead id=":contents">Table of contents</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1.</link> 
            <strong>Introduction and Objectives</strong>
         </p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2.</link> 
            <strong>State of the Art</strong>
         <ul><li><p><link ref="N10497">2.1</link> Catalytic abatement of nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases<ul><li><p><link ref="N105CC">2.1.1</link> Removal of NO</p></li><li><p><link ref="N107A5">2.1.2</link> Removal of N<sub>2</sub>O</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108CE">2.2</link> Synthesis strategies and activity of Fe-zeolites<ul><li><p><link ref="N108F1">2.2.1</link> Liquid ion exchange (LIE)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N109D9">2.2.2</link> Sublimation of FeCl<sub>3</sub>into the pores of the zeolite matrix (CVD) </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A54">2.2.3</link> Solid-state ion exchange (SSIE)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A81">2.2.4</link> Other preparation techniques</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AF1">2.3</link> Structure-reactivity relationships in Fe-zeolites<ul><li><p><link ref="N10B14">2.3.1</link> Structure-reactivity relationships in the SCR of NO</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B5F">2.3.2</link> Structure-reactivity relationships in the decomposition and SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BF3">2.4</link> Physico-chemical techniques for the characterization of Fe-containing zeolites<ul><li><p><link ref="N10C0A">2.4.1</link> EPR spectroscopy of iron species</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CC8">2.4.2</link> UV/VIS-DRS spectroscopy of iron species</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D39">2.4.3</link> FT-IR spectroscopy</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E66">2.4.4</link> Other spectroscopic techniques</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3.</link> <strong>Experimental</strong><ul><li><p><link ref="N10F64">3.1</link> Synthesis of Fe-containing zeolites<ul><li><p><link ref="N10F6C">3.1.1</link> Microporous Fe-MFI and Fe-beta zeolites</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1101A">3.1.2</link> Mesoporous Fe-SBA-15</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11377">3.2</link> Characterisation of the catalysts<ul><li><p><link ref="N1137C">3.2.1</link> EPR spectroscopy</p></li><li><p><link ref="N113F2">3.2.2</link> UV/VIS-DRS measurements</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1148D">3.2.3</link> FT-IR spectroscopy</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N114B2">3.3</link> Catalytic tests<ul><li><p><link ref="N114C3">3.3.1</link> SCR of NO either with NH<sub>3</sub> or isobutane</p></li><li><p><link ref="N114ED">3.3.2</link> SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O with CO or direct N<sub>2</sub>O decomposition</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4.</link> 
            <strong>Results</strong>
         <ul><li><p><link ref="N1153C">4.1</link> Structure, distribution and redox behaviour of Fe species and surface acidity of the Fe-zeolites<ul><li><p><link ref="N11547">4.1.1</link> UV/VIS-DRS studies</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12216">4.1.2</link> EPR studies</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12567">4.2</link> Analysis of acidic properties of Fe-zeolites by FT-IR investigation of adsorbed pyridine</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12894">4.3</link> Studies of the behaviour of Fe species in the presence of feed components by in situ techniques<ul><li><p><link ref="N128BC">4.3.1</link> EPR, UV/VIS-DR and FT-IR spectroscopic studies during interaction of feed components in NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR of NO</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12C58">4.3.2</link> EPR, UV/VIS-DRS and FT-IR spectroscopic studies during SCR of NO with isobutane</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12DF7">4.3.3</link> EPR and UV/VIS-DR spectroscopic studies during decomposition and SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O with CO</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N130DD">4.4</link> Catalytic behaviour<ul><li><p><link ref="N130E8">4.4.1</link> Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NO with NH<sub>3</sub>and isobutane</p></li><li><p><link ref="N131B4">4.4.2</link> Decomposition and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of N<sub>2</sub>O with CO</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5.