State Building Process: The Case of PalestineTariq MukhimerIntroduction123456Note on the Methodology789101112Chapter I: The StateTheoretical Framework and Arab State131415The Marxist Perspective versus the Weberian One16The 20th Century’s State Theories1718192021222324Towards an Advanced Definition of the State25262728293031State in the Arab World3233343536The Post-Colonial Arab State: A state against Society 3738394041424344454647484950 Rethinking the Arab State515253545556Chapter II: The Palestinian Autonomy Historical Overview5758596061Palestinian Autonomy under British Mandate62636465666768697071The Gaza Strip’s Autonomy under the Egyptian Rule 727374The Political Implications of West Bankers under Jordanian Rule75767778Local Government in the West Bank, Under Jordanian Rule7980818283Palestinian Autonomy under Israeli Occupation848586The 1972 Municipal Elections8788Israel’s Policy of Non-Intervention: The Path Toward Political Mobilization8990919293949550#2450#2450#1450#1450#2450#1450#1450#14The 1976 Municipal Elections: PLO Factions Rise to Office96979899Palestinian Local Autonomy under the Likud Government: Toward a Bottom-Up Model100101102103104554#411105554#389106107108109110111The First Intifada (1987-1993): Palestinians Attach Further Themselves to Grassroots Institutions112113114115116Chapter III: Gaining Autonomy through Oslo On the Peace, the People, and the Authority117118The Background Behind and Rise of the PA119120121122123124125126127128129130131Between a Rock and a Hard Place: the PA’s Search for Legitimacy132133134135136137138139140141142143144145The Detachment of the PA from Society: The PA against Civil Society146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160The PA Mode of Governance: Toward a Neopatrimonial System 161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176Chapter IV: The Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC)The Incomplete Democracy177178179180The 1996’s Palestinian Elections181182183184185186187The PLC: Toward a Parliamentary Institution 188189190554#393191The Basic Law, the Law of Judiciary, and the NGOs Law: Unsuccessful Attempts to Combat Arafat’s Neopatrimonial System192193194195196On the Budgetary Conflict between PLC and PA197198199200PLC’s Weakness vis-à-vis PA: Factors and Conditions201202203204The Tasks of Monitoring and Accountability: The PLC as Client for PA205206207208209210211PLC: Loosing Legitimacy212213214215216Chapter V: The Oslo AutonomyA Functional Perspective217218219220221The Rise of the Palestinian Bureaucracy: Challenges and Parameters222223224225226227228The Palestinian Bureaucracy: Legal Dimension229230231232The Palestinian Bureaucracy: Institution Building - a Functional Perspective233234235236237238The Palestinian Ministry of Health (MoH): Does it make a Difference?239240241242243244552#277245554#329246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262The Palestinian Ministry of Education: A New Chapter in the Educational Life of Palestinians263264265266267268269270271The Palestinian Ministry of Social Affairs: Ineffective Social Security Scheme272273274275276277278279280281282283The Palestinian Bureaucracy: Features and Characteristics284285286287288289290The Local Government System under the PA: Toward a Client Model of Local Authority291292293294295296297The Local Government System: Electoral Perspective298299300301The Local Government System: The Status Quo302303304The Local Government System: A Failed scheme for Supplying Utilities305306307308309The Opponents’ Para-State Institutions: Toward a Grassroots Model310The Islamic Society311312313El-Salah Islamic Association314315The Friends of Martyrs Society316317Union of Heath Work Committees (UHWC)318319320Chapter VI: The Al-Aqsa intifadaThe Struggle for Reform321322323324325326The Reform: Between a Palestinian Vision and an American-Israeli One327328329330331332333334Reform: Arafat’s Bow to the “Winds”335336337338339340341342343Abbas' Government: Between the Palestinian and Israeli Traps344345346347348349350351The “Political Map” of Sharon: Israel’s Separation Wall352353Qrieh's Government: In Line with Arafat’s Will354355356357358Sharon’s Unilateral Steps: Towards the Gaza Disengagement Plan359360361362363364365366367368The PA: Loosing Authority369370371372373374375376After Arafat’s Departure 377378379380381382383384385386Conclusion386387388543#271389AcknowledgementGLOSSARYBibliographyenTable of contentsHelp Bibliography

(A) Primary Sources

Interviews

PLC members

Rawia El Shawa, 24 April 1998 Youssef Abu Safiah, 7 & 26 May, 26 June 1998, and 26 June 1999. Ziad Abu Amr, 9 May 1998. Abdel Karim Abu Salah, 1 June 1998. Sa’di El Krunz, 15 July 1998. Ra’fat El Najar, 20 July 1998, 7 October 2004. Mawaia El Masri, 20 August 1999 & 20 August 2000. Kamal al-Shrafi, 6 September 1999. Hassan Khrisha, 3 September 2000 (Telephone Call). Abed Rabu Abu Uwn, 6 October 2004

PA officials

Farid Ghanam, Director-General of Public Finance. Gaza: Ministry of Finance, 15 September 2004. Mohammad Abu Hashiesh, Director-General of Health Insurance Directorate, Ministry of Health, 19 September 2004. Ali Khalifa, Director-General of Education Planning, Ministry of Education, 25 September 2004. Mahmmoud Muteer, Acting Deputy-Minister of Social Affairs, Ministry of Social Affairs, 27 September 2004. Mohammad Abu Jarad (Abu Usamah), Deputy-Minister of Finance, Ministry of Finance, 21 October 2004. Abdel El Rahman El Barqawi, Director-General of Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health, 28 October 2004. Abdel Aziz Shaheen, Former Minister of Supply, 28 October 2004.

