<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">STUDIES ON CONFORMATIONAL STABILITY OF THE ECTODOMAIN OF INFLUENZA VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author"> P. Sivaramakrishna Rachakonda</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="_Toc121072188" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Toc121113261" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Toc121072190" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Toc121113263" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Toc121072191" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="_Toc121113264" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100BF" part="chapter1" ref="N100BF" type="citenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100CB" part="chapter1" ref="N100CB" type="citenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072192" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072192" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100D5" part="chapter1" ref="N100D5" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113265" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113265" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100EB" part="chapter1" ref="N100EB" type="citenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072193" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072193" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100F5" part="chapter1" ref="N100F5" type="subsection">1.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113266" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113266" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10108" part="chapter1" ref="N10108" type="mm">552#358</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799032" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc120799032" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc120799351" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc120799351" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072194" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072194" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113267" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113267" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10127" part="chapter1" ref="N10127" type="subsection">1.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10134" part="chapter1" ref="N10134" type="citenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10140" part="chapter1" ref="N10140" type="citenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10155" part="chapter1" ref="N10155" type="citenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10173" part="chapter1" ref="N10173" type="citenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1019D" part="chapter1" ref="N1019D" type="citenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072195" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072195" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113268" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113268" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N101C3" part="chapter1" ref="N101C3" type="subsection">1.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101D3" part="chapter1" ref="N101D3" type="citenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101E2" part="chapter1" ref="N101E2" type="citenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101F4" part="chapter1" ref="N101F4" type="citenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10200" part="chapter1" ref="N10200" type="citenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1021E" part="chapter1" ref="N1021E" type="citenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10233" part="chapter1" ref="N10233" type="citenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10236" part="chapter1" ref="N10236" type="mm">565#430</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799352" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc120799352" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072196" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072196" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113269" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113269" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10256" part="chapter1" ref="N10256" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1025D" part="chapter1" ref="N1025D" type="mm">233#356</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799353" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc120799353" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072197" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072197" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10281" part="chapter1" ref="N10281" type="subsection">1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113270" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113270" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10291" part="chapter1" ref="N10291" type="citenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1029A" part="chapter1" ref="N1029A" type="mm">611#302</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799354" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc120799354" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072198" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072198" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113271" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113271" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102BD" part="chapter1" ref="N102BD" type="subsection">1.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102CA" part="chapter1" ref="N102CA" type="citenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072199" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072199" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113272" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113272" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102ED" part="chapter1" ref="N102ED" type="subsection">1.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072200" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072200" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113273" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113273" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1030E" part="chapter1" ref="N1030E" type="subsection">1.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1031B" part="chapter1" ref="N1031B" type="citenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072201" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072201" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113274" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113274" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10333" part="chapter1" ref="N10333" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1034F" part="chapter1" ref="N1034F" type="citenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10389" part="chapter1" ref="N10389" type="citenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072202" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072202" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1039C" part="chapter1" ref="N1039C" type="subsection">1.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113275" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113275" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103B8" part="chapter1" ref="N103B8" type="citenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072203" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072203" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113276" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113276" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N103D5" part="chapter1" ref="N103D5" type="subsection">1.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103E5" part="chapter1" ref="N103E5" type="citenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072204" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072204" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113277" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113277" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10424" part="chapter1" ref="N10424" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10431" part="chapter1" ref="N10431" type="citenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1043A" part="chapter1" ref="N1043A" type="mm">292#246</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799355" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc120799355" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10459" part="chapter1" ref="N10459" type="citenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10465" part="chapter1" ref="N10465" type="citenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10468" part="chapter1" ref="N10468" type="mm">516#170</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799356" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc120799356" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1048F" part="chapter1" ref="N1048F" type="citenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072205" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072205" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113278" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113278" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104A0" part="chapter1" ref="N104A0" type="section">1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072206" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121072206" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113279" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc121113279" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104CD" part="chapter2" ref="N104CD" type="helpercitenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104D2" part="chapter2" ref="N104D2" type="citenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072207" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc121072207" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113280" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc121113280" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1050A" part="chapter3" ref="N1050A" type="helpercitenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072208" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072208" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10510" part="chapter3" ref="N10510" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113281" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113281" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072209" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072209" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1051E" part="chapter3" ref="N1051E" type="subsection">3.