Joachim Günther, Schulz: Identifikation des Glykosylphosphatidylinositol-verankerten Heparan Sulfat Proteoglykans Glypikan als Toxizitäts-vermittelndem Rezeptor für -Amyloid der Alzheimer’schen Krankheit in der neuronalen PC12 Zellinie

80

Bibliographie A. 7. Literatur

Allsop, D. , Yamamoto, T. , Kametani, F. , Miyazaki, N. , and Ishii, T. (1991 ). "Alzheimer amyloid beta/a4 peptide binding sites and a possible ‘APP-secretase’ activity associated with rat brain cortical membranes." Brain. Res. 551 , 1-9 .

Alzheimer, A. (1898 ). "Neuere Arbeiten über die Dementia senilis und die auf atheromatöser Gefässerkrankung basierenden Gehirnkrankheiten." Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie 1 , 101-105 .

Alzheimer, A. (1906 ). "Über einen eigenartigen schweren Erkrankungsprozess der Hirnrinde." Neurologisches Centralblatt 23 , 1134 .

Anderson, J.P. , Esch, F.S. , Keim, P.S. , Sambamurti, K. , Lieberburg, I. , and Robakis, N.K. (1991 ). "Exact cleavage site of Alzheimer amyloid precursor in neuronal PC-12 cells." Neurosci. Lett. 128 , 126-128 .

Araujo, D.M. and Cotman, C.W. (1992 ). "Beta-amyloid stimulates glial cells in vitro to produce growth factors that accumulate in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease." Brain. Res. 569 , 141-145 .

Arispe, N. , Pollard, H.B. , and Rojas, E. (1993 ). "Giant multilevel cation channels formed by Alzheimer disease amyloid beta-protein [A beta P-(1-40)] in bilayer membranes." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 , 10573-10577 .

Aronson, M.K. , Ooi, W.L. , Morgenstern, H. , Hafner, A. , Masur, D. , Crystal, H. , Frishman, W.H. , Fisher, D. , and Katzman, R. (1990 ). "Women, myocardial infarction, and dementia in the very old." Neurology. 40 , 1102-1106 .

Arriagada, P.V. , Growdon, J.H. , Hedley-Whyte, E.T. , and Hyman, B.T. (1992 ). "Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease." Neurology. 42 , 631-639 .

Baeuerle, P.A. and Huttner, W.B. (1986 ). "Chlorate--a potent inhibitor of protein sulfation in intact cells." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 141 , 870-877 .

Baeuerle, P.A. and Baltimore, D. (1996 ). "NF-kappa B: ten years after." Cell. 87 , 13-20 .

Barrow, C.J. and Zagorski, M.G. (1991 ). "Solution structures of beta peptide and its constituent fragments: relation to amyloid deposition." Science. 253 , 179-182 .

Behl, C. , Davis, J.B. , Klier, F.G. , and Schubert, D. (1994a ). "Amyloid beta peptide induces necrosis rather than apoptosis." Brain. Res. 645 , 253-264 .

Behl, C. , Davis, J.B. , Lesley, R. , and Schubert, D. (1994b ). "Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity." Cell. 77 , 817-827 .


81

Bertolotto, A. , Manzardo, E. , Iudicelllo, M. , Guglielmone, R. , and Riccio, A. (1995 ) "Keratan Sulfate is a marker of differentiation of ramified microglia." Dev. Br. Res. 86 , 233-241 .

Biere, A.L. , Ostaszewski, B. , Stimson, E.R. , Hyman, B.T. , Maggio, J.E. , and Selkoe, D.J. (1996 ). "Amyloid beta-peptide is transported on lipoproteins and albumin in human plasma." J. Biol. Chem. 271 , 32916-32922 .

Bohuslav, J. , Horejsi, V. , Hansmann, C. , Stockl, J. , Weidle, U.H. , Majdic, O. , Bartke, I. , Knapp, W. , and Stockinger, H. (1995 ). "Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, beta 2-integrins, and Src-kinases within a single receptor complex of human monocytes." J. Exp. Med. 181 , 1381-1390 .

Borchelt, D.R. , Thinakaran, G. , Eckman, C.B. , Lee, M.K. , Davenport, F. , Ratovitsky, T. , Prada, C.M. , Kim, G. , Seekins, S. , Yager, D. , Slunt, H.H. , Wang, R. , Seeger, M. , Levey, A.I. , Gandy, S.E. , Copeland, N.G. , Jenkins, N.A. , Price, D.L. , Younkin, S.G. , and Sisodia, S.S. (1996 ). "Familial Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin 1 variants elevate Abeta1-42/1-40 ratio in vitro and in vivo." Neuron. 17 , 1005-1013 .

Braak, H. and Braak, E. (1991 ). Pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease. In: Calde, D.B. (ed) Neurodegenerative Diseases. Saunders, Philadelphi a, pp 585-613 .

Bradford, M.M. (1976 ). "A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding." Anal. Biochem. 72 , 248-254 .

Brandt, R. , Lee, G. , Teplow, D.B. , Shalloway, D. , and Abdel-Ghany, M. (1994 ). "Differential effect of phosphorylation and substrate modulation on tau's ability to promote microtubule growth and nucleation." J. Biol. Chem. 269 , 11776-11782 .

Breitner, J.C. , Gau, B.A. , Welsh, K.A. , Plassman, B.L. , McDonald, W.M. , Helms, M.J. , and Anthony, J.C. (1994 ). "Inverse association of anti-inflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: initial results of a co-twin control study." Neurology. 44 , 227-232 .

Brunden, K.R. , Richter-Cook, N.J. , Chaturvedi, N. , and Frederickson, R.C. (1993 ). "pH-dependent binding of synthetic beta-amyloid peptides to glycosaminoglycans." J. Neurochem. 61 , 2147-2154 .

Busciglio, J. , Lorenzo, A. , and Yankner, B.A. (1992 ). "Methodological variables in the assessment of beta amyloid neurotoxicity." Neurobiol. Aging. 13 , 609-612 .

Bush, A.I. , Multhaup, G. , Moir, R.D. , Williamson, T.G. , Small, D.H. , Rumble, B. , Pollwein, P. , Beyreuther, K. , and Masters, C.L. (1993 ). "A novel zinc(II) binding site modulates the function of the beta A4 amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease." J. Biol. Chem. 268 , 16109-16112 .

Bush, A.I. , Pettingell, W.H. , Multhaup, G. , d-Paradis, M. , Vonsattel, J.P. , Gusella, J.F. , Beyreuther, K. , Masters, C.L. , and Tanzi, R.E. (1994 ). "Rapid induction of Alzheimer A beta amyloid formation by zinc." Science 265 , 1464-1467 .


82

Buxbaum, J.D. , Koo, E.H. , and Greengard, P. (1993 ). "Protein phosphorylation inhibits production of Alzheimer amyloid beta/A4 peptide." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 , 9195-9198 .

Carey, D.J. , Crumbling, D.M. , Stahl, R.C. , and Evans, D.M. (1990 ) "Association of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans of Schwann cells with extracellular matrix proteins." J. Biol. Chem. 265 , 20627-20633 .

Carey, D.J. , Evans, D.M. , Stahl, R.C. , Asundi, V.K. , Conner, K.J. , Garbes, P. , and Cizmeci-Smith, G. (1992 ). "Molecular cloning and characterization of N-syndecan, a novel transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan." J. Cell. Biol. 117 , 191-201 .

Casey, P.J. (1995 ). "Protein lipidation in cell signaling." Science. 268 , 221-225 .

Chauhan, A. , Chauhan, V.P. , Brockerhoff, H. , and Wisniewski, H.M. (1991 ). "Action of amyloid beta-protein on protein kinase C activity." Life. Sci. 49 , 1555-1562 .

Chauhan, A. , Chauhan, V.P. , Murakami, N. , Brockerhoff, H. , and Wisniewski, H.M. (1993 ). "Amyloid beta-protein stimulates casein kinase I and casein kinase II activities." Brain. Res. 629 , 47-52 .

Citron, M. , Oltersdorf, T. , Haass, C. , McConlogue, L. , Hung, A.Y. , Seubert, P. , Vigo-Pelfrey, C. , Lieberburg, I. , and Selkoe, D.J. (1992 ). "Mutation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in familial Alzheimer's disease increases beta-protein production." Nature. 360 , 672-674 .

Cobb, B.S. , Schaller, M.D. , Leu, T.H. , and Parsons, J.T. (1994 ). "Stable association of pp60src and pp59fyn with the focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase, pp125FAK." Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 , 147-155 .