</link> <strong>Discussion</strong><ul><li><p><link ref="N13335">5.1</link> Influence of synthesis conditions, framework composition and SCR reaction on the nature of Fe species<ul><li><p><link ref="N13340">5.1.1</link> Mode of Fe incorporation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13460">5.1.2</link> Washing intensity</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13484">5.1.3</link> Calcination procedure</p></li><li><p><link ref="N134CF">5.1.4</link> Al content and defect density of the parent zeolite matrix</p></li><li><p><link ref="N134D8">5.1.5</link> Use in the SCR reaction</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N134EB">5.2</link> Structure-reactivity relationships in Fe-containing zeolites<ul><li><p><link ref="N134FC">5.2.1</link> Low temperature interaction of NH<sub>3</sub>and NO with Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13679">5.2.2</link> SCR of NO with NH<sub>3</sub>and isobutane</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13773">5.2.3</link> Decomposition and SCR of N<sub>2</sub>O with CO</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6.</link> <strong>Conclusions</strong></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13B6C">References</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14A22">Acknowledgement</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14A55">Versicherung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14A63">LEBENSLAUF </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14AE5">LIST OF PUBLICATIONS</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tables</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N109A3">
                        <strong>Table 2.1. </strong>Summary of the performance of differently prepared Fe-ZSM-5 and different Fe-zeolites prepared by CVD are compared in NH<sub>3</sub> and isobutaneSCR of NO</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DF1">
                        <strong>Table 2.2.</strong> Summary of the assignment of the different FT-IR bands</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11036">
                        <strong>Table 3.1.</strong> Chemical composition of the catalysts as determined by ICP-OES [55,58,64,159]</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11666">
                        <strong>Table 4.1.</strong> Percentage of the area of the sub-bands (I<sub>1</sub> at &#955;&lt; 300 nm, I<sub>2</sub> at 300 &lt; &#955; &lt; 400 nm, and I<sub>3</sub> at &#955; &gt; 400 nm) derived by deconvolution of the UV/VIS-DRS spectra and corresponding Fe percentage derived from total Fe content determined by ICP [32,36,55,58,64,159,161].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12097">
                        <strong>Table 4.2. </strong>Rate constants derived for reduction and reoxidation of Fe species by UV/VIS-DRS.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N125C2">
                     <strong>Table 4.3.</strong> Areas of FT-IR bands normalized on the BET surface area of adsorbed pyridine associated with Brønsted and Lewis acidity and their corresponding ratio.</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Images</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10C86">Fig. 2.1. Schematic representation of energy level splitting for isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions in high symmetry (a) and axial distortion (b), adopted from [129].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CBE">Fig. 2.2. X-band EPR spectrum at 293 K of an Fe-ZSM-5 prepared by solid-state ion exchange (Fe content: 5.2 wt.%).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CE7">Fig. 2.3. Experimental UV/VIS diffuse reflectance spectrum and deconvoluted sub-bands of an Fe-ZSM-5 prepared by solid-state ion exchange (Fe content: 5.2 wt.%). </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1139B">Fig. 3.1. Home-made EPR flow reactor for in situ measurements [147].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11402">Fig. 3.2. In situ DRS cell: left praying mantis (Harrick) diffuse reflection attachment and right stainless steel reaction chamber.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N115A8">Fig. 4.1. UV/VIS-DR spectra of reference samples (a) &#945;-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and (b) &#947;-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> recorded at 298 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1162E">Fig. 4.2. UV/VIS-DR spectra of hydrated Fe-ZSM-5 samples at 293 K. (a) A(CVD,W1) (experimental spectrum, thick solid line) and deconvoluted subbands (thin lines), assignments:   --- isolated Fe<sup>+3</sup>, &#8212; small oligomeric Fe<em>