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113282" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113282" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1055E" part="chapter3" ref="N1055E" type="citenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072210" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072210" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113283" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113283" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10584" part="chapter3" ref="N10584" type="subsection">3.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10594" part="chapter3" ref="N10594" type="citenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072211" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072211" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113284" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113284" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N105A5" part="chapter3" ref="N105A5" type="subsection">3.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072212" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072212" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113285" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113285" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N105C0" part="chapter3" ref="N105C0" type="subsection">3.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072213" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072213" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113286" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113286" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N105E4" part="chapter3" ref="N105E4" type="subsection">3.1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105F1" part="chapter3" ref="N105F1" type="citenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072214" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072214" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113287" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113287" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10612" part="chapter3" ref="N10612" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10619" part="chapter3" ref="N10619" type="citenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10628" part="chapter3" ref="N10628" type="citenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1063A" part="chapter3" ref="N1063A" type="citenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10649" part="chapter3" ref="N10649" type="citenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10658" part="chapter3" ref="N10658" type="citenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10667" part="chapter3" ref="N10667" type="citenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10679" part="chapter3" ref="N10679" type="citenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10688" part="chapter3" ref="N10688" type="citenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1069A" part="chapter3" ref="N1069A" type="citenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106A9" part="chapter3" ref="N106A9" type="citenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106BB" part="chapter3" ref="N106BB" type="citenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106CA" part="chapter3" ref="N106CA" type="citenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106DC" part="chapter3" ref="N106DC" type="citenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106EB" part="chapter3" ref="N106EB" type="citenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106FD" part="chapter3" ref="N106FD" type="citenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1070C" part="chapter3" ref="N1070C" type="citenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1071E" part="chapter3" ref="N1071E" type="citenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072215" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072215" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113288" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113288" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1072F" part="chapter3" ref="N1072F" type="section">3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10742" part="chapter3" ref="N10742" type="citenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10754" part="chapter3" ref="N10754" type="citenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10769" part="chapter3" ref="N10769" type="citenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10787" part="chapter3" ref="N10787" type="citenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1079C" part="chapter3" ref="N1079C" type="citenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107B1" part="chapter3" ref="N107B1" type="citenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072216" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072216" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113289" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113289" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N107CB" part="chapter3" ref="N107CB" type="section">3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107D8" part="chapter3" ref="N107D8" type="citenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107ED" part="chapter3" ref="N107ED" type="citenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10805" part="chapter3" ref="N10805" type="citenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1081A" part="chapter3" ref="N1081A" type="citenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1082F" part="chapter3" ref="N1082F" type="citenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072217" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072217" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113290" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113290" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10843" part="chapter3" ref="N10843" type="section">3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072218" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072218" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113291" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113291" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10858" part="chapter3" ref="N10858" type="section">3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10865" part="chapter3" ref="N10865" type="citenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1087A" part="chapter3" ref="N1087A" type="citenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1088F" part="chapter3" ref="N1088F" type="citenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108A7" part="chapter3" ref="N108A7" type="citenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108BC" part="chapter3" ref="N108BC" type="citenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108D1" part="chapter3" ref="N108D1" type="citenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108E6" part="chapter3" ref="N108E6" type="citenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072219" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121072219" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113292" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc121113292" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10906" part="chapter4" ref="N10906" type="helpercitenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072220" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072220" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1090C" part="chapter4" ref="N1090C" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113293" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113293" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1091F" part="chapter4" ref="N1091F" type="citenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10931" part="chapter4" ref="N10931" type="mm">592#681</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799357" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc120799357" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072221" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072221" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113294" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113294" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1094A" part="chapter4" ref="N1094A" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1095D" part="chapter4" ref="N1095D" type="citenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072222" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072222" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113295" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113295" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10977" part="chapter4" ref="N10977" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072223" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072223" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10982" part="chapter4" ref="N10982" type="subsection">4.