Corder, E.H. , Saunders, A.M. , Strittmatter, W.J. , Schmechel, D.E. , Gaskell, P.C. , Small, G.W. , Roses, A.D. , Haines, J.L. , and Pericak-Vance, M.A. (1993 ). "Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families." Science. 261 , 921-923 .

Corder, E.H. , Saunders, A.M. , Risch, N.J. , Strittmatter, W.J. , Schmechel, D.E. , Gaskell, P.C.J. , Rimmler, J.B. , Locke, P.A. , Conneally, P.M. , Schmader, K.E. , Small, G.W. , Roses, A.D. , Haines, J.L. , and Pericak-Vance, M.A. (1994 ). "Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease." Nat. Genet. 7 , 180-184 .

Cummings, B.J. and Cotman, C.W. (1995 ). "Image analysis of beta-amyloid load in Alzheimer's disease and relation to dementia severity." Lancet. 346 , 1524-1528 .

David, G. (1993 ). "Integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans." . FASEB. J. 7 , 1023-1030 .


83

David, G. , Lories, V. , Decock, B. , Marynen, P. , Cassiman, J.J. , and Van-den-Berghe, H. (1990 ). "Molecular cloning of a phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan from human lung fibroblasts." J. Cell. Biol. 111 , 3165-3176 .

Davies, L. , Wolska, B. , Hilbich, C. , Multhaup, G. , Martins, R. , Simms, G. , Beyreuther, K. , and Masters, C.L. (1988 ). "A4 amyloid protein deposition and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: prevalence in aged brains determined by immunocytochemistry compared with conventional neuropathologic techniques." Neurology. 38 , 1688-1693 .

DeKosky, S.T. and Scheff, S.W. (1990 ). "Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer's disease: correlation with cognitive severity." Ann. Neurol. 27 , 457-464 .

DeWitt, D.A. , Silver, J. , Canning, D.R. , and Perry, G. (1993 ). "Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are associated with the lesions of Alzheimer's disease." Exp. Neurol. 121 , 149-152 .

Dodd, P.R. , Hardy, J.A. , Oakley, A.E. , Edwardson, J.A. , Perry, E.K. , and Delaunoy, J.P. (1981 ). "A rapid method for preparing synaptosomes: comparison, with alternative procedures." Brain. Res. 226 , 107-118 .

Dong, L.M. , Wilson, C. , Wardell, M.R. , Simmons, T. , Mahley, R.W. , Weisgraber, K.H. , and Agard, D.A. (1994 ). "Human apolipoprotein E. Role of arginine 61 in mediating the lipoprotein preferences of the E3 and E4 isoforms." J. Biol. Chem. 269 , 22358-22365 .

Duff, K. , Eckman, C. , Zehr, C. , Yu, X. , Prada, C.M. , Perez-tur, J. , Hutton, M. , Buee, L. , Harigaya, Y. , Yager, D. , Morgan, D. , Gordon, M.N. , Holcomb, L. , Refolo, L. , Zenk, B. , Hardy, J. , and Younkin, S. (1996 ). "Increased amyloid-beta42(43) in brains of mice expressing mutant presenilin 1." Nature. 383 , 710-713 .

Dyrks, T. , Dyrks, E. , Hartmann, T. , Masters, C. , and Beyreuther, K. (1992 ). "Amyloidogenicity of beta A4 and beta A4-bearing amyloid protein precursor fragments by metal-catalyzed oxidation." J. Biol. Chem. 267 , 18210-18217 .

El-Khoury, J. , Hickman, S.E. , Thomas, C.A. , Cao, L. , Silverstein, S.C. , and Loike, J.D. (1996 ). "Scavenger receptor-mediated adhesion of microglia to beta-amyloid fibrils." Nature 382 , 716-719 .

Englund, P.T. (1993 ). "The structure and biosynthesis of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol protein anchors." Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62 , 121-138 .

Esch, F.S. , Keim, P.S. , Beattie, E.C. , Blacher, R.W. , Culwell, A.R. , Oltersdorf, T. , McClure, D. , and Ward, P.J. (1990 ). "Cleavage of amyloid beta peptide during constitutive processing of its precursor." Science. 248 , 1122-1124 .

Ferguson, M.A. and Williams, A.F. (1988 ). "Cell-surface anchoring of proteins via glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol structures." Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57 , 285-320 .

Folch, J. , Lees, M.B. , and Sloane Stanley, G.H. (1957 ). "A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues." J. Biol. Chem 226 , 497-503 .


84

Fraser, P.E. , Nguyen, J.T. , Chin, D.T. , and Kirschner, D.A. (1992 ). "Effects of sulfate ions on Alzheimer beta/A4 peptide assemblies: implications for amyloid fibril-proteoglycan interactions." J. Neurochem. 59 , 1531-1540 .

Freeze, H.H. , Sampath, D. , and Varki, A. (1993 ). "Alpha- and beta-xylosides alter glycolipid synthesis in human melanoma and chinese hamster ovary cells." J. Biol. Chem. 268 , 1618-1627 .

Furukawa, K. and Mattson, M.P. (1995 ). "Cytochalasins protect hippocampal neurons against amyloid beta-peptide toxicity: evidence that actin depolymerization suppresses Ca2+ influx." J. Neurochem. 65 , 1061-1068 .

Games, D. , Adams, D. , Alessandrini, R. , Barbour, R. , Berthelette, P. , Blackwell, C. , Carr, T. , Clemens, J. , Donaldson, T. , Gillespie, F. , Guido, T. , Hagopian, S. , Johnson-Wood, K. , Khan, K. , Lee, M. , Leibowitz, P. , Lieberburg, I. , Little, S. , Masliah, E. , McConlogue, L. , Montoya-Zavala, M. , Mucke, L. , Paganini, L. , Penniman, E. , Power, M. , Schenk, D. , Seubert, P. , Snyder, B. , Soriano, F. , Tan, H. , Vitale, J. , Wadsworth, S. , Wolozin, B. , and Zhao, J. (1995 ). "Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein." Nature. 373 , 523-527 .

Ghiso, J. , Rostagno, A. , Gardella, J.E. , Liem, L. , Gorevic, P.D. , and Frangione, B. (1992 ). "A 109-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of Alzheimer's-disease amyloid precursor protein contains a sequence, -RHDS-, that promotes cell adhesion." Biochem. J. 288 , 1053-1059 .

Ghiso, J. , Matsubara, E. , Koudinov, A. , Choi-Miura, N.H. , Tomita, M. , Wisniewski, T. , and Frangione, B. (1993 ). "The cerebrospinal-fluid soluble form of Alzheimer's amyloid beta is complexed to SP-40,40 (apolipoprotein J), an inhibitor of the complement membrane-attack complex." Biochem. J. 293 , 27-30 .

Giaccone, G. , Tagliavini, F. , Linoli, G. , Bouras, C. , Frigerio, L. , Frangione, B. , and Bugiani, O. (1989 ). "Down patients: extracellular preamyloid deposits precede neuritic degeneration and senile plaques." Neurosci. Lett. 97 , 232-238 .

Gillardon, F. , Skutella, T. , Uhlmann, E. , Holsboer, F. , Zimmermann, M. , and Behl, C. (1996 ). "Activation of c-Fos contributes to amyloid beta-peptide-induced neurotoxicity." Brain. Res. 706 , 169-172 .

Giulian, D. , Haverkamp, L.J. , Li, J. , Karshin, W.L. , Yu, J. , Tom, D. , Li, X. , and Kirkpatrick, J.B. (1995 ). "Senile plaques stimulate microglia to release a neurotoxin found in Alzheimer brain." Neurochem. Int. 27 , 119-137 .

Giulian, D. , Haverkamp, L.J. , Yu, J.H. , Karshin, W. , Tom, D. , Li, J. , Kirkpatrick, J. , Kuo, L.M. , and Roher, A.E. (1996 ). "Specific domains of beta-amyloid from Alzheimer plaque elicit neuron killing in human microglia." J. Neurosci. 16 , 6021-6037 .

Glenner, G.G. and Wong, C.W. (1984 ). "Alzheimer's disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 120 , 885-890 .


85

Goate, A. , Chartier-Harlin, M.C. , Mullan, M. , Brown, J. , Crawford, F. , Fidani, L. , Giuffra, L. , Haynes, A. , Irving, N. , James, L. , Mant, R. , Newton, P. , Rooke, K. , Roques, P. , Talbot, C. , Williamson, R. , Rossor, M. , Owen, M. and Hardy, J. (1991 ). "Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease." Nature. 349 , 704-706 .