                           <sub>x</sub>
                        </em>O<em>
                           <sub>y</sub>
                        </em>moieties, &#8230;. Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-like clusters and A(CVD,W10) (experimental spectrum, broken line). (b) Experimental spectra of A(CVD,W1,C0.5) (solid line) and A(CVD,W10,C0.5) (broken line) after use in the SCR reaction. Samples were recalcined after catalysis in air at 823 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11F88">Fig. 4.3. UV/VIS-DR spectra of hydrated Fe-ZSM-5 samples recorded at 293 K. (a) A(CVD,W1) (thick solid line), A(CVD,W1,C0.5) (broken line) and A(CVD,W1,C5) (thin solid line). (b) B(CVD,W1) (broken line) and A(CVD,W1) (solid line); (c) B(CVD,W1,C5) (broken line) and A(CVD,W1,C5) (solid line). (d) A(CVD,W1,C0.5) before (thick line) and after (broken line) use in the SCR of NO, samples were recalcined after catalysis in air at 823 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11FF9">Fig. 4.4. UV/VIS-DR spectra and deconvoluted subbands of the hydrated uncalcined Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites recorded at 293 K, without pretreatment.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12031">Fig. 4.5. UV/VIS-DR spectra and deconvoluted subbands of the hydrated Fe-ZSM-5 prepared by different liquid ion exchange procedures recorded at 293 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12057">Fig. 4.6. In situ UV/VIS-DR spectra of (a) A(ILIE)0.2 and (b) A(ILIE)1.2 recorded at 298 K before (thin solid line) and after (thick solid line) calcination in air at 823 K with a heating rate of 5 K/min. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12086">Fig. 4.7. Time dependence of reduction and reoxidation of sample A(ILIE)0.3: (a) Absorbance at 238 nm as a function of time at 673 K in a flow of (1) 1 vol.% NH<sub>3</sub>/N<sub>2 </sub>for 2 h (gray line) and (2) reoxidation in air for 2 h (solid line); (b) corresponding UV/VIS-DR spectra at 673 K after oxidative pretreatment in air at 773 K for 1 h (thick solid line), after reduction (gray line) and after reoxidation (thin solid line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N120E0">Fig. 4.8. Time dependence of reduction and reoxidation of sample A(ILIE)1.2:(a) Absorbance at 350 nm as a function of time at 673 K in a flow of (1) 1 vol.% NH<sub>3</sub>/N<sub>2 </sub>for 2 h (gray line) and (2) reoxidation in air for 2 h (solid line); (b) corresponding UV/VIS-DR spectra at 673 K after oxidative pretreatment in air at 773 K for 1 h (thick solid line), after reduction (gray line) and after reoxidation (thin solid line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12106">Fig. 4.9. UV/VIS-DR spectra and deconvoluted subbands of the hydrated samples recorded at 298 K without pretreatment.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121A1">Fig. 4.10. UV/VIS-DR spectra of the calcined and steamed samples recorded at 293 K before reduction, after reduction in 20 vol.% H<sub>2</sub> in N<sub>2</sub> at 773 K for 1 h and after reoxidation in air at 773 K for 1 h. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121F1">Fig. 4.11. UV/VIS-DR spectra of the calcined (Fe-SBA-I)0.95 sample recorded at 293 K: a) experimental spectrum of the hydrated sample (thick solid line) and deconvoluted subbands (thin lines). b) experimental spectrum after air treatment at 773 K for 1 h (thick solid line), after reduction in 20 vol.% H<sub>2</sub> in N<sub>2</sub> at 773 K for 1 h (gray line) and after reoxidation in air at 773 K for 1 h (broken line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1226B">Fig. 4.12. EPR spectra of hydrated Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites at 298 K (solid line) and 77 K (broken line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N122A0">Fig. 4.13. EPR spectra of hydrated sample A(CVD,W1,C0.5) during heating in air flow. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N122E7">Fig. 4.14. EPR spectra of hydrated samples of used A(CVD,W1,C0.5) (a) and A(CVD,W10,C0.5) (b) during heating in air flow. Samples were recalcined after catalysis in air at 823 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12310">Fig. 4.15. EPR spectra of hydrated samples recorded at 293 K: before calcination A(CVD,W1) (thick solid line), after calcination at 873 K with a heating rate of 0.5 K/min A(CVD,W1,C0.5) (broken line) and after calcination at 873 K with a heating rate of 5 K/min A(CVD,W1,C5) (thin solid line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1231E">Fig. 4.16. Structural changes of the isolated Fe species in sample A(CVD,W1) during calcination; EPR spectra recorded at room temperature; initial hydrated state (thick solid line), after 2 h evacuation at 293 K (thin solid line), after 2 h calcination in air at 773 K (dotted line), and after reexposing to the ambient atmosphere (dashed line); initial states: (a) as-prepared sample A(CVD,W1); (b and c) calcined sample A(CVD,W1,C0.5) after long-term storage at the ambient atmosphere.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N123A4">Fig. 4.17. EPR spectra recorded at 293 K: (a) as-prepared samples A(CVD,W1) (solid line) and B(CVD,W1) (broken line); (b) calcined samples A(CVD,W1,C5) (solid line) and B(CVD,W1,C5) (broken line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N123DC">Fig. 4.18. EPR spectra of A(CVD,W1,C0.5) before (solid line) and after use in the isobutane-SCR of NO reaction (broken line) measured at 293 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N123F3">Fig. 4.19. EPR spectra of the uncalcined A(SSIE)5.2 sample (without pretreatment) at 293 K (solid line) and 77 K (broken line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12407">Fig. 4.20. EPR spectra of uncalcined A(SSIE)5.2 sample during heating in air flow. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12430">Fig. 4.21. EPR spectra of the uncalcined A(MR)0.5 sample (without pretreatment) at 293 K (solid line) and 77 K (broken line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1246E">Fig. 4.22. EPR spectra of hydrated uncalcined samples A(MR)0.5 (a) and parent H-ZSM-5(A) (b) during heating in air flow.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1249D">Fig. 4.23. EPR spectra of the hydrated samples at 293 K (solid line) and 77 K (broken line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N124B4">Fig. 4.24. EPR spectra of hydrated samples during heating in air flow.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12516">Fig. 4.25. EPR spectra of Fe-zeolites at 293 K (solid line) and 77 K (broken line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1253C">Fig. 4.26. EPR spectra of <em>ex</em>-Fe-silicalite recorded at 298 K before and after evacuation for 2 h and after re-exposure to ambient atmosphere for 1.5 and 16 h.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1255C">Fig. 4.27. EPR spectra of (Fe-SBA-I)0.95 at 293 K (solid line) and 77 K (broken line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12814">Fig. 4.28. Difference FT-IR spectra of pyridine adsorbed on Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites at 373 K, obtained by subtraction of the FT-IR spectrum of the bare zeolite after pretreatment at 673 K for 1 h.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12831">Fig. 4.29. Difference FT-IR spectra of pyridine adsorbed on Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites at 373 K, obtained by subtraction of the FT-IR spectrum of the bare zeolite after pretreatment at 673 K for 1 h.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12860">Fig. 4.30. Difference FT-IR spectra of pyridine adsorbed on Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites at 373 K. Difference spectra are obtained by subtraction of the FT-IR spectrum of the bare zeolite after pretreatment at 673 K for 1 h.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N128E4">Fig. 4.31. In situ EPR spectra of samples A(MR)0.5 (a) and  A(CVD,W1,C0.5) (b) and in situ UV/VIS-DR spectra of A(MR)0.5 (c) recorded at 293 K after oxidative treatment at 773 K for 1 h (solid line) and after treatment in a flow of 1% NH<sub>3</sub>/He at 293 K for 1 h followed by flushing with He at 293 K for 15 min (dotted line).