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113296" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113296" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10995" part="chapter4" ref="N10995" type="citenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072224" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072224" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113297" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113297" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N109B8" part="chapter4" ref="N109B8" type="subsection">4.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109C8" part="chapter4" ref="N109C8" type="citenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072225" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072225" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113298" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113298" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N109E3" part="chapter4" ref="N109E3" type="section">4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072226" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072226" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N109F1" part="chapter4" ref="N109F1" type="subsection">4.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113299" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113299" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072227" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072227" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113300" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113300" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A1C" part="chapter4" ref="N10A1C" type="section">4.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072228" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072228" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A27" part="chapter4" ref="N10A27" type="subsection">4.5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113301" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113301" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A37" part="chapter4" ref="N10A37" type="citenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072229" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072229" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113302" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113302" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A57" part="chapter4" ref="N10A57" type="subsection">4.5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072230" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072230" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113303" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113303" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A81" part="chapter4" ref="N10A81" type="subsection">4.5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A8E" part="chapter4" ref="N10A8E" type="citenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072231" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072231" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113304" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113304" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10AA0" part="chapter4" ref="N10AA0" type="section">4.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072232" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072232" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113305" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113305" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10AB5" part="chapter4" ref="N10AB5" type="section">4.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072233" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072233" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113306" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113306" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10ACA" part="chapter4" ref="N10ACA" type="section">4.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AD1" part="chapter4" ref="N10AD1" type="citenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072234" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072234" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113307" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113307" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10AE5" part="chapter4" ref="N10AE5" type="section">4.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072235" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072235" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113308" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113308" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10AFA" part="chapter4" ref="N10AFA" type="section">4.10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072236" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072236" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113309" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113309" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B12" part="chapter4" ref="N10B12" type="section">4.11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B19" part="chapter4" ref="N10B19" type="citenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072237" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072237" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113310" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113310" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B2A" part="chapter4" ref="N10B2A" type="section">4.12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072238" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072238" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B35" part="chapter4" ref="N10B35" type="subsection">4.12.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113311" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113311" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072239" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072239" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113312" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113312" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B53" part="chapter4" ref="N10B53" type="subsection">4.12.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072240" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072240" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113313" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113313" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B74" part="chapter4" ref="N10B74" type="subsection">4.12.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B81" part="chapter4" ref="N10B81" type="citenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072241" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121072241" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113314" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc121113314" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B9C" part="chapter5" ref="N10B9C" type="helpercitenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072242" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072242" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BA2" part="chapter5" ref="N10BA2" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113315" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113315" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BAD" part="chapter5" ref="N10BAD" type="subsection">5.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072243" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072243" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113316" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113316" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BC3" part="chapter5" ref="N10BC3" type="citenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BC6" part="chapter5" ref="N10BC6" type="mm">544#393</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799358" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799358" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072244" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072244" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113317" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113317" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BE2" part="chapter5" ref="N10BE2" type="subsection">5.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072245" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072245" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113318" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113318" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10C00" part="chapter5" ref="N10C00" type="subsection">5.