Goedert, M. , Jakes, R. , Spillantini, M.G. , Hasegawa, M. , Smith, M.J. , and Crowther, R.A. (1996 ). "Assembly of microtubule-associated protein tau into Alzheimer-like filaments induced by sulphated glycosaminoglycans." Nature 383 , 550-553 .

Goedert, M. , Jakes, R. , Spillantini, M.G. , Hasegawa, M. , Smith, M.J. , and Crowther, R.A. (1996 ). "Assembly of microtubule-associated protein tau into Alzheimer-like filaments induced by sulphated glycosaminoglycans." Nature. 383 , 550-553 .

Goedert, M. , Wischik, C.M. , Crowther, R.A. , Walker, J.E. , and Klug, A. (1988 ). "Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding a core protein of the paired helical filament of Alzheimer disease: identification as the microtubule-associated protein tau." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85 , 4051-4055 .

Good, T.A. and Murphy, R.M. (1995 ). "Aggregation state-dependent binding of beta-amyloid peptide to protein and lipid components of rat cortical homogenates." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207 , 209-215 .

Gowda, D.C. , Goossen, B. , Margolis, R.K. , and Margolis, R.U. (1989 ). "Chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells." J. Biol. Chem. 264 , 11436-11443 .

Greene, L.A. and Tischler, A.S. (1976 ). "Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 73 , 2424-2428 .

Gschwind, M. and Huber, G. (1995 ). "Apoptotic cell death induced by beta-amyloid 1-42 peptide is cell type dependent." J. Neurochem. 65 , 292-300 .

Gupta-Bansal, R. , Frederickson, R.C. , and Brunden, K.R. (1995 ). "Proteoglycan-mediated inhibition of A beta proteolysis. A potential cause of senile plaque accumulation." J. Biol. Chem. 270 , 18666-18671 .

Haass, C. , Schlossmacher, M.G. , Hung, A.Y. , Vigo-Pelfrey, C. , Mellon, A. , Ostaszewski, B.L. , Lieberburg, I. , Koo, E.H. , Schenk, D. , Teplow, D.B. , and Selkoe, D.J. (1992a ). "Amyloid beta-peptide is produced by cultured cells during normal metabolism." Nature. 359 , 322-325 .

Haass, C. , Koo, E.H. , Mellon, A. , Hung, A.Y. , and Selkoe, D.J. (1992b ). "Targeting of cell-surface beta-amyloid precursor protein to lysosomes: alternative processing into amyloid-bearing fragments." Nature. 357 , 500-503 .


86

Hantaz-Ambroise, D. , Vigny, M. , and Koenig, J. (1987 ). "Heparan sulfate proteoglycan and laminin mediate two different types of neurite outgrowth." J. Neurosci. 7 , 2293-2304 .

Hardingham, T.E. and Fosang, A.J. (1992 ). "Proteoglycans: many forms and many functions." FASEB. J. 6 , 861-870 .

Hardy, J. (1997 ) "Amyloid, the presenilins and Alzheimer’s disease." Trends Neurosci. 20 , 154-159 .

Hawtin, S.R. , Dobbins, A.C. , Tailor, V.J. , and Shearman, M.S. (1995 ). "Beta-amyloid inhibition of MTT reduction is not mimicked by inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration." Biochem. Soc. Trans. 23 , 56 S.

Henderson, V.W. , Paganini-Hill, A. , Emanuel, C.K. , Dunn, M.E. , and Buckwalter, J.G. (1994 ). "Estrogen replacement therapy in older women." Comparisons between Alzheimer's disease cases and nondemented control subjects. Arch. Neurol. 51 , 896-900 .

Hendriks, L. , van-Duijn, C.M. , Cras, P. , Cruts, M. , Van-Hul, W. , van-Harskamp, F. , Warren, A. , McInnis, M.G. , Antonarakis, S.E. , Martin, J.J. , and et-al , (1992 ). "Presenile dementia and cerebral haemorrhage linked to a mutation at codon 692 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene." Nat. Genet. 1 , 218-221 .

Herndon, M.E. and Lander, A.D. (1990 ). "A diverse set of developmentally regulated proteoglycans is expressed in the rat central nervous system." Neuron. 4 , 949-961 .

Hsiao, K.K. , Borchelt, D.R. , Olson, K. , Johannsdottir, R. , Kitt, C. , Yunis, W. , Xu, S. , Eckman, C. , Younkin, S. , Price, D. , Iadecola, C. , Brent Clark, H. , and Carlson, G. (1995 ). "Age-related CNS disorder and early death in transgenic FVB/N mice overexpressing Alzheimer amyloid precursor proteins." Neuron. 15 , 1203-1218 .

Humphries, D.E. and Silbert, J.E. (1988 ). "Chlorate: a reversible inhibitor of proteoglycan sulfation." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 154 , 365-371 .

Ida, N. , Hartmann, T. , Pantel, J. , Schroder, J. , Zerfass, R. , Forstl, H. , Sandbrink, R. , Masters, C.L. , and Beyreuther, K. (1996 ). "Analysis of heterogeneous A4 peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid and blood by a newly developed sensitive Western blot assay." J. Biol. Chem. 271 , 22908-22914 .

Inestrosa, N.C. , Alvarez, A. , Perez, C.A. , Moreno, R.D. , Vicente, M. , Linker, C. , Casanueva, O.I. , Soto, C. , and Garrido, J. (1996 ). "Acetylcholinesterase accelerates assembly of amyloid-beta-peptides into Alzheimer's fibrils: possible role of the peripheral site of the enzyme." Neuron. 16 , 881-891 .

Ishihara, M. , Fedarko, N.S. , and Conrad, H.E. (1986 ). "Transport of heparan sulfate into the nuclei of hepatocytes." J. Biol. Chem. 261 , 13575-13580 .

Ji, Z.S.; Fazio, S. , Lee, Y.L. , and Mahley, R.W. (1994 ). "Secretion-capture role for apolipoprotein E in remnant lipoprotein metabolism involving cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans." J. Biol. Chem 269 , 2764-2772 .


87

Jarrett, J.T. and Lansbury, P.T.J. (1993 ). "Seeding "one-dimensional crystallization" of amyloid: a pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer's disease and scrapie?" Cell. 73 , 1055-1058 .

Jorm, A.F. , Korten, A.E. , and Henderson, A.S. (1987 ). "The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature." Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 76 , 465-479 .

Kammesheidt, A. , Boyce, F.M. , Spanoyannis, A.F. , Cummings, B.J. , Ortegon, M. , Cotman, C. , Vaught, J.L. , and Neve, R.L. (1992 ). "Deposition of beta/A4 immunoreactivity and neuronal pathology in transgenic mice expressing the carboxyl-terminal fragment of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor in the brain." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 , 10857-10861 .

Kang, J. , Lemaire, H.G. , Unterbeck, A. , Salbaum, J.M. , Masters, C.L. , Grzeschik, K.H. , Multhaup, G. , Beyreuther, K. , and Muller-Hill, B. (1987 ). "The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor." Nature. 325 , 733-736 .

Kar, S. , Seto, D. , Gaudreau, P. , and Quirion, R. (1996 ). "Beta-amyloid-related peptides inhibit potassium-evoked acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal slices." J. Neurosci. 16 , 1034-1040 .

Karthikeyan, L. , Maurel, P. , Rauch, U. , Margolis, R.K. , and Margolis, R.U. (1992 ). "Cloning of a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan from brain and identification as the rat form of glypican." . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188 , 395-401 .

Kato, M. , Koike, Y. , Suzuki, S. , and Kimata, K. (1988 ). "Basement membrane proteoglycan in various tissues: characterization using monoclonal antibodies to the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse tumor low density heparan sulfate proteoglycan." J. Cell. Biol. 106 , 2203-2210 .

Katzman, R. (1986 ). "Alzheimer's disease." N. Engl. J. Med. 314 , 964-973 .

Keller, G.A. , Siegel, M.W. , and Caras, I.W. (1992 ). "Endocytosis of glycophospholipid-anchored and transmembrane forms of CD4 by different endocytic pathways." EMBO. J. 11 , 863-874 .

Kelly, J.F. , Furukawa, K. , Barger, S.W. , Rengen, M.R. , Mark, R.J. , Blanc, E.M. , Roth, G.S. , and Mattson, M.P. (1996 ). "Amyloid beta-peptide disrupts carbachol-induced muscarinic cholinergic signal transduction in cortical neurons." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 , 6753-6758 .