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12988">Fig. 4.32. In situ FT-IR spectra at 293 K after adsorption of 1% NO/He on oxidized surfaces and before evacuation; oxidative pretreatment in air at 673 K for 1 h followed by evacuation and cooled to 293 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12993">Fig. 4.33. In situ FT-IR spectra at 293 K after adsorption of 1% NO/He on oxidized surfaces and after evacuation; oxidative pretreatment in air at 673 K for 1 h followed by evacuation and cooled to 293 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12A31">Fig. 4.34. In situ FT-IR spectra at 293 K after adsorption of 1% NO/He on pre-reduced surfaces and before evacuation; reductive pretreatment in 1% NH<sub>3</sub>/He at 673 K for 1 h followed by evacuation and cooled to 293 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12A42">Fig. 4.35. In situ FT-IR spectra at 293 K after adsorption of 1% NO/He on pre-reduced surfaces and after evacuation; reductive pretreatment in 1% NH<sub>3</sub>/He at 673 K for 1 h followed by evacuation and cooled to 293 K.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12AC5">Fig. 4.36. In situ UV/VIS-DRS (a) and in situ EPR (b) spectra of A(MR)0.5 at 623 K in different gas mixtures: air, NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR (0.1% NO, 0.1% NH<sub>3</sub>, 2% O<sub>2</sub>/He), 0.1% NH<sub>3</sub>/He and 0.1% NO/He. For UV/VIS measurements, samples were regenerated in airflow (20 ml/min) for 15 min at 773 K to restore the original spectra after NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR and cooled to 623 K. Spectra were measured after treatment of the samples in the respective mixtures at 623 K for 1 h. Catalyst pretreatment in air at 773 K for 1 h.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12AE2">Fig. 4.37. In situ EPR spectra of A(MR)0.5 at 773 K in different gas mixtures: air (pretreatment), 0.1% NH<sub>3</sub>/He and 0.1% NO/He. Spectra were measured after treatment of the sample in the respective mixtures at 773 K for 1 h.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12B32">Fig. 4.38. In situ UV/VIS-DRS and EPR spectra at 623 K in different gas mixtures, conditions as in Fig. 4.36. Bottom figures are enlarged EPR spectra.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12B40">Fig. 4.39. In situ EPR spectra of A(ILIE)0.3 at 773 K in different gas mixtures, conditions as in Fig. 4.37.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12B93">Fig. 4.40. In situ UV/VIS-DR spectra at 623 K in different gas mixtures, conditions as in Fig. 4.36.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12BB0">Fig. 4.41. In situ UV/VIS-DR spectra at 623 K in different gas mixtures, conditions as in Fig. 4.36. Bottom figures are enlarged spectra.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12C30">Fig. 4.42. In situ UV/VIS-DRS (a) and in situ EPR (b, c and d) spectra of A(CVD,W1,C0.5) at 623 K in different gas mixtures, conditions as in Fig. 4.36.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12C71">Fig. 4.43. In situ UV/VIS-DRS (a) and EPR spectra at 623 K in different gas mixtures (b and c): air, isobutane-SCR (0.1% NO, 0.1% isobutane, 2% O<sub>2</sub>/He), 0.1% isobutane/He and 0.1% NO/He. Spectra were measured after treatment of the samples in the respective mixtures at 623 K for 1 h. Catalyst pretreatment in air at 773 K for 1 h.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12CC1">Fig. 4.44. In situ UV/VIS-DRS (left) EPR (right) spectra at 623 K in different gas mixtures: Conditions as in legend of Fig. 4.43.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12CEA">Fig. 4.45. In situ FT-IR spectra at 623 K after pretreatment (dotted line), isobutane-SCR for 1 h followed by evacuation (thick solid line) and after subsequent air treatment at 673 K for 60 min (broken line). Catalyst pretreatment in air at 673 K for 1 h and evacuation.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12D25">Fig. 4.46. In situ UV/VIS-DRS (left) EPR (right) spectra at 623 K in different gas mixtures, conditions as in Fig. 4.43.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12D90">Fig. 4.47. In situ UV/VIS-DRS (a) EPR (b, c and d) (c and d are enlarged spectra) spectra of A(CVD,W1,C0.5) at 623 K in different gas mixtures, conditions as in Fig. 4.43. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12E34">Fig. 4.48. In situ UV-VIS-DRS (left) and EPR (right) spectra of <em>ex</em>-Fe-silicalite measured at 623 K upon subsequent treatment in different gas mixtures. Spectra were measured after treatment of the samples in the respective mixtures at 623 K for 1 h. Catalyst pretreatment in air at 773 K for 1 h.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12E96">Fig. 4.49. In situ UV-VIS-DRS (left) and EPR (right) spectra measured at 623 K upon subsequent treatment in different gas mixtures. Conditions as in legend of Fig. 4.48.