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C10" part="chapter5" ref="N10C10" type="citenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C13" part="chapter5" ref="N10C13" type="mm">499#456</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799359" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799359" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072246" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072246" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113319" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113319" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10C2F" part="chapter5" ref="N10C2F" type="subsection">5.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C3F" part="chapter5" ref="N10C3F" type="mm">504#430</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799360" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799360" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072247" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072247" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113320" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113320" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10C5F" part="chapter5" ref="N10C5F" type="subsection">5.1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C6C" part="chapter5" ref="N10C6C" type="citenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C72" part="chapter5" ref="N10C72" type="mm">580#395</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799361" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799361" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072248" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072248" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113321" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113321" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10C8F" part="chapter5" ref="N10C8F" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C99" part="chapter5" ref="N10C99" type="citenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C9C" part="chapter5" ref="N10C9C" type="mm">401#553</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799362" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799362" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072249" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072249" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113322" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113322" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10CB8" part="chapter5" ref="N10CB8" type="section">5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072250" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072250" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113323" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113323" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10CDC" part="chapter5" ref="N10CDC" type="section">5.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072251" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072251" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113324" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113324" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10CF1" part="chapter5" ref="N10CF1" type="section">5.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CF8" part="chapter5" ref="N10CF8" type="citenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D04" part="chapter5" ref="N10D04" type="mm">579#278</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799363" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799363" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072252" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072252" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113325" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113325" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D64" part="chapter5" ref="N10D64" type="section">5.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D6E" part="chapter5" ref="N10D6E" type="citenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D77" part="chapter5" ref="N10D77" type="mm">608#325</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799364" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799364" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072253" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072253" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113326" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113326" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10DEE" part="chapter5" ref="N10DEE" type="section">5.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DF8" part="chapter5" ref="N10DF8" type="citenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DFB" part="chapter5" ref="N10DFB" type="mm">582#318</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799365" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799365" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072254" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072254" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113327" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113327" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E52" part="chapter5" ref="N10E52" type="section">5.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E5F" part="chapter5" ref="N10E5F" type="mm">444#254</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799366" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799366" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072255" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072255" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E74" part="chapter5" ref="N10E74" type="subsection">5.8.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113328" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113328" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E84" part="chapter5" ref="N10E84" type="citenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E8A" part="chapter5" ref="N10E8A" type="mm">253#233</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799367" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799367" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E9D" part="chapter5" ref="N10E9D" type="mm">332#227</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799368" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799368" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10EB0" part="chapter5" ref="N10EB0" type="citenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EB3" part="chapter5" ref="N10EB3" type="mm">300#254</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799369" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799369" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10EC6" part="chapter5" ref="N10EC6" type="mm">384#241</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799370" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799370" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10ED9" part="chapter5" ref="N10ED9" type="mm">348#246</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799371" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799371" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10EEC" part="chapter5" ref="N10EEC" type="citenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EEF" part="chapter5" ref="N10EEF" type="mm">357#229</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799372" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799372" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072256" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072256" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113329" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113329" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10F0D" part="chapter5" ref="N10F0D" type="subsection">5.8.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F1D" part="chapter5" ref="N10F1D" type="mm">342#210</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799373" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799373" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10F30" part="chapter5" ref="N10F30" type="citenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F33" part="chapter5" ref="N10F33" type="mm">324#236</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799374" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799374" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10F46" part="chapter5" ref="N10F46" type="mm">348#208</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799375" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799375" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072257" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072257" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113330" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113330" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10F64" part="chapter5" ref="N10F64" type="subsection">5.8.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F74" part="chapter5" ref="N10F74" type="citenumber">85</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F77" part="chapter5" ref="N10F77" type="mm">288#266</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799376" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799376" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072258" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072258" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113331" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113331" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10F95" part="chapter5" ref="N10F95" type="subsection">5.8.