Kim, C.S. , Han, Y.F. , Etcheberrigaray, R. , Nelson, T.J. , Olds, J.L. , Yoshioka, T. , and Alkon, D.L. (1995 ). "Alzheimer and beta-amyloid-treated fibroblasts demonstrate a decrease in a memory-associated GTP-binding protein, Cp20." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92 , 3060-3064 .

Kinnunen, T. , Raulo, E. , Nolo, R. , Maccarana, M. , Lindahl, U. , and Rauvala, H. (1996 ). "Neurite outgrowth in brain neurons induced by heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) depends on the specific interaction of HB-GAM with heparan sulfate at the cell surface." J. Biol. Chem. 271 , 2243-2248 .


88

Kisilevsky, R. , Lemieux, L.J. , Fraser, P.E. , Kong, X. , Hultin, P.G. , and Szarek, W.A. (1995 ). "Arresting amyloidosis in vivo using small-molecule anionic sulphonates or sulphates: implications for Alzheimer's disease." Nat. Med. 1 , 143-148 .

Korotzer, A.R. , Pike, C.J. , and Cotman, C.W. (1993 ). "beta-Amyloid peptides induce degeneration of cultured rat microglia." Brain. Res. 624 , 121-125 .

Koudinov, A. , Matsubara, E. , Frangione, B. , and Ghiso, J. (1994 ). "The soluble form of Alzheimer's amyloid beta protein is complexed to high density lipoprotein 3 and very high density lipoprotein in normal human plasma." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205 , 1164-1171 .

Kuan, S.F. , Byrd, J.C. , Basbaum, C. , and Kim, Y.S. (1989 ). "Inhibition of mucin glycosylation by aryl-N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminides in human colon cancer cells." J. Biol. Chem. 264 , 19271-19277 .

Kuo, Y.M. , Emmerling, M.R. , Vigo-Pelfrey, C. , Kasunic, T.C. , Kirkpatrick, J.B. , Murdoch, G.H. , Ball, M.J. , and Roher, A.E. (1996 ). "Water-soluble Abeta (N-40, N-42) oligomers in normal and Alzheimer disease brains." J. Biol. Chem. 271 , 4077-4081 .

Ladror, U.S. , Snyder, S.W. , Wang, G.T. , Holzman, T.F. , and Krafft, G.A. (1994 ). "Cleavage at the amino and carboxyl termini of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta by cathepsin D." J. Biol. Chem. 269 , 18422-18428 .

LaFerla, F.M. , Tinkle, B.T. , Bieberich, C.J. , Haudenschild, C.C. , and Jay, G. (1995 ). "The Alzheimer's A beta peptide induces neurodegeneration and apoptotic cell death in transgenic mice." Nat. Genet. 9 , 21-30 .

Leveugle, B. , Ding, W. , Buee, L. , and Fillit, H.M. (1995 ). "Interleukin-1 and nerve growth factor induce hypersecretion and hypersulfation of neuroblastoma proteoglycans which bind beta-amyloid." J. Neuroimmunol. 60 , 151-160 .

Levy, E. , Carman, M.D. , Fernandez-Madrid, I.J. , Power, M.D. , Lieberburg, I. , van Duinen, S.G. , Bots, G.Th.A.M. , Luyendijk, W. , and Frangione, B. (1990 ). "Mutation of the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid gene in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage, dutch type." Science 248 , 1124-1126 .

Levy-Lahad, E. , Wasco, W. , Poorkaj, P. , Romano, D.M. , Oshima, J. , Pettingell, W.H. , Yu, C.E. , Jondro, P.D. , Schmidt, S.D. , Wang, K. , Crowley, A.C. , Fu, Y.-H. , Guenette, S.Y. , Galas, D. , Nemens, E. , Wijsman, E.M. , Bird, T.D. , Schellenberg, G.D. , and Tanzi, R.E. (1995 ). "Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer's disease locus." Science. 269 , 973-977 .

Lisanti, M.P. , Scherer, P.E. , Vidugiriene, J. , Tang, Z. , Hermanowski-Vosatka, A. , Tu, Y.H. , Cook, R.F. , and Sargiacomo, M. (1994 ). "Characterization of caveolin-rich membrane domains isolated from an endothelial-rich source: implications for human disease." J. Cell. Biol. 126 , 111-126 .


89

Litwack, E.D. , Stipp, C.S. , Kumbasar, A. , and Lander, A.D. (1994 ). "Neuronal expression of glypican, a cell-surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in the adult rat nervous system." J. Neurosci. 14 , 3713-3724 .

Loo, D.T. , Copani, A. , Pike, C.J. , Whittemore, E.R. , Walencewicz, A.J. , and Cotman, C.W. (1993 ). "Apoptosis is induced by beta-amyloid in cultured central nervous system neurons." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 , 7951-7955 .

Lorenzo, A. and Yankner, B.A. (1994 ). "Beta-amyloid neurotoxicity requires fibril formation and is inhibited by congo red." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 , 12243-12247 .

Lund-Johansen, F. , Olweus, J. , Symington, F.W. , Arli, A. , Thompson, J.S. , Vilella, R. , Skubitz, K. , and Horejsi, V. (1993 ). "Activation of human monocytes and granulocytes by monoclonal antibodies to glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored antigens." Eur. J. Immunol. 23 , 2782-2791 .

Luo, Y. , Sunderland, T. , and Wolozin, B. (1996 ). "Physiologic levels of beta-amyloid activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with the involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation." J. Neurochem. 67 , 978-987 .

Lycke, E. , Johansson, M. , Svennerholm, B. , and Lindahl, U. (1991 ). "Binding of herpes simplex virus to cellular heparan sulphate, an initial step in the adsorption process." J. Gen. Virol. 72 , 1131-1137 .

Ma, J. , Yee, A. , Brewer, H.B.J. , Das, S. , and Potter, H. (1994 ). "Amyloid-associated proteins alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein E promote assembly of Alzheimer beta-protein into filaments." Nature. 372 , 92-94 .

Mann, D.M. (1991 ). "The topographic distribution of brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease." Acta. Neuropathol. Berl. 83 , 81-86 .

Maresh, G.A. , Erezyilmaz, D. , Murry, C.E. , Nochlin, D. , and Snow, A.D. (1996 ). "Detection and quantitation of perlecan mRNA levels in Alzheimer's disease and normal aged hippocampus by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction." J. Neurochem. 67 , 1132-1144 .

Margolis, R.K. , Margolis, R.U. , Preti, C. , and Lai, D. (1975 ). "Distribution and metabolism of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in subcellular fractions of brain." Biochemistry. 14 , 4797-4804 .

Margolis, R.K. , Salton, S.R. , and Margolis, R.U. (1983 ). "Complex carbohydrates of cultured PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Effects of nerve growth factor and comparison with neonatal and mature rat brain." J. Biol. Chem. 258 , 4110-4117 .

Mark, R.J. , Hensley, K. , Butterfield, D.A. , and Mattson, M.P. (1995 ). "Amyloid beta-peptide impairs ion-motive ATPase activities: evidence for a role in loss of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis and cell death." J. Neurosci. 15 , 6239-6249 .


90

Marquez-Sterling, N.R. , Lo, A.C.Y. , Sisodia, S.S. , and Koo, E.H. (1997 ). "Trafficking of cell-surface beta-amyloid precursor protein: evidence that a sorting intermediate participates in synaptic vesicle recycling." J. Neurosci. 17 , 140-151 .

Mattson, M.P. , Cheng, B. , Davis, D. , Bryant, K. , Lieberburg, I. , and Rydel, R.E. (1992 ). "beta-Amyloid peptides destabilize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity." J. Neurosci. 12 , 376-389 .

Mattson, M.P. and Rydel, R.E. (1992 ). "beta-Amyloid precursor protein and Alzheimer's disease: the peptide plot thickens." Neurobiol. Aging. 13 , 617-621 .

Mayeux, R. (1996 ). "Understanding Alzheimer's disease: expect more genes and other things." Ann. Neurol. 39 , 689-690 .

McDonald, D.R. , Brunden, K.R. , Landreth, G.E. (1997 ). "Amyloid fibrils activate tyrosine-kinase-dependent signaling and superoxide productuion in microglia." J. Neurosci. 17 , 2284-2294 .

McGeer, P.L. and McGeer, E.G. (1995 ). "The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases." Brain. Res. Brain. Res. Rev. 21 , 195-218 .

McKhann, G. , Drachman, D. , Folstein, M. , Katzman, R. , Price, D. , and Stadlan, E.M. (1984 ). "Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease." Neurology. 34 , 939-944 .