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F19">Fig. 4.50. In situ UV-VIS-DRS (left) and EPR (right) spectra of A(ILIE)0.2 measured at 623 K upon subsequent treatment in different gas mixtures. Conditions as in legend of Fig. 4.48.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F54">Fig. 4.51. In situ UV-VIS-DRS (left) and EPR (right) spectra of <em>ex</em>-Fe-ZSM-5 measured at 623 K upon subsequent treatment in different gas mixtures. Conditions as in legend of Fig. 4.48.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12FB9">Fig. 4.52. In situ UV-VIS-DRS (left) and EPR (right) spectra of A'(CVD,W1,C2) measured at 623 K upon subsequent treatment in different gas mixtures. Conditions as in legend of Fig. 4.48.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1306A">Fig. 4.53.In situ EPR spectra of A'(CVD,W1,C2) in different gas mixtures: air at 773 K, 10 mbar N<sub>2</sub>O + 10 mbar CO in He (CO/N<sub>2</sub>O = 1) at 623 K, and 6.6 mbar N<sub>2</sub>O + 13.4 mbar CO in He (CO/N<sub>2</sub>O = 2) at <em>T</em> = 623 K and <em>P</em> = 1 bar. The N<sub>2</sub>O conversion obtained is shown in the figure.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1309C">Fig. 4.54. In situ UV-VIS-DRS (left) and EPR (right) spectra of Fe-ZSM-5(LIE)1.4 measured at 623 K upon subsequent treatment in different gas mixtures. Conditions as in legend of Fig. 4.48.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13113">Fig. 4.55. NO conversions in the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH<sub>3</sub> over different Fe-containing catalysts. Comparison of different preparation techniques, acidity and pore structures of the support. Feed composition: 1000 ppm NO, 1000 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 2% O<sub>2</sub> in He at 750,000 h<sup>-1 </sup>[55,64].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1315A">Fig. 4.56. NO conversions in the selective catalytic reduction of NO with isobutane over a series of ILIE samples. Comparison of different nature and distribution of Fe sites. Feed composition: 2000 ppm NO, 2000 ppm isobutane, 2% O<sub>2</sub> in He at 42,000 h<sup>-1</sup> [64].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13180">Fig. 4.57. SCR of NO with isobutane over Fe containing catalysts. Comparison of different nature and distribution of Fe sites, framework composition and structure of the support. Feed composition: 1000 ppm NO, 1000 ppm isobutane, 2% O<sub>2</sub> in He at 30,000 h<sup>-1</sup> [55,64].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N131E5">Fig. 4.58. Conversions of N<sub>2</sub>O vs temperature in direct N<sub>2</sub>O decomposition at 9x10<sup>5</sup> g s mol<sup>-1</sup>. Partial N<sub>2</sub>O pressure was fixed at 1.5 mbar; balance He [58,96].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13235">Fig. 4.59. N<sub>2</sub>O conversion vs temperature in direct N<sub>2</sub>O decomposition at 3x10<sup>5</sup> g s mol<sup>-1</sup>. Partial N<sub>2</sub>O pressure was fixed at 1.5 mbar; balance He [161].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1328E">Fig. 4.60. N<sub>2</sub>O conversion vs temperature at W/F(N<sub>2</sub>O) &#8776; 9x10<sup>5</sup> g s mol<sup>-1</sup> and <em>P</em> = 1 bar. Partial N<sub>2</sub>O pressure was fixed at 1.5 mbar and CO/N<sub>2</sub>O ratios at 0.5-0.75 were used, balance He [58,96].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N132E4">Fig. 4.61. N<sub>2</sub>O conversion vs temperature over different catalysts in the N<sub>2</sub>O reduction with CO at CO/N<sub>2</sub>O=1. Conditions: W/F<sup>o</sup>(N<sub>2</sub>O) = 3x10<sup>5</sup> g s mol<sup>-1</sup> and <em>P</em> = 1 bar; balance He [161,162].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N136AA">Fig. 5.1. Correlation of SCR rates (first order rate constants) with the concentration of different Fe species detected by UV/VIS-DRS (Table 4.1) [64].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N136EB">Fig. 5.2. Correlation of SCR rates (first order rate constants) with the concentration of different Fe species detected by UV/VIS-DRS (Table 3) [64].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N137CE">Fig. 5.3. Correlation between the relative N<sub>2</sub>O conversion at 600 K (CO/N<sub>2</sub>O=1 and W/F (N<sub>2</sub>O) = 9 X 10<sup>5</sup> g s mol<sup>-1</sup>) and the relative fraction of isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> sites (from Table 4.1) in the Fe-MFI zeolites investigates. Values are referred to ex-Fe-silicalite [58].</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>