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FA5" part="chapter5" ref="N10FA5" type="mm">324#250</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799377" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799377" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072259" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072259" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113332" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113332" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10FC3" part="chapter5" ref="N10FC3" type="subsection">5.8.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FD0" part="chapter5" ref="N10FD0" type="citenumber">86</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FD6" part="chapter5" ref="N10FD6" type="mm">415#253</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799378" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799378" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10FE9" part="chapter5" ref="N10FE9" type="mm">289#251</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799379" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799379" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072260" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072260" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113333" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113333" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11008" part="chapter5" ref="N11008" type="section">5.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1100F" part="chapter5" ref="N1100F" type="citenumber">87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11018" part="chapter5" ref="N11018" type="mm">480#342</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799380" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799380" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072261" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072261" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113334" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113334" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11034" part="chapter5" ref="N11034" type="section">5.10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1103B" part="chapter5" ref="N1103B" type="citenumber">88</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1104A" part="chapter5" ref="N1104A" type="citenumber">89</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11053" part="chapter5" ref="N11053" type="mm">520#596</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799381" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799381" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11064" part="chapter5" ref="N11064" type="citenumber">90</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11067" part="chapter5" ref="N11067" type="mm">520#140</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799382" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799382" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11078" part="chapter5" ref="N11078" type="mm">520#580</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799383" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799383" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11089" part="chapter5" ref="N11089" type="mm">520#580</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799384" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799384" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1109A" part="chapter5" ref="N1109A" type="citenumber">91</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1109D" part="chapter5" ref="N1109D" type="mm">520#448</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799385" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799385" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N110AE" part="chapter5" ref="N110AE" type="mm">520#593</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799386" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799386" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N110BF" part="chapter5" ref="N110BF" type="mm">520#443</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799387" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799387" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N110D0" part="chapter5" ref="N110D0" type="citenumber">92</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110D3" part="chapter5" ref="N110D3" type="mm">520#435</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Tox120799388" part="chapter5" ref="_Tox120799388" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N110E4" part="chapter5" ref="N110E4" type="mm">520#283</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799389" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799389" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N110F5" part="chapter5" ref="N110F5" type="mm">520#284</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799390" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799390" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11106" part="chapter5" ref="N11106" type="citenumber">93</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11109" part="chapter5" ref="N11109" type="mm">520#426</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799391" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799391" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1111A" part="chapter5" ref="N1111A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc120799645" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc120799645" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072262" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121072262" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113335" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc121113335" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114DF" part="chapter6" ref="N114DF" type="helpercitenumber">93</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114F6" part="chapter6" ref="N114F6" type="citenumber">94</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072263" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072263" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11503" part="chapter6" ref="N11503" type="section">6.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121113336" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113336" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072264" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072264" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113337" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113337" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11524" part="chapter6" ref="N11524" type="section">6.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1152B" part="chapter6" ref="N1152B" type="citenumber">95</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072265" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072265" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113338" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113338" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11542" part="chapter6" ref="N11542" type="section">6.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11552" part="chapter6" ref="N11552" type="citenumber">96</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1155E" part="chapter6" ref="N1155E" type="citenumber">97</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11561" part="chapter6" ref="N11561" type="mm">585#773</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799392" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc120799392" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072266" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072266" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113339" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113339" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1157A" part="chapter6" ref="N1157A" type="section">6.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11596" part="chapter6" ref="N11596" type="citenumber">98</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072267" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072267" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113340" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113340" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N115A7" part="chapter6" ref="N115A7" type="section">6.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115BD" part="chapter6" ref="N115BD" type="citenumber">99</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115C3" part="chapter6" ref="N115C3" type="mm">433#364</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799393" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc120799393" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072268" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072268" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113341" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113341" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N115F4" part="chapter6" ref="N115F4" type="section">6.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115FB" part="chapter6" ref="N115FB" type="citenumber">100</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1160A" part="chapter6" ref="N1160A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc120799646" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc120799646" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N116B6" part="chapter6" ref="N116B6" type="citenumber">101</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116B9" part="chapter6" ref="N116B9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc120799647" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc120799647" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1180B" part="chapter6" ref="N1180B" type="mm">540#742</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799394" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc120799394" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072269" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072269" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113342" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113342" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11827" part="chapter6" ref="N11827" type="section">6.