Representatives of Charitable and Grassroots Institutions

Ahmad Bahr, head of the Hamas affiliated “Islamic Society”, 31 August 2004. Nafez Al Araj, head of the Islamic Jihad affiliated “Friends of Martyr Society”, Gaza office, 2 September 2004. Muna El Farah, Director of the Community Health Department of the PFLP affiliated Union of Health Work Committees (UHWC), 5 September 2005.

General Publics

Palestinian graduates, Gaza: before the Minsitry of Finance headquarter, 15 September 2004.

Documents

General

The Palestine Order in Council”. 10 August 1922. http://domino.un.org

On the Peace Process

The Declaration of Principles,September 13, 1993.Online http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/decprinc.htm Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area (Cairo Agreement),May 4, 1994.Online http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/gazjeric.htm Protocol on Economic Relations Between the Government of Israel and the PLO. Online http://mondediplo.com/focus/mideast/paris94-en The Israeli-Palestinian Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip,September 28, 1995. Online http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/interim.htm The Wye-River Memorandum,October 23, 1998. Online http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/october98/102398b.html The Sharm El-Sheikh Memorandum.September 4, 1999. Online http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/press/visits/september 99/sharm.html “Mitchael Report, 30 April 2001”, and “Tenet Plan, June 2001”. Can be found: http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal President Bush’s Speech of 24 June 2002 can be found: <http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il> The “Road Map” Plan is cited on;

With Relation to PLC

Minutes of Palestinian Legislative Council Second Term’s sessions (March 1997-March 1998). Minutes of Palestinian Legislative Council Third Term’s sessions (March 1998-March 1999). Minutes of Palestinian Legislative Council Forth Term’s sessions (March 1999-March 2000). The PLC Standing Order PLC’s webpage < > The PLC Basic Lawhttp://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?Docld=790&CategoryId=10 E’Alan Sadir An El Majlis El Tashri’e Li Tatweer wa Islah Moasasat El Sultah El Watanya El Filistinya (A declaration published by the PLC to reform and develop the Palestinian National Authority Institutions). Palestine: PLC, 16 May 2002. An English translation of the same document can be found http://www.aman-palestine.org

Published by Palestinian Ministries:

Ministry of Education. Al Khita El Khamsyah Li El Ta’leem fi Falistine (The Five-year Plan for Education in Palestine).
Gaza:
Ministry of Education, December, 2000 ------------------------. El Ta’leem Li El Jame’a: El Waqie’ wi El Tahdyaat. (Education for All: Facts and Challenges).
Gaza:
Ministry of Eductaion, 1th part, 2004.-------------------------. Al Khita El Khamsyah Al-Tatwiryah Al-Olah, 2001/2005: Mwjz Tawdihi (The first developmental five-year plan: brief description).
Gaza:
Ministry of Education. Palestinian Cabinet. “100 days plan of the Palestinian government”.
Palestine
, 2002, can be found http://www.aman-palestine.org

News Agencies:

International

BBC CNN

Palestinian

Palestine News Agency of “WAFA”. English Internet edition http://english.wafa.ps

4) Newspapers

International

Financial Times

Herald Tribune

The Times

German

“Neue Zürcher Zeitung“. Internet English edition: http://www.nzz.ch/english/background/background2000/background0004/bg000422g. Der Tagesspiegel

Israeli

Jerusalem Post.

Haaretz. English internet edition < >

Yediot Ahronot

Arab

The London-based of Al-Hayat Arabic News Internet English edition > Al-sharq Al-Awsat. Arabic internet edition: < >

Palestinian

Al-Ayyam Al-Bilad Al Hayat Al-Jadeeda Al-Istiqlal Al-Quds Al-Quds Al-Arabi Al-Nihar Al-Risalah Al-Watan. Internet edition < >

5) Periodicals

International

Third World Quarterly Middle East International Middle East Policy Journal of Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA). Internet editions http://meria.idc.ac.il

Arab

Arab Studies Journal

Palestinian

Palestine Studies. Journal of Palestine Studies. Palestine-Israel Journal Palestine Report. Internet editions http://www.palestinereport.org Al Waqaea’ El Filistaniya (Arabic). The formal Gazette of Gaza Strip. Al Waqaea’ (Arabic) The formal gazette of PA.

