| Ngalinda, Innocent: Age at First Birth, Fertility, and Contraception in Tanzania |
Table A-1: Summary of mean age at first sexual intercourse, marriage, and birth including TFR and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa countries and selected developing countries
|
Country |
Year |
AFSI |
AFM |
AFB |
TFR |
CPR |
| Benin |
1996 |
16.2 |
17.7 |
18.8 |
6.3 |
4.0 |
| Central African Republic |
1994 |
15.4 |
16.3 |
18.1 |
5.1 |
3.8 |
| Comores |
1996 |
16.9 |
17.4 |
19.2 |
5.1 |
12.8 |
| Côte dIvoire |
1994 |
15.1 |
17.1 |
17.6 |
5.7 |
5.0 |
| Ghana |
1993 |
16.4 |
18.1 |
19.1 |
5.5 |
11.4 |
| Kenya |
1993 |
16.0 |
17.9 |
18.3 |
5.4 |
30.8 |
| Mali |
1995 |
15.5 |
15.6 |
17.9 |
6.7 |
5.3 |
| Tanzania |
1996 |
16.0 |
17.4 |
18.4 |
5.8 |
15.3 |
| Uganda |
1995 |
15.4 |
16.6 |
17.7 |
6.9 |
9.6 |
| Zambia |
1996 |
15.6 |
17.0 |
17.9 |
6.1 |
17.2 |
| Zimbabwe |
1994 |
17.5 |
18.1 |
18.7 |
4.3 |
48.0 |
| Egypt |
1995 |
- |
18.3 |
20.0 |
3.6 |
50.9 |
| Bangladesh |
1996 |
- |
13.9 |
16.8 |
3.3 |
39.7 |
| Brazil |
1996 |
17.8 |
19.5 |
20.6 |
2.5 |
74.3 |
| Dominican Republic |
1996 |
17.2 |
17.9 |
19.5 |
3.2 |
65.2 |
Source: calculated from DHS III
Table A-2: Contraceptive use method with current age of a user
|
Current age |
Pill |
IUD |
Injec-tions |
Diaphragm/ Foam/Jelly |
Con-dom |
Female Steril- isation |
Norp- lant |
Periodic Abstinence |
With-drawal |
Other |
N |
| 15-19 |
26.8 |
3.7 |
12.2 |
1.2 |
22.0 |
1.2 |
0.0 |
23.2 |
8.5 |
1.2 |
82 |
| 20-24 |
36.5 |
1.7 |
20.9 |
0.0 |
12.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
12.0 |
15.0 |
1.0 |
301 |
| 25-29 |
40.9 |
1.7 |
21.3 |
0.0 |
8.0 |
1.0 |
0.0 |
13.6 |
11.2 |
2.1 |
286 |
| 30-34 |
29.6 |
4.7 |
28.3 |
0.0 |
4.3 |
3.9 |
0.0 |
13.3 |
13.7 |
2.1 |
233 |
| 35-39 |
22.0 |
4.8 |
29.6 |
0.0 |
3.2 |
14.5 |
1.1 |
12.4 |
9.1 |
3.2 |
186 |
| 40-44 |
14.2 |
1.4 |
23.4 |
0.0 |
5.0 |
32.6 |
0.0 |
9.9 |
8.5 |
5.0 |
141 |
| 45-49 |
11.8 |
5.3 |
14.5 |
0.0 |
5.3 |
40.8 |
0.0 |
6.6 |
9.2 |
6.6 |
76 |
| 15-49 |
29.7 |
3.0 |
22.9 |
0.1 |
8.0 |
9.0 |
0.2 |
12.8 |
11.6 |
2.5 |
1,305 |
Source: calculated from 1996 TDHS
Table A-3: Regression results of the relationship between fertility and selected variables
| POR | Factor |
Variable |
Moslem |
Catholic |
Protestant |
None |
| Dar |
Constant |
1.128* |
1.280 |
1.735 |
|
|
| Age |
15-19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
20-24 |
0.686 |
1.705 |
0.775 |
|
||
|
25-29 |
1.838*** |
3.330 |
1.528 |
|
||
|
30-34 |
2.541*** |
2.201 |
0.274 |
|
||
|
35-39 |
3.891*** |
4.774* |
5.962* |
|
||
|
40-44 |
4.360*** |
8.394** |
|
|
||
|
45-49 |
4.137*** |
3.837 |
4.790 |
|
||
| Age at first sexual intercourse |
<15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
At union |
0.423 |
-2.135 |
-0.487 |
|
||
|
15-17 |
0.163 |
-0.210 |
-0.296 |
|
||
|
18-19 |
0.234 |
-0.167 |
0.076 |
|
||
|
20-21 |
0.117 |
-1.846 |
1.418 |
|
||
|
22-24 |
-0.119 |
-1.629 |
|
|
||
|
25+ |
0.249 |
0.127 |
|
|
||
| Age at first marriage |
<15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
15-17 |
0.171 |
-4.957 |
-5.094 |
|
||
|
18-19 |
0.256 |
-3.963 |
-4.569 |
|
||
|
20-21 |
0.877* |
-4.358 |
-4.692 |
|
||
|
22-24 |
0.620 |
-2.743 |
-6.831 |
|
||
|
25+ |
0.984 |
-4.146 |
-3.203 |
|
||
| Age at first birth |
<15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
15-17 |
-0.374 |
|
|
|
||
|
18-19 |
-0.761 |
0.350 |
-1.187 |
|
||
|
20-21 |
-1.590*** |
0.313 |
-1.183 |
|
||
|
22-24 |
-1.787*** |
-1.707 |
-1.074 |
|
||
|
25+ |
-3.870** |
-3.317 |
-0.381 |
|
||
| Marital status |
Never married |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Currently married |