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1182E" part="chapter6" ref="N1182E" type="citenumber">102</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072270" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072270" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113343" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113343" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1184B" part="chapter6" ref="N1184B" type="section">6.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11858" part="chapter6" ref="N11858" type="citenumber">103</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072271" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072271" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113344" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113344" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1186C" part="chapter6" ref="N1186C" type="section">6.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11879" part="chapter6" ref="N11879" type="citenumber">104</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11885" part="chapter6" ref="N11885" type="citenumber">105</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072272" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072272" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113345" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113345" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N118B5" part="chapter6" ref="N118B5" type="section">6.10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118C5" part="chapter6" ref="N118C5" type="citenumber">106</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118E0" part="chapter6" ref="N118E0" type="mm">811#542</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120799395" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc120799395" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072273" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121072273" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113346" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc121113346" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter7" part="chapter7" ref="chapter7" type="chapter">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11904" part="chapter7" ref="N11904" type="citenumber">107</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc121072274" part="chapter7" ref="_Toc121072274" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113347" part="chapter7" ref="_Toc121113347" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N11919" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N1191B" part="N1191B" ref="N1191B" type="abbreviation">ABBREVIATIONS</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11922" part="N1191B" ref="N11922" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072189" part="N1191B" ref="_Toc121072189" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113262" part="N1191B" ref="_Toc121113262" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11A42" part="N11A42" ref="N11A42" type="bibliography">REFERENCES</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120512705" part="N11A42" ref="_Toc120512705" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc120977947" part="N11A42" ref="_Toc120977947" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072275" part="N11A42" ref="_Toc121072275" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072372" part="N11A42" ref="_Toc121072372" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113348" part="N11A42" ref="_Toc121113348" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1282F" part="N1282F" ref="N1282F" type="acknowledgement">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc120512706" part="N1282F" ref="_Toc120512706" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc120977948" part="N1282F" ref="_Toc120977948" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121071186" part="N1282F" ref="_Toc121071186" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072276" part="N1282F" ref="_Toc121072276" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072373" part="N1282F" ref="_Toc121072373" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113349" part="N1282F" ref="_Toc121113349" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12874" part="N12874" ref="N12874" type="vita">LEBENSLAUF</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1287B" part="N12874" ref="N1287B" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N129B2" part="N129B2" ref="N129B2" type="appendix">PUBLIKATIONEN</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129B4" part="N129B2" ref="N129B4" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N129B7" part="N129B2" ref="N129B7" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N129C0" part="N129B2" ref="N129C0" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N129C9" part="N129B2" ref="N129C9" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N129CC" part="N129B2" ref="N129CC" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N129CF" part="N129B2" ref="N129CF" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N129D2" part="N129B2" ref="N129D2" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N129D5" part="N129B2" ref="N129D5" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc120512707" part="N129B2" ref="_Toc120512707" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N129DB" part="N129B2" ref="N129DB" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc120977949" part="N129B2" ref="_Toc120977949" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N129E1" part="N129B2" ref="N129E1" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121071187" part="N129B2" ref="_Toc121071187" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N129E7" part="N129B2" ref="N129E7" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072277" part="N129B2" ref="_Toc121072277" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N129ED" part="N129B2" ref="N129ED" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121072374" part="N129B2" ref="_Toc121072374" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N129F3" part="N129B2" ref="N129F3" type="p"/><cms:entry id="_Toc121113350" part="N129B2" ref="_Toc121113350" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N129FA" part="N129FA" ref="N129FA" type="declaration">SELBSTÄNDIGKEITSERKLÄRUNG</cms:entry><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><title>STUDIES ON CONFORMATIONAL STABILITY OF THE ECTODOMAIN OF INFLUENZA VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ</title><submission>DISSERTATION</submission><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades <br/>doctor rerum naturalium <br/>(Dr. rer. nat.)<br/>im Fach Biologie</degree><major>eingereicht an <br/>Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</major><author>von <br/>Herrn.<given> P. Sivaramakrishna</given>
         <surname>Rachakonda</surname><br/><suffix>geboren am 15.01.1969 in Machilipatnam, Indien</suffix>
      </author><p>Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: </p><p>Prof. Dr. Jürgen Mlynek</p><dean>Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I <br/>Prof. Thomas Buckhout, PhD</dean><approvals>
         <name>Prof. Dr. Andreas Herrmann </name>
         <name>Prof. Dr. Klaus Arnold </name>
         <name>PD. Dr. Michael Veit</name>
      </approvals><date>Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 15.02.2005.</date><p>
         <link id="_Toc121072188"/>
      </p><p>
         <link id="_Toc121113261"/>
      </p><abstract lang="en">
         <head>ABSTRACT</head>
         <p>Enveloped viruses enter host cells by a process that involves fusion of the viral envelope with a membrane of the host cell. The process of membrane fusion which is typical for various cellular processes  has been best studied in viral infections, especially in influenza virus. Hemagglutinin (HA), a major envelope glycoprotein is responsible for fusing viral and endosomal membranes during influenza virus entry. This membrane fusion is mediated by a conformational change of HA at low pH conditions in the endosome. The analysis of 3D crystal structure of the bromelain cleaved HA ectodomain shows that the stability of protein is maintained by both non-covalent and covalent interactions. The irreversible conformational change of HA at low pH indicates a role for protonation effects of the ionisable amino acids. While many models explain the various intermediates of the membrane fusion process, the early steps leading to conformational changes have not been consider. In addition, the presence of extensive salt networks in the 3D crystal structure of HA has not been contended. The present research work focuses on these queries in order to bring out the importance of electrostatic interactions for the stability of the spike-like ectodomain in its non-fusogenic structure. </p>