6) Press Releases:

Palestinian Institutions and Organizations

The Gaza-based Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR):
27 May & 10, 13, 26 June, 1996; 30 October & 7 November 1998; 2 February & 10 March, 5 & 26 August, 28 November 1999. 2 & 31 March, and 8 April 2004. Online < > The Ramallah-based LAW institute
18 December 1998; 14 June, 26 August, and 28 November 1999. Online http://www.lawsociety.org The Ramallah based- Al Haq institute:
16 December 1999. Online <>

7) Reports

Palestine Government Reports:

Palestine Government’s Annual Report to the League of Nations (31 December 1924). Online <> Report of the High Commissioner on the Administration of Palestine 1920-1925. Palestine Government, 1925. Palestine Government’s Annual Report to the League of Nations (31 December 1930). Online http://domino.un.org Palestine Government Annual Report to the League of Nations (31 December 1934). Online <http://domino.un.org>. Palestine Government Annual Report to the League of Nations (31 December 1936). Online <> Palestine Royal Commission Report (Peel commission). July 1937.

UN bodies Reports

Social, Economic and Political Institutions in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
New York:
United Nations, 1982. Life of the Palestinians Under Israeli Occupation. Report of the UN Special Committee to Investigate the Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of Palestinians People and other Arabs of the Occupied Territories, January 1992. UNRWA. Satistical Yearbook 1989-1990.
Vienna/Austria:
Department of Education/UNRWA, No. 26, December 1990. Office of UN Special Coordinator in Occupied Territories. “Rule of Law Development in the West Bank and Gaza Strip Survey and State of the Development Effort”. May, 1999. http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/polisci/faculty/rexb/unsco-ruleoflaw-------------------------. The West Bank and Gaza Strip Private Economy: Conditions and Prospects. Special Report,
Gaza,
February, 1998. <>

World Bank Reports

Developing the Occupied Territories: An Investment in Peace.
Washington, D.C.:
Human Resources and Social Policy, Vol. 6, September 1993.

International Human Rights Organizations Reports

Human Rights Watch.“Torture and Physical Abuse by the Security Services”. Online < www.hrw.org/reports/1997/palestina/Israel-05.htm >--------------------------.“Razing Rafah: Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip”. May 2004. http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/gaza Fmep. Israeli Settlement in the Occupied Territories: A Guide. Fmep, A special Report of the Foundation for Middle East Peace, March 2002,http://www.fmep.org/org/reports/2002/sr0203.html

Israeli Organizations Reports

Applied Research Institute. “The Har Homa Settlement and the Uprooting of Abu Ghnaim Forest”.
Jerusalem:
March 1997, http://www.arij.org/paleye/abughnam/ B’tselem. Land Grab: Israeli Settlement Policy in the West Bank.
Jerusalem:
B’Tselem, May 2002,

PA Reports

Cabinet Office. Cabinet Reports on PNA Ministries: 1997-1998.
Palestine:
Cabinet Office, September 1998. Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MOPIC). 1997 Third Quarterly Monitoring Report of Donor Assistance.
Gaza:
October 31, 1997 , (unpublished report). The Palestinian Ministry of Health.Health Status in Palestine: Ministry of Health Annual Report.
Gaza,
July 2004.

Palestinian Human Rights Organizations Reports:

Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR).Annual Reports of 1997, 1998, and 1999.
Gaza:
PCHR.
-----------------------------------the Right to Freedom of Expression and the Right to Peacefull Assembly Under the Palestinian National Authority: The Case of the Gaza Strip (May 1994-December 1998,.
Gaza:
Series Study (18), September 1999.

Palestinian Grassroots Organizations Reports

Union of Health Work Committees (UHWC) annual reports of 1995, 1996, and 2002.

General Reports

Jordan Institute of Public Administrtaion. Decentralized Good Governance: Jordan Case Study. UNDP Decentralized Programme, 1998.

online http://www.pogar.org/resources/decentralization.html

8) Selected Webpages:

http://www.aish.com/Israel/articles/Suicide_Bombing.asp http://www.ict.org.il/inter_ter/orgattack.cfm?orgid=13 http://www.phrmg.org/PHRMG%20Documents/Political%20Arrest/English/fayyad.htm http://www.mohe.gov.ps http://www.mosa.gov.ps http://www.mofa.gov.ps/Statistics/index.asp http://www.palestinehistory.com/wall.htm

B) Secondary Sources

Books & Articles

Arabic

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Ramallah/West Bank:
Institute for the Study of Democracy, July 1998. --------------. Takween El Nokhba El Filistinya Munz Noshoa’ El Harkah El Watanya elah Ma ba’d El Sulta El Watanya. (The formation of the Palestinian Elite: From the Palestinian National Movement to the Rise of the Palestinian Authority).
Ramallah/West Bank:
The Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy, 2002. PCHR (Arabic). Qanun El Khidmah Al Madinyah: Ba’yn El Nazriyah wa El Tatbieq. (The Civil Service Law: Between Theory and Practice).
Gaza:
Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR), Series Studies (17), September 1999.

2) English

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London & Geneva:
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London:
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London:
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Princeton & New Jersy:
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Lebanon:
Hamish Hamilton, 1976. Arkadie, V., B. Benefits and Burdens: A Report on the West Bank and Gaza Strip Economies since 1967.
New York, Washington, D.C.:
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Ramllah/Palestine:
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Washington, D.C.:
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Reading:
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London & New York:
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