0.466 |
3.347 |
5.244 |
|
||
|
Widowed |
-1.102 |
0.838 |
4.183 |
|
||
|
Divorced |
0.030 |
2.327 |
|
|
||
|
Not living together |
0.197 |
3.225 |
|
|
||
| Polygyny |
Monogamous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polygamous |
0.331 |
-1.156 |
-1.008 |
|
||
| Womans educational level |
None |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary incomplete |
0.367 |
-0.142 |
-1.744 |
|
||
|
Primary complete |
0.024 |
-1.599 |
|
|
||
|
Secondary+ |
0.244 |
-0.340 |
-0.874 |
|
||
| Partners educational level |
None |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary incomplete |
-0.550 |
2.168 |
3.657 |
|
||
|
Primary complete |
-0.345 |
0.752 |
-0.299 |
|
||
|
Secondary + |
-0.678 |
1.745 |
|
|
||
| Child loss |
none |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
0.244 |
1.576 |
0.671 |
|
||
|
2 |
0.914* |
3.681 |
|
|
||
|
3 |
2.478*** |
|
9.401* |
|
||
|
4+ |
3.337*** |
|
|
|
||
| Urban | Constant |
|
0.517 |
0.908 |
0.334 |
|
| Age |
15-19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
20-24 |
0.562 |
1.057* |
0.868 |
|
||
|
25-29 |
1.790*** |
2.229*** |
2.573*** |
|
||
|
30-34 |
2.965*** |
3.361*** |
3.232*** |
|
||
|
35-39 |
3.553*** |
4.396*** |
4.414*** |
|
||
|
40-44 |
3.686*** |
5.148*** |
5.047*** |
|
||
|
45-49 |
4.030*** |
4.975*** |
6.101*** |
|
||
| Age at first sexual intercourse |
<15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
At union |
1.140*** |
0.017 |
1.262** |
|
||
|
15-17 |
0.843** |
0.160 |
0.459 |
|
||
|
18-19 |
0.670* |
-0.225 |
0.672 |
|
||
|
20-21 |
0.633 |
0.223 |
0.676 |
|
||
|
22-24 |
0.367 |
0.125 |
0.730 |
|
||
|
25+ |
1.564 |
-0.080 |
0.914 |
|
||
| Age at first marriage |
<15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
15-17 |
-0.303 |
-0.476 |
0.622 |
|
||
|
18-19 |
-0.643* |
-0.601 |
0.744 |
|
||
|
20-21 |
-0.543 |
-0.536 |
0.819 |
|
||
|
22-24 |
-0.350 |
-1.310* |
0.213 |
|
||
|
25+ |
-0.039 |
-1.944** |
-0.737 |
|
||
| Age at first birth |
<15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
15-17 |
-0.816* |
-0.139 |
-0.100 |
|
||
|
18-19 |
-0.848* |
-0.384 |
-0.247 |
|
||
|
20-21 |
-1.032* |
-1.039 |
-1.182 |
|
||
|
22-24 |
-2.213*** |
-1.372* |
-1.387 |
|
||
|
25+ |
-3.311*** |
-1.885* |
-1.684 |
|
||
| Marital status |
Never married |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Currently married |
1.609** |
1.753* |
0.032 |
|
||
|
Widowed |
0.837 |
2.130** |
-0.336 |
|
||
|
Divorced |
0.926 |
1.192 |
-2.071 |
|
||
|
Not living together |
2.073** |
0.622 |
0.627 |
|
||
| Polygyny |
Monogamous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polygamous |
0.142 |
-0.584* |
0.328 |
|
||
| Womans educational level |
None |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary incomplete |
0.347 |
0.087 |
-0.010 |
|
||
|
Primary complete |
0.212 |
-0.406 |
-0.662 |
|
||
|
Secondary+ |
0.446 |
-0.425 |
-0.594 |
|
||
| Partners educational level |
None |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary incomplete |
-0.517 |
-0.846 |
0.566 |
|
||
|
Primary complete |
-0.828** |
-0.459 |
0.009 |
|
||
|
Secondary + |
-0.756** |
-0.634 |
-0.079 |
|
||
| Child loss |
none |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
0.132 |
0.887*** |
0.568* |
|
||
|
2 |
1.555*** |
1.289*** |
1.403** |
|
||
|
3 |
2.595*** |
2.343** |
1.414 |
|
||
|
4+ |
4.324*** |
3.138*** |
6.033*** |
|
||
| Rural |
constant |
1.207*** |
1.201*** |
0.869** |
0.639 |
|
| Age |
15-19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
20-24 |
0.657*** |
0.890*** |
0.952*** |
0.925* |
||
|