Meda, L. , Cassatella, M.A. , Szendrei, G.I. , Otvos, L.J. , Baron, P. , Villalba, M. , Ferrari, D. , and Rossi, F. (1995 ). "Activation of microglial cells by beta-amyloid protein and interferon-gamma." Nature. 374 , 647-650 .

Mertens, G. , Cassiman, J.J. , Van-den-Berghe, H. , Vermylen, J. , and David, G. (1992 ). "Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans from human vascular endothelial cells. Core protein characterization and antithrombin III binding properties." J. Biol. Chem. 267 , 20435-20443 .

Miyata, M. and Smith, J.D. (1996 ). "Apolipoprotein E allele-specific antioxidant activity and effects on cytotoxicity by oxidative insults and beta-amyloid peptides." Nat. Genet. 14 , 55-61 .

Mortimer, J.A. , van-Duijn, C.M. , Chandra, V. , Fratiglioni, L. , Graves, A.B. , Heyman, A. , Jorm, A.F. , Kokmen, E. , Kondo, K. , Rocca, W.A. , and et-al , (1991 ). "Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group." Int. J. Epidemiol. 20 Suppl 2 , S28-S35 .

Mosmann, T. (1983 ). "Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays." J. Immunol. Methods. 65 , 55-63 .


91

Mullan, M. , Crawford, F. , Axelman, K. , Houlden, H. , Lilius, L. , Winblad, B. , and Lannfelt, L. (1992 ). "A pathogenic mutation for probable Alzheimer's disease in the APP gene at the N-terminus of beta-amyloid." Nat. Genet. 1 , 345-347 .

Muller, W.E. , Koch, S. , Eckert, A. , Hartmann, H. , and Scheuer, K. (1995 ). "beta-Amyloid peptide decreases membrane fluidity." Brain. Res. 674 , 133-136 .

Multhaup, G. , Schlicksupp, A. , Hesse, L. , Beher, D. , Ruppert, T. , Masters, C.L. , and Beyreuther, K. (1996 ). "The amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease in the reduction of copper(II) to copper(I)." Science. 271 , 1406-1409 .

Nakato, H. , Futch, T.A. , and Selleck, S.B. (1995 ). "The division abnormally delayed (dally) gene: a putative integral membrane proteoglycan required for cell division patterning during postembryonic development of the nervous system in Drosophila." Development. 121 , 3687-3702 .

Narindrasorasak, S. , Lowery, D. , Gonzalez-DeWhitt, P. , Poorman, R.A. , Greenberg, B. , and Kisilevsky, R. (1991 ). "High affinity interactions between the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor proteins and the basement membrane form of heparan sulfate proteoglycan." J. Biol. Chem. 266 , 12878-12883 .

Narindrasorasak, S. , Lowery, D.E. , Altman, R.A. , Gonzalez-DeWhitt, P.A. , Greenberg, B.D. , and Kisilevsky, R. (1992 ). "Characterization of high affinity binding between laminin and Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor proteins." Lab. Invest. 67 , 643-652 .

Nathan, B.P. , Bellosta, S. , Sanan, D.A. , Weisgraber, K.H. , Mahley, R.W. , and Pitas, R.E. (1994 ). "Differential effects of apolipoproteins E3 and E4 on neuronal growth in vitro." Science. 264 , 850-852 .

Nicoll, J.A. , Roberts, G.W. , and Graham, D.I. (1995 ). "Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid beta-protein following head injury." Nat. Med. 1 , 135-137 .

Nikkhah, G. , Tonn, J.C. , Hoffmann, O. , Kraemer, H.P. , Darling, J.L. , Schonmayr, R. , and Schachenmayr, W. (1992 ). "The MTT assay for chemosensitivity testing of human tumors of the central nervous system. Part I: Evaluation of test-specific variables." J. Neurooncol. 13 , 1-11 .

Nishimoto, I. , Okamoto, T. , Matsuura, Y. , Takahashi, S. , Murayama, Y. , and Ogata, E. (1993 ). "Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor complexes with brain GTP-binding protein G(o)." Nature. 362 , 75-79 .

Nugent, M.A. and Edelman, E.R. (1992 ). "Transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulates the production of basic fibroblast growth factor binding proteoglycans in Balb/c3T3 cells." J. Biol. Chem. 267 , 21256-21264 .

Oster-Granite, M.L. , McPhie, D.L. , Greenan, J. , and Neve, R.L. (1996 ). "Age-dependent neuronal and synaptic degeneration in mice transgenic for the C terminus of the amyloid precursor protein." J. Neurosci. 16 , 6732-6741 .


92

Paradis, E. , Douillard, H. , Koutroumanis, M. , Goodyer, C. , and LeBlanc, A. (1996 ). "Amyloid beta peptide of Alzheimer's disease downregulates Bcl-2 and upregulates bax expression in human neurons." J. Neurosci. 16 , 7533-7539 .

Paresce, D.M. , Ghosh, R.N. , and Maxfield, F.R. (1996 ). "Microglial cells internalize aggregates of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta-protein via a scavenger receptor." Neuron. 17 , 553-565 .

Parton, R.G. , Joggerst, B. , and Simons, K. (1994 ). "Regulated internalization of caveolae." J. Cell. Biol. 127 , 1199-1215 .

Parton, R.G. and Simons, K. (1995 ). "Digging into caveolae." Science. 269 , 1398-1399 .

Perry, G. , Siedlak, S.L. , Richey, P. , Kawai, M. , Cras, P. , Kalaria, R.N. , Galloway, P.G. , Scardina, J.M. , Cordell, B. , Greenberg, B.D. , Ledbetter, S.R. , and Gambetti, P. (1991 ). J. Neurosci. 11 , 3679-3683 .

Pike, C.J. , Burdick, D. , Walencewicz, A.J. , Glabe, C.G. , and Cotman, C.W. (1993 ). "Neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid peptides in vitro: the role of peptide assembly state." J. Neurosci. 13 , 1676-1687 .

Pilia, G. , Hughes-Benzie, R.M. , MacKenzie, A. , Baybayan, P. , Chen, E.Y. , Huber, R. , Neri, G. , Cao, A. , Forabosco, A. , and Schlessinger, D. (1996 ). "Mutations in GPC3, a glypican gene, cause the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome." Nat. Genet. 12 , 241-247 .

Pillot, T. , Goethals, M. , Vanloo, B. , Talussot, C. , Brasseur, R. , Vandekerckhove, J. , Rosseneu, M. , and Lins, L. (1996 ). "Fusogenic properties of the C-terminal domain of the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide." J. Biol. Chem. 271 , 28757-28765 .

Pollack, S.J. , Sadler, I.I. , Hawtin, S.R. , Tailor, V.J. , and Shearman, M.S. (1995 ). "Sulfated glycosaminoglycans and dyes attenuate the neurotoxic effects of beta-amyloid in rat PC12 cells." . Neurosci. Lett. 184 , 113-116 .

Prusiner, S.B. (1996 ). "Molecular biology and pathogenesis of prion diseases." Trends. Biochem. Sci. 21 , 482-487 .

Quon, D. , Wang, Y. , Catalano, R. , Scardina, J.M. , Murakami, K. , and Cordell, B. (1991 ). "Formation of beta-amyloid protein deposits in brains of transgenic mice." Nature. 352 , 239-241 .

Rapraeger, A. (1989 ). "Transforming growth factor (type beta) promotes the addition of chondroitin sulfate chains to the cell surface proteoglycan (syndecan) of mouse mammary epithelia." J. Cell. Biol. 109 , 2509-2518 .

Rebeck, G.W. , Reiter, J.S. , Strickland, D.K. , and Hyman, B.T. (1993 ). "Apolipoprotein E in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: allelic variation and receptor interactions." Neuron. 11 , 575-580 .


93

Redlich, E. (1898 ). "Über miliare Sklerose der Hirnrinde bei seniler Atrophie." Jahrbücher für Psychiatie und Neurologie 17 , 208-216 .

Refolo, L.M. , Wittenberg, I.S. , Friedrich, V.L.J. , and Robakis, N.K. (1991 ). "The Alzheimer amyloid precursor is associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton." J. Neurosci. 11 , 3888-3897 .

Robinson, P.J. (1991 ). "Phosphatidylinositol membrane anchors and T-cell activation." Immunol. Today. 12 , 35-41 .

Rogers, J. , Cooper, N.R. , Webster, S. , Schultz, J. , McGeer, P.L. , Styren, S.D. , Civin, W.H. , Brachova, L. , Bradt, B. , Ward, P. , and Lieberburg, I. (1992 ). "Complement activation by beta-amyloid in Alzheimer disease." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 , 10016-10020 .