         <p>Structural investigations were done using &#8220;site directed mutagenesis&#8221; in order to conceive the importance of charged amino acids and more emphatically the involvement of salt bridges. The mutagenesis was carried out either at the interface of HA1 and HA2 monomers, or between the HA1 or HA2 monomers. Thus, mutations are designed so as to investigate electrostatic interactions both at inter-monomer and intra-monomer interfaces. The approach was to make new salt bridge or break the existing salt bridge, so as to increase or decrease the interactions within or between the monomers. </p>
         <p>Fourteen mutants were constructed based on careful analysis of the 3D crystal structure of the X-31 influenza A virus. The selected amino acids were analysed for their evolutionary significance by sequence homology. All the mutant and HA-wt constructs were expressed in CV-1 cells by transient T7-RNA-polymerase vaccinia virus system. The surface expression of the expressed HA proteins were characterised. The effect of mutations on the conformational change and fusion activity was probed by proteinase K assay and fluorescence microscopy respectively. An effort was made to correlate the results from proteinase K assay with those from fusion assays. It was observed that HA-wt and all the mutants except R109E showed comparable surface expression. The difference in pH threshold between the HA-wt and the mutants showed that breakage of salt bridge and further incorporation of repulsion at the considered interfaces would lower the energy barrier requirements for the conformational change. Interestingly, mutations involving the same amino acid (viz., R269E /R269G or K299E /K299G) showed a difference in the pH threshold for conformational change. The results explain the molecular basis of the higher pH threshold for naturally occurring amantadine resistant mutants. On the other hand, mutants designed to stabilise the HA were resistant to conformational changes at those pH values which typically trigger the conformational change of HA-wt. Coincidentally these mutations were found to be existing in the natural variant of H2 Japan subtype (A/JPN/305/57), which remains stable for longer periods at low pH. </p>
         <p>Interestingly, the study shows that a positive charge and, more specifically, an Arg residue at position 109 (numbering based on X-31 strain) is conserved in all of the influenza A and B viruses underlining the relevance of electrostatic interactions for the HA stability. Aptly a complex salt bridge at the interface of HA1 and HA2 is probably conserved evolutionarily in all the members of influenza A virus. Further, the study shows the importance of ring like salt network in the trimer formation and also their role in the conformational change of HA. This is exemplified by HA from H2 Japan subtype. The present research clearly shows the effect of destabilising and stabilising electrostatic interactions during the conformational transition at low pH. This investigation also confirms the protonation hypothesis of Huang <em>et al. </em>(2002). According to this hypothesis, an enhanced protonation of the HA1 subunits at low pH alters electrostatic interactions initiating the conformational transition.</p>
         <p>
            <link id="_Toc121072190"/>
         </p>
         <p>
            <link id="_Toc121113263"/>
         </p>
      </abstract><keywords lang="en">
         <keyword>conformational change</keyword>
         <keyword>fusion</keyword>
         <keyword>ectodomain</keyword>
         <keyword>influenza virus hemagglutinin</keyword>
         <keyword>salt bridges</keyword>
      </keywords><abstract lang="de">
         <head>ZUSAMMENFASSUNG</head>
         <p>Die Infektion einer Zelle durch Hüllviren schließt den Prozess der Fusion der viralen Membran mit einer (sub)zellulären Membran ein. Der Prozess der Membranfusion, der für verschiedene zelluläre Phänomene typisch ist, ist bisher am intensivsten für Hüllviren, insbesondere für Influenzavirus, untersucht worden. Das Hüllglykoprotein Hämagglutinin (HA) von Influenzavirus ist verantwortlich sowohl für die Bindung als auch für die nachfolgende Fusion der viralen Hülle mit der endosomalen Membran. Die Membranfusion wird durch eine Konformationsumwandlung des HA vermittelt, die wiederum durch einen erniedrigten pH-Wert im endosomalen Lumen ausgelöst wird. Eine Analyse der dreidimensionalen Struktur der Bromelain-gespaltenen HA-Ektodomaine  zeigt, dass die Stabilität des Proteins sowohl durch kovalente als auch durch nicht-kovalente Wechselwirkungen bedingt ist. Die irreversible Konformationsänderung von HA bei saurem pH-Wert weißt auf eine mögliche Rolle von Protonierungseffekten auf ionisierbare Aminosäuren hin. Während viele Modelle die Intermediate des Membranfusionsprozesses erklären, werden die frühen Schritte, die zu einer Konformationsumwandlung führen, in diesen Modellen nicht berücksichtigt. Insbesondere finden die aus der 3D-Struktur ersichtlichen umfangreichen Netzwerke von Salzbrücken keine Aufmerksamkeit. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Relevanz dieser Netzwerke durch Charakterisierung der Rolle elektrostatischer Wechselwirkungen für die Stabilität der spikeartigen HA-Ektodomaine in ihrer nichtfusogenen Struktur. </p>
         <p>Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung geladener Aminosäuren und Salzbrücken für die Struktur des HA wurden auf der Grundlage von &#8218;site directed mutagenesis&#8217; durchgeführt. Mutationen wurden entweder an Kontaktflächen von HA1- bzw. HA2-Monomeren oder zwischen HA1- und HA2-Monomeren vorgenommen. Die Mutationen wurden so ausgewählt, um elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen an intermonomeren oder intramonomeren Kontakstellen charakterisieren zu können. Insbesondere sollten dadurch neue Salzbrücken aufgebaut bzw. existierende Salzbrücken aufgebrochen werden. </p>
         <p>Vierzehn entsprechende Mutanten wurden auf der Basis der Analyse der 3D-Struktur von Influenzavirus X31 konstruiert. Die ausgewählten Aminosäuren wurden hinsichtlich ihrer evolutionären Bedeutung charakterisiert (Sequenzhomologien). Wildtyp sowie Mutanten des HA wurden in CV-1 Zellen mittels eines transienten T7-RNA-Polymerase-Vacciniavirus-Sytem exprimiert und die Oberflächenexpression analysiert. Der Einfluss der Mutationen auf die Konformationsänderung und die Fusionsaktivität von HA wurden durch einen Proteinase K-Assay  bzw. Fluoreszenzmikroskopie erfasst.  Die Ergebnisse beider Methoden wurden miteinander korreliert. Abgesehen von der Mutante R109E zeigten Wildtyp-HA und alle anderen Mutanten eine vergleichbare Oberflächenexpression. Die beobachteten Unterschiede in der pH-Abhängigkeit der Konformationumwandlung zwischen Wildtyp-HA und HA-Mutanten zeigen, daß eine Zerstörung von Salzbrücken und ggf. eine Erhöhung der elektrostatischen Abstoßung an den betrachteten Kontakstellen sehr wahrscheinlich eine Herabsetzung der energetischen Barriere der Konformationsumwandlung verursacht. Zwischen Mutanten, bei denen dieselbe Aminosäure mutiert wurde, aber durch eine andere Aminosäure ersetzt wurde (z.B R269E /R269G or K299E /K299G), ergaben sich ebenfalls Unterschiede hinsichtlich der pH-Abhängigkeit der Konformationsumwandlung. Dieser Ergebnisse erklären die molekularen Grundlagen des erhöhten pH-Schwellwertes der HA-Konformationsumwandlung von Amantadin-resistenten Influenzaviren. Im Gegensatz  wurde für Mutanten, die die Stabilität von HA erhöhten, keine Konformationsumwandlung bei einem pH-Wert beobachtet, der typisch für die Konformationumwandlung von Wildtyp-HA war. Aminosäuren, die denen dieser stabiliserenden Mutationen entsprachen, wurden in einer natürlichen Influenzavirusvariante &#8211; A/JPN/305/57 &#8211; gefunden. HA dieser Virusvariante zeichnet sich durch eine extreme Stabilität bei niedrigem pH-Wet aus. Die Bedeutung von Ladungen für die Stabilität der HA-Ektodomaine wird dadurch unterstrichen, dass eine Konservierung einer positiven Ladung und insbesondere eines Argininrestes in der Position 109 (Nummerierung auf der Basis von HA X31) für alle Influenzaviren A und B gefunden wurde. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass sehr wahrscheinlich eine komplexe Salzbrücke an der Kontaktfläche zwischen HA1 und HA2 für alle Influenzaviren A evolutionär konserviert ist. Weiterhin ist ein ringartig angelegtes Salzbrückennetzwerk wichtig für die Trimerisierung des HA und spielt eine  hervorgehobene Rolle bei der Konformationsumwandlung. Dieses wird am Beispiel des HA von A/JPN/305/57 illustriert. Diese Arbeit zeigt den Einfluss destabilisierender und stabilisierender  elektrostatischer Wechselwirkungen auf die Konformationsumwandlung von HA bei saurem pH-Wert. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Protonierungshypothese von Huang et al. (2002), die davon ausgeht, dass eine erhöhte Protonierung die elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen in der HA-Ektodomaine so verändert, dass eine entsprechende Konformationsumwandlung ausgelöst wird.</p>
         <p>
            <link id="_Toc121072191"/>
         </p>
         <p>
            <link id="_Toc121113264"/>
         </p>
      </abstract><keywords lang="de">
         <keyword>Konformationsänderung</keyword>
         <keyword>Fusion</keyword>
         <keyword>Ektodomaine</keyword>
         <keyword>influenzavirus Hämagglutinin</keyword>
         <keyword>Salzbrücken/</keyword>
      </keywords><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> INTRODUCTION<ul><li><p><link ref="N100D5">1.1</link> 
               The influenza A virus<ul><li><p><link ref="N100F5">1.1.1</link> 