25-29 |
1.849*** |
2.204*** |
2.354*** |
2.214*** |
||
|
30-34 |
2.908*** |
3.345*** |
3.624*** |
3.712*** |
||
|
35-39 |
3.955*** |
4.425*** |
4.773*** |
5.013*** |
||
|
40-44 |
4.618*** |
5.698*** |
5.642*** |
5.549*** |
||
|
45-49 |
4.880*** |
5.952*** |
6.573*** |
6.841*** |
||
| Age at first sexual intercourse |
<15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
At union |
0.494*** |
0.143 |
0.005 |
-0.074 |
||
|
15-17 |
-0.076 |
-0.073 |
-0.083 |
0.062 |
||
|
18-19 |
0.167 |
0.021 |
0.061 |
0.311 |
||
|
20-21 |
-0.095 |
-0.533** |
-0.087 |
0.451 |
||
|
22-24 |
1.031* |
-0.323 |
-0.056 |
-0.385 |
||
|
25+ |
0.737 |
-0.951* |
-0.238 |
-1.086 |
||
| Age at first marriage |
<15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
15-17 |
0.117 |
-0.003 |
0.242 |
-0.123 |
||
|
18-19 |
-0.220 |
-0.110 |
0.063 |
-0.127 |
||
|
20-21 |
-0.047 |
-0.004 |
0.093 |
-0.627 |
||
|
22-24 |
-0.167 |
-0.328 |
0.134 |
-0.778* |
||
|
25+ |
-0.886*** |
-0.787*** |
-0.609* |
-1.257** |
||
| Age at first birth |
<15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
15-17 |
-0.224 |
-0.194 |
-0.343 |
-0.144 |
||
|
18-19 |
-0.597*** |
-0.661*** |
-0.702** |
-0.783* |
||
|
20-21 |
-0.797*** |
-0.985*** |
-1.351*** |
-0.583 |
||
|
22-24 |
-1.227*** |
-1.474*** |
-1.910*** |
-1.59*** |
||
|
25+ |
-2.575*** |
-1.874*** |
-2.706*** |
-2.07*** |
||
| Marital status |
Never married |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Currently married |
0.471* |
0.552* |
1.010*** |
0.832 |
||
|
Widowed |
-0.162 |
-0.086 |
0.341 |
-0.422 |
||
|
Divorced |
0.009 |
-0.712** |
0.107 |
-0.629 |
||
|
Not living together |
0.067 |
-0.186 |
0.592 |
-0.211 |
||
| Polygyny |
Monogamous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polygamous |
-0.049 |
-0.192* |
-0.394*** |
-0.031 |
||
| Womans educational level |
None |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary incomplete |
-0.061 |
-0.003 |
0.091 |
0.173 |
||
|
Primary complete |
-0.205* |
-0.061 |
-0.096 |
0.035 |
||
|
Secondary+ |
0.222 |
-0.279 |
-0.294 |
|
||
| Partners educational level |
None |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary incomplete |
-0.010 |
-0.017 |
0.130 |
0.537** |
||
|
Primary complete |
-0.203 |
0.102 |
-0.222 |
0.354 |
||
|
Secondary + |
-0.178 |
-0.203 |
-0.094 |
0.572 |
||
| Child loss |
none |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
0.686*** |
0.411*** |
0.384*** |
0.595** |
||
|
2 |
1.681*** |
1.265*** |
1.100*** |
1.358*** |
||
|
3 |
2.644*** |
2.194*** |
1.191*** |
1.578*** |
||
|
4+ |
3.548*** |
3.288*** |
2.809*** |
2.043*** |
Source: calculated from 1996 TDHS
Table A-4: Unstandardised coefficients of regression analysis of the relationship between age at first birth and selected variables
|
POR |
|
Moslem |
Catholics |
Protestant |
| Dar | (Constant) |
9.3*** |
8.0** |
12.2* |
| Education in single years |
0.2*** |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
| Current age - respondent |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
| Age at first intercourse |
0.4*** |
0.6*** |
0.3 |
|
| Urban | (Constant) |
6.7*** |
6.0*** |
7.4*** |
| Education in single years |
0.2** |
0.0 |
0.1* |
|
| Current age - respondent |
0.0 |
0.1* |
0.0 |
|
| Age at first intercourse |
0.6*** |
0.7*** |
0.6*** |
|
| Rural | (Constant) |
11.0*** |
9.7*** |
9.7*** |
| Education in single years |
0.1** |
0.1*** |
0.0 |
|
| Current age - respondent |
0.1*** |
0.0*** |
0.0*** |
|
| Age at first intercourse |
0.3*** |
0.4*** |
0.5*** |
Source: calculated from 1996 TDHS
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