Rogers, J. , Kirby, L.C. , Hempelman, S.R. , Berry, D.L. , McGeer, P.L. , Kaszniak, A.W. , Zalinski, J. , Cofield, M. , Mansukhani, L. , Willson, P. , and Kogan, F. (1993 ). "Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease." Neurology. 43 , 1609-1611 .

Roher, A.E. , Chaney, M.O. , Kuo, Y.M. , Webster, S.D. , Stine, W.B. , Haverkamp, L.J. , Woods, A.S. , Cotter, R.J. , Tuohy, J.M. , Krafft, G.A. , Bonnell, B.S. , and Emmerling, M.R. (1996 ). "Morphology and toxicity of Abeta-(1-42) dimer derived from neuritic and vascular amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease." J. Biol. Chem. 271 , 20631-20635 .

Roses, A.D. (1994 ). "Apolipoprotein E affects the rate of Alzheimer disease expression: beta-amyloid burden is a secondary consequence dependent on APOE genotype and duration of disease." J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53 , 429-437 .

Rozemuller, J.M. , Eikelenboom, P. , Stam, F.C. , Beyreuther, K. , and Masters, C.L. (1989 ). "A4 protein in Alzheimer's disease: primary and secondary cellular events in extracellular amyloid deposition." J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 48 , 674-691 .

Sabo, S. , Lambert, M.P. , Kessey, K. , Wade, W. , Krafft, G. , and Klein, W.L. (1995 ). "Interaction of beta-amyloid peptides with integrins in a human nerve cell line." Neurosci. Lett. 184 , 25-28 .

Sagara, Y. , Dargusch, R. , Klier, F.G. , Schubert, D. , and Behl, C. (1996 ). "Increased antioxidant enzyme activity in amyloid beta protein-resistant cells." J. Neurosci. 16 , 497-505 .

Salbaum, J.M. , Weidemann, A. , Lemaire, H.G. , Masters, C.L. , and Beyreuther, K. (1988 ). "The promoter of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 precursor gene." EMBO. J. 7 , 2807-2813 .

Salmivirta, M. , Lidholt, K. , and Lindahl, U. (1996 ). "Heparan sulfate: a piece of information." FASEB. J. 10 , 1270-1279 .


94

Sandbrink, R. , Masters, C.L. , and Beyreuther, K. (1994 ). "Beta A4-amyloid protein precursor mRNA isoforms without exon 15 are ubiquitously expressed in rat tissues including brain, but not in neurons." J. Biol. Chem. 269 , 1510-1517 .

Sano, M. , Ernesto, C. , Thomas, R.G. , Klauber, M.R. , Schafer, K. , Grundman, M. , Woodbury, P. , Growdon, J. , Cotman, C.W. , Pfeiffer, E. , Schneider, L.S. , and Thal, L.J. (1997 ). "A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study." N. Engl. J. Med. 336 , 1216-1222 .

Sargiacomo, M. , Sudol, M. , Tang, Z. , and Lisanti, M.P. (1993 ). "Signal transducing molecules and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked proteins form a caveolin-rich insoluble complex in MDCK cells." J. Cell. Biol. 122 , 789-807 .

Scheuner, D. , Eckman, C. , Jensen, M. , Song, X. , Citron, M. , Suzuki, N. , Bird, T.D. , Hardy, J. , Hutton, M. , Kukull, W. , Larson, E. , Levy-Lahad, E. , Viitanen, M. , Peskind, E. , Poorkaj, P. , Schellenberg, G. , Tanzi, R. , Wasco, W. , Lannfelt, L. , Selkoe, D. , and Younkin, S. (1996 ). "Secreted amyloid beta-protein similar to that in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease is increased in vivo by the presenilin 1 and 2 and APP mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease." Nat. Med. 2 , 864-870 .

Schmechel, D.E. , Saunders, A.M. , Strittmatter, W.J. , Crain, B.J. , Hulette, C.M. , Joo, S.H. , Pericak-Vance, M.A. , Goldgaber, D. , and Roses, A.D. (1993 ). "Increased amyloid beta-peptide deposition in cerebral cortex as a consequence of apolipoprotein E genotype in late-onset Alzheimer disease." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 , 9649-9653 .

Schnitzer, J.E. , McIntosh, D.P. , Dvorak, A.M. , Liu, J. , and Oh, P. (1995 ). "Separation of caveolae from associated microdomains of GPI-anchored proteins." Science. 269 , 1435-1439 .

Schnitzer, J.E. , Oh, P. , Pinney, E. , and Allard, J. (1994 ). "Filipin-sensitive caveolae-mediated transport in endothelium: reduced transcytosis, scavenger endocytosis, and capillary permeability of select macromolecules." J. Cell. Biol. 127 , 1217-1232 .

Schubert, D. , Behl, C. , Lesley, R. , Brack, A. , Dargusch, R. , Sagara, Y. , and Kimura, H. (1995 ). "Amyloid peptides are toxic via a common oxidative mechanism." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92 , 1989-1993 .

Schulz, J.G. and Einhäupl, K.M. (1996 ). The vascular dementias and cerebrovascular involvement in Alzheimer’s disease. In: Turner, J.D., Beyreuther, K., Theuring, F. (ed) Alzheimer’s disease, Ernst Schering research foundation workshop 17. Springer, Berlin, pp 17-48 .

Schwarzman, A.L. , Gregori, L. , Vitek, M.P. , Lyubski, S. , Strittmatter, W.J. , Enghilde, J.J. , Bhasin, R. , Silverman, J. , Weisgraber, K.H. , Coyle, P.K. , Zagorski, M.G. , Talafous, J. , Eisenberg, M. , Saunders, A.M. , Roses, A.D. , and Goldgaber, D. (1994 ). "Transthyretin sequesters amyloid beta protein and prevents amyloid formation." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 , 8368-8372 .


95

Selkoe, D.J. (1996 ). "Amyloid beta-protein and the genetics of Alzheimer's disease." J. Biol. Chem. 271 , 18295-18298 .

Seubert, P. , Oltersdorf, T. , Lee, M.G. , Barbour, R. , Blomquist, C. , Davis, D.L. , Bryant, K. , Fritz, L.C. , Galasko, D. , Thal, L.J. , Lieberburg, I. and Schenk, D. (1993 ). "Secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein cleaved at the amino terminus of the beta-amyloid peptide." Nature. 361 , 260-263 .

Seubert, P. , Vigo-Pelfrey, C. , Esch, F. , Lee, M. , Dovey, H. , Davis, D. , Sinha, S. , Schlossmacher, M. , Whaley, J. , Swindlehurst, C. , McCormack, R. , Wolfert, R. , Selkoe, D.J. , Lieberburg, I. , and Schenk, D. (1992 ). "Isolation and quantification of soluble Alzheimer's beta-peptide from biological fluids." Nature. 359 , 325-327 .

Shearman, M.S. , Hawtin, S.R. , and Tailor, V.J. (1995 ). "The intracellular component of cellular 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction is specifically inhibited by beta-amyloid peptides." J. Neurochem. 65 , 218-227 .

Shearman, M.S. , Ragan, C.I. , and Iversen, L.L. (1994 ). "Inhibition of PC12 cell redox activity is a specific, early indicator of the mechanism of beta-amyloid-mediated cell death." . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 , 1470-1474 .

Sherrington, R. , Rogaev, E.I. , Liang, Y. , Rogaeva, E.A. , Levesque, G. , Ikeda, M. , Chi, H. , Lin, C. , Li, G. , Holman, K. , Tsuda, T. , Mar, L. , Foncin, J.-F. , Bruni, A.C. , Montesi, M.P. , Sorbi, S. , Rainero, I. , Pinessi, L. , Nee, L. , Chumakov, I. , Pollen, D. , Brookes, A. , Sanseau, P. , Polinsky, R.J. , Wasco, W. , Da Silva, H.A.R. , Haines, J.L. , Pericak-Vance, M.A. , Tanzi, R.E. , Roses, A.D. , Fraser, P.E. , Rommens, J.M. , and St. George-Hyslop, P.H. (1995 ). "Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease." Nature. 375 , 754-760 .

Shirazi, S.K. and Wood, J.G. (1993 ). "The protein tyrosine kinase, fyn, in Alzheimer's disease pathology." Neuroreport. 4 , 435-437 .

Shoji, M. , Golde, T.E. , Ghiso, J. , Cheung, T.T. , Estus, S. , Shaffer, L.M. , Cai, X.D. , McKay, D.M. , Tintner, R. , Frangione, B. , and Younkin, S.G. (1992 ). "Production of the Alzheimer amyloid beta protein by normal proteolytic processing." Science. 258 , 126-129 .

Simmons, M.A. and Schneider, C.R. (1993 ). "Amyloid beta peptides act directly on single neurons." Neurosci. Lett. 150 , 133-136 .

Simons, M. , Ikonen, E. , Tienari, P.J. , Cid-Arregui, A. , Monning, U. , Beyreuther, K. , and Dotti, C.G. (1995 ). "Intracellular routing of human amyloid protein precursor: axonal delivery followed by transport to the dendrites." J. Neurosci. Res. 41 , 121-128 .

Smith, M.A. , Richey-Harris, P.L. , Sayre, L.M. , Beckman, J.S. , and Perry, G. (1997 ). "Widespread peroxynitrite-mediated damage in Alzheimer's disease." J. Neurosci. 17 , 2653-2657 .

Smith, M.A. , Siedlak, S.L. , Richey, P.L. , Mulvihill, P. , Ghiso, J. , Frangione, B. , Tagliavini, F. , Giaccone, G. , Bugiani, O. , Praprotnik, D. , Kalaria, R.N. , and Perry, G. (1995 ). "Tau96protein directly interacts with the amyloid beta-protein precursor: implications for Alzheimer's disease." Nat. Med. 1 , 365-369 .

Snow, A.D. and Kisilevsky, R. (1985 ). "Temporal relationship between glycosaminoglycan accumulation and amyloid deposition during experimental amyloidosis. A histochemical study." Lab. Invest. 53 , 37-44 .

Snow, A.D. , Mar, H. , Nochlin, D. , Kimata, K. , Kato, M. , Suzuki, S. , Hassell, J. , Wight, T.N. (1988 ). "The presence of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the neuritic plaques and congophilic angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease." Am. J. Pathol. 133 , 456-463 .

Snow, A.D. , Lara, S. , Nochlin, D. , and Wight, T.N. (1989 ). "Cationic dyes reveal proteoglycans structurally integrated within the characteristic lesions of Alzheimer's disease." Acta. Neuropathol. Berl. 78 , 113-123 .

Snow, A.D. , Mar, H. , Nochlin, D. , Sekiguchi, R.T. , Kimata, K. , Koike, Y. , and Wight, T.N. (1990 ). "Early accumulation of heparan sulfate in neurons and in the beta-amyloid protein-containing lesions of Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome." Am. J. Pathol. 137 , 1253-1270 .

Snow, A.D. , Mar, H. , Nochlin, D. , Kresse, H. , and Wight, T.N. (1992 ). "Peripheral distribution of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (decorin) in amyloid-containing plaques and their presence in neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease." J. Histochem. Cytochem. 40 , 105-113 .

Snow, A.D. , Sekiguchi, R. , Nochlin, D. , Fraser, P. , Kimata, K. , Mizutani, A. , Arai, M. , Schreier, W.A. , and Morgan, D.G. (1994 a). "An important role of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (Perlecan) in a model system for the deposition and persistence of fibrillar A beta-amyloid in rat brain." Neuron. 12 , 219-234 .

Snow, A.D. , Sekiguchi, R.T. , Nochlin, D. , Kalaria, R.N. , and Kimata, K. (1994b ). "Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in diffuse plaques of hippocampus but not of cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease brain." Am. J. Pathol. 144 , 337-347 .

Snow, A.D. , Nochlin, D. , Sekiguichi, R. , and Carlson, S.S. (1996 ). "Identification in immunolocalization of a new class of proteoglycan (keratan sulfate) to the neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease." Exp. Neurol. 138 , 305-317 .

Solomon, B. , Koppel, R. , Hanan, E. , and Katzav, T. (1996 ). "Monoclonal antibodies inhibit in vitro fibrillar aggregation of the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 , 452-455 .

Soto, C. , Castano, E.M. , Frangione, B. , and Inestrosa, N.C. (1995 ). "The alpha-helical to beta-strand transition in the amino-terminal fragment of the amyloid beta-peptide modulates amyloid formation." J. Biol. Chem. 270 , 3063-3067 .

Spillantini, M.G. , Goedert, M. , Crowther, R.A. , Murrell, J.R. , Farlow, M.R. , and Ghetti, B. (1997 ). "Familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia: a disease with abundant neuronal and glial tau filaments." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 , 4113-4118 .


97

Spivak-Kroizman, T. , Lemmon, M.A. , Dikic, I. , Ladbury, J.E. , Pinchasi, D. , Huang, J. , Jaye, M. , Crumley, G. , Schlessinger, J. , and Lax, I. (1994 ). "Heparin-induced oligomerization of FGF molecules is responsible for FGF receptor dimerization, activation, and cell proliferation." Cell. 79 , 1015-1024 .

Stenstad, T. , Magnus, J.H. , and Husby, G. (1994 ). "Characterization of proteoglycans associated with mouse splenic AA amyloidosis." Biochem. J. 303 , 663-670 .

Stipp, C.S. , Litwack, E.D. , and Lander, A.D. (1994 ). "Cerebroglycan: an integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is unique to the developing nervous system and expressed specifically during neuronal differentiation." . J. Cell. Biol. 124 , 149-160 .

Storey, E. , Spurck, T. , Pickett-Heaps, J. , Beyreuther, K. , and Masters, C.L. (1996 ). "The amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease is found on the surface of static but not activity motile portions of neurites." Brain. Res. 735 , 59-66 .

Strittmatter, W.J. , Saunders, A.M. , Schmechel, D. , Pericak-Vance, M. , Enghild, J. , Salvesen, G.S. , and Roses, A.D. (1993 ). "Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 , 1977-1981 .

Su, J.H. , Cummings, B.J. , and Cotman, C.W. (1992 ). "Localization of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan core protein in aged brain and Alzheimer's disease." Neuroscience. 51 , 801-813 .

Sumi, S.M. , Bird, T.D. , Nochlin, D. , and Raskind, M.A. (1992 ). "Familial presenile dementia with psychosis associated with cortical neurofibrillary tangles and degeneration of the amygdala." Neurology. 42 , 120-127 .

Suzuki, N. , Cheung, T.T. , Cai, X.D. , Odaka, A. , Otvos, L.J. , Eckman, C. , Golde, T.E. , and Younkin, S.G. (1994 ). "An increased percentage of long amyloid beta protein secreted by familial amyloid beta protein precursor (beta APP717) mutants." Science. 264 , 1336-1340 .

Tachado, S.D. , Gerold, P. , Schwarz, R. , Novakovic, S. , McConville, M. , and Schofield, L. (1997 ). "Signal transduction in macrophages by glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania: activation of protein tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C by inositolglycan and diacylglycerol moieties." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 , 4022-4027 .

Tennent, G.A. , Lovat, L.B. , and Pepys, M.B. (1995 ). "Serum amyloid P component prevents proteolysis of the amyloid fibrils of Alzheimer disease and systemic amyloidosis." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92 , 4299-4303 .

Terai, K. , Matsuo, A. , and McGeer, P.L. (1996 ). "Enhancement of immunoreactivity for NF-kappa B in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's disease." Brain. Res. 735 , 159-168 .


98

Terry, R.D. , Masliah, E. , Salmon, D.P. , Butters, N. , DeTeresa, R. , Hill, R. , Hansen, L.A. , and Katzman, R. (1991 ). "Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment." Ann. Neurol. 30 , 572-580 .

Thomas,P.M. and Samelson, L.E. (1992 ). "The glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored thy-1 molecule interacts with the p60fyn protein tyrosine kinase in T cells." J. Biol. Chem. 267 , 12317-12322 .

Thomas, T. , Thomas, G. , McLendon, C. , Sutton, T. , and Mullan, M. (1996 ). "beta-Amyloid-mediated vasoactivity and vascular endothelial damage." Nature. 380 , 168-171 .

Tienari, P.J. , Ida, N. , Ikonen, E. , Simons, M. , Weidemann, A. , Multhaup, G. , Masters, C.L. , Dotti, C.G. , and Beyreuther, K. (1997 ). "Intracellular and secreted Alzheimer beta-amyloid species are generated by distinct mechanisms in cultured hippocampal neurons." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 , 4125-4130 .

van-Broeckhoven, C. , Haan, J. , Bakker, F. , Hardy, J.A. , van Hul, W. , Wehnert, A. , Vegter-van der Vlis, M. , and Roos, R.A.C. (1990 ). "Amyloid beta protein precursor gene and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch)." Science 248 , 1120-1122 .

van-Duijn, C.M. , Clayton, D. , Chandra, V. , Fratiglioni, L. , Graves, A.B. , Heyman, A. , Jorm, A.F. , Kokmen, E. , Kondo, K. , Mortimer, J.A. , and et-al , (1991 ). "Familial aggregation of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group. " Int. J. Epidemiol. 20 Suppl 2 , S13-S20 .

van-Putten, J.P. and Paul, S.M. (1995 ). "Binding of syndecan-like cell surface proteoglycan receptors is required for Neisseria gonorrhoeae entry into human mucosal cells." EMBO. J. 14 , 2144-2154 .

Villalobos-Molina, R. , Joseph, J.A. , Rabin, B.M. , Kandasamy, S.B. , Dalton, T.K. , and Roth, G.S. (1994 ). "Iron-56 irradiation diminishes muscarinic but not alpha 1-adrenergic-stimulated low-Km GTPase in rat brain." Radiat. Res. 140 , 382-386 .

Virchow (1853 ) "Über eine im Gehirn und Rückenmark des Menschen aufgefundene Substanz mit der chemischen Reaktion der Cellulose." Virchows Arch. 6 , 135-138 .

Vitek, M.P. , Bhattacharya, K. , Glendening, J.M. , Stopa, E. , Vlassara, H. , Bucala, R. , Manogue, K. , and Cerami, A. (1994 ). "Advanced glycation end products contribute to amyloidosis in Alzheimer disease." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 , 4766-4770 .

Watanabe, K. , Yamada, H. , and Yamaguchi, Y. (1995 ). "K-glypican: a novel GPI-anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is highly expressed in developing brain and kidney." J. Cell. Biol. 130 , 1207-1218 .

Weidemann, A. , Paliga, K. , Durrwang, U. , Czech, C. , Evin, G. , Masters, C.L. , and Beyreuther, K. (1997 ). "Formation of stable complexes between two Alzheimer's disease gene products: presenilin-2 and beta-amyloid precursor protein." Nat. Med. 3 , 328-332 .


99

Wernicke, T.F. and Reischies, F.M. (1994 ). "Prevalence of dementia in old age: clinical diagnoses in subjects aged 95 years and older." Neurology. 44 , 250-253 .

Wilcock, G.K. and Esiri, M.M. (1982 ). "Plaques, tangles and dementia. A quantitative study. " J. Neurol. Sci. 56 , 343-356 .

Wischik, C.M. , Novak, M. , Thogersen, H.C. , Edwards, P.C. , Runswick, M.J. , Jakes, R. , Walker, J.E. , Milstein, C. , Roth, M. , and Klug, A. (1988 ). "Isolation of a fragment of tau derived from the core of the paired helical filament of Alzheimer disease." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85 , 4506-4510 .

Wisniewski, T. , Ghiso, J. , and Frangione, B. (1991 ). "Peptides homologous to the amyloid protein of Alzheimer's disease containing a glutamine for glutamic acid substitution have accelerated amyloid fibril formation." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179 , 1247-1254 .

Wisniewski, T. , Castano, E.M. , Golabek, A. , Vogel, T. , and Frangione, B. (1994 ). "Acceleration of Alzheimer's fibril formation by apolipoprotein E in vitro." Am. J. Pathol. 145 , 1030-1035 .

Wood, S.J. , MacKenzie, L. , Maleeff, B. , Hurle, M.R. , and Wetzel, R. (1996 ). "Selective inhibition of Abeta fibril formation." J. Biol. Chem. 271 , 4086-4092 .

Yamaguchi, H. , Yamazaki, T. , Lemere, C.A. , Frosch, M.P. , and Selkoe, D.J. (1992 ). "Beta amyloid is focally deposited within the outer basement membrane in the amyloid angiopathy of Alzheimer's disease. An immunoelectron microscopic study. " Am. J. Pathol. 141 , 249-259 .

Yamazaki, T. , Selkoe, D.J. , and Koo, E.H. (1995 ). "Trafficking of cell surface beta-amyloid precursor protein: retrograde and transcytotic transport in cultured neurons." J. Cell. Biol. 129 , 431-442 .

Yan, S.D. , Yan, S.F. , Chen, X. , Fu, J. , Chen, M. , Kuppusamy, P. , Smith, M.A. , Perry, G. , Godman, G.C. , Nawroth, P. , Zweier, J.L. , and Stern, D. (1995 ). "Non-enzymatically glycated tau in Alzheimer's disease induces neuronal oxidant stress resulting in cytokine gene expression and release of amyloid beta-peptide." Nat. Med. 1 , 693-699 .

Yan, S.D. , Chen, X. , Fu, J. , Chen, M. , Zhu, H. , Roher, A. , Slattery, T. , Zhao, L. , Nagashima, M. , Morser, J. , Migheli, A. , Nawroth, P. , Stern, D. , and Schmidt, A.M. (1996 ). "RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease." Nature 382 , 685-691 .

Yanagisawa, K. , Odaka, A. , Suzuki, N. , and Ihara, Y. (1995 ). "GM1 ganglioside-bound amyloid beta-protein (A beta): a possible form of preamyloid in Alzheimer's disease." Nat. Med. 1 , 1062-1066 .

Yanagishita, M. (1992 ). "Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored and core protein-intercalated heparan sulfate proteoglycans in rat ovarian granulosa cells have distinct secretory, endocytotic, and intracellular degradative pathways." J. Biol. Chem. 267 , 9505-9511 .


100

Yankner, B.A. , Dawes, L.R. , Fisher, S. , Villa-Komaroff, L. , Oster-Granite, M.L. , and Neve, R.L. (1989 ). "Neurotoxicity of a fragment of the amyloid precursor associated with Alzheimer's disease." Science. 245 , 417-420 .

Zebrower, M. and Kieras, F.J. (1993 ). "Are heparan sulphate (HS) sulphotransferases implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease?" Glycobiology. 3 , 3-5 .

Zhang, C. , Qiu, H.E. , Krafft, G.A. , and Klein, W.L. (1996 ). "Protein kinase C and F-actin are essential for stimulation of neuronal FAK tyrosine phosphorylation by G-proteins and amyloid beta protein." FEBS. Lett. 386 , 185-188 .

Zhang, M.Y. , Katzman, R. , Salmon, D. , Jin, H. , Cai, G.J. , Wang, Z.Y. , Qu, G.Y. , Grant, I. , Yu, E. , Levy, P. , and et-al , (1990 ). "The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender, and education." Ann. Neurol. 27 , 428-437 .

Zhang, Z. , Rydel, R.E. , Drzewiecki, G.J. , Fuson, K. , Wright, S. , Wogulis, M. , Audia, J.E. , May, P.C. , and Hyslop, P.A. (1996 ). "Amyloid beta-mediated oxidative and metabolic stress in rat cortical neurons: no direct evidence for a role for H2O2 generation." J. Neurochem. 67 , 1595-1606 .

Zheng, H. , Jiang, M. , Trumbauer, M.E. , Sirinathsinghji, D.J. , Hopkins, R. , Smith, D.W. , Heavens, R.P. , Dawson, G.R. , Boyce, S. , Conner, M.W. , Stevens, K.A. , Slunt, H.H. , Sisodia, S.S. , Chen, H.Y. , and Van der Ploeg, L.H.T. (1995 ). "beta-Amyloid precursor protein-deficient mice show reactive gliosis and decreased locomotor activity." Cell. 81 , 525-531 .

Zlokovic, B.V. , Martel, C.L. , Matsubara, E. , McComb, J.G. , Zheng, G. , McCluskey, R.T. , Frangione, B. , and Ghiso, J. (1996 ). "Glycoprotein 330/megalin: probable role in receptor-mediated transport of apolipoprotein J alone and in a complex with Alzheimer disease amyloid beta at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 , 4229-4234 .


[Titelseite] [Widmung] [Danksagung] [Selbständigkeitserklärung] [Abkürzungsverzeichnis] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [Bibliographie] [Anhang] [Lebenslauf]

© Die inhaltliche Zusammenstellung und Aufmachung dieser Publikation sowie die elektronische Verarbeitung sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung, die nicht ausdrücklich vom Urheberrechtsgesetz zugelassen ist, bedarf der vorherigen Zustimmung. Das gilt insbesondere für die Vervielfältigung, die Bearbeitung und Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronische Systeme.

DiDi DTD Version 1.1
a subset from ETD-ML Version 1.1
Zertifizierter Dokumentenserver
der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
HTML - Version erstellt am:
Mon Jul 13 14:24:30 1998