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>Structure of influenza virus</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10127">1.1.2</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Viral proteins</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N101C3">1.1.3</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Viral propagation</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10256">1.2</link> The influenza virus hemagglutinin &#8211; its role in fusion mechanism<ul><li><p><link ref="N10281">1.2.1</link> 
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>Conformational changes due to cleavage</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N102BD">1.2.2</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Conformational changes at low pH</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N102ED">1.2.3</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Structure of the fusion peptide</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1030E">1.2.4</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Role of the ectodomains in membrane fusion</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10333">1.3</link> Models for membrane fusion<ul><li><p><link ref="N1039C">1.3.1</link> 
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>HA &#8211; a metastable conformation</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N103D5">1.3.2</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Opening of the HA1 distal domain &#8211; an essential step for the conformational change</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10424">1.4</link> Protonation effects &#8211; possible role in dissociation of HA1 domains</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104A0">1.5</link> Role of salt-bridges (ion pairs) in protein conformation</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> AIM</p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> MATERIALS<ul><li><p><link ref="N10510">3.1</link> 
               Biological Material <ul><li><p><link ref="N1051E">3.1.1</link> 
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>Host Strains</em>
                  </strong>
                  <strong>
                     <em> (Escherichia coli &amp; Genotype)</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10584">3.1.2</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Cell lines</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N105A5">3.1.3</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Vaccinia virus</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N105C0">3.1.4</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Vector DNA</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N105E4">3.1.5</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Antibodies</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10612">3.2</link> Oligonucleotides </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1072F">3.3</link> Chemicals and Film material</p></li><li><p><link ref="N107CB">3.4</link> Equipments</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10843">3.5</link> Glass and Plastic ware</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10858">3.6</link> Solutions and Media </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> METHODS<ul><li><p><link ref="N1090C">4.1</link> 
               Site Directed Mutagenesis</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1094A">4.2</link> Oligonucleotide primer designing</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10977">4.3</link> Extraction of plasmid DNA <ul><li><p><link ref="N10982">4.3.1</link> 
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>Mini-Preparation</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N109B8">4.3.2</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Maxi-preparation (Qiagen kit)</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N109E3">4.4</link> Transformation<ul><li><p><link ref="N109F1">4.4.1</link> 
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>Growth and Purification of vaccinia virus stocks</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A1C">4.5</link> Expression of HA mutants in CV-1 /COS-7 cells<ul><li><p><link ref="N10A27">4.5.1</link> 
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>Transient T7-RNA-polymerase vaccinia expression system</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A57">4.5.2</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Metabolic labelling with Trans </em>
                  </strong>
                  <strong>
                     <em>S (cysteine &amp; methionine)</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A81">4.5.3</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Processing of surface expressed HA</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AA0">4.6</link> Immunoprecipitation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AB5">4.7</link> Fluorography of the gels</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10ACA">4.8</link> Glycosidase assay</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AE5">4.9</link> Cross-Linking Experiment</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AFA">4.10</link> Conformational change assay (Proteinase-K assay)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B12">4.11</link> Densitometric analysis</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B2A">4.12</link> Fusion assays<ul><li><p><link ref="N10B35">4.12.1</link> 
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>Preparation of HA-expressing cells for fusion assay</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B53">4.12.2</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Preparation, labelling of RBC for fusion assay</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B74">4.12.3</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Fusion assay and fluorescence microscopy</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5</link> RESULTS<ul><li><p><link ref="N10BA2">5.1</link> 
               Aim of performing mutations<ul><li><p><link ref="N10BAD">5.1.1</link> 
                  
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>Intra-monomer destabilisation</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BE2">5.1.2</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Inter-monomer detsabilisation</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C00">5.1.3</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Inter-monomer stabilisation</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C2F">5.1.4</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Intra-monomer stabilisation</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C5F">5.1.5</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Stabilisation of HA by disulfide mutations</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C8F">5.2</link> Conservation of the selected amino acids </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CB8">5.3</link> Construction of mutants</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CDC">5.4</link> Transient expression of the HA proteins</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CF1">5.5</link> Characterisation of expression by metabolically labelling</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D64">5.6</link> Glycosylation analysis of R109G, R109E and HA-wt</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DEE">5.7</link> Trimer formation assay (cross linking with DSP)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E52">5.8</link> Conformational assay with proteinase K<ul><li><p><link ref="N10E74">5.8.1</link> 
                  
                  <strong>
                     <em>Destabilisation of intra-monomer interactions</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F0D">5.8.2</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Stabilisation of intra-monomer interactions</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F64">5.8.3</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Destabilisation of inter-monomer interactions</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F95">5.8.4</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Stabilisation of inter-monomer interactions</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10FC3">5.8.5</link> 
                  <strong>
                     <em>Mutations for potential disulfide linkages</em>
                  </strong>
               </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11008">5.9</link> Disulfide bond formation for mutants involving cysteine mutants</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11034">5.10</link> Fusion assays</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6</link> DISCUSSION<ul><li><p><link ref="N11503">6.1</link> 
               Choice of mutation sites</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11524">6.2</link> Mutants construction and expression in mammalian cells</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11542">6.3</link> Proteinase K assay revealed difference in conformational changes</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1157A">6.4</link> Relation of destabilising mutants with natural variants</p></li><li><p><link ref="N115A7">6.5</link> Significance of Arg 109 and tetrad salt bridge in maintaining the stability of the HA ectodomain</p></li><li><p><link ref="N115F4">6.6</link> Relation of stabilising mutants with H2N2 (A/JPN/305/57)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11827">6.7</link> Introduction of a salt bridge in the distal region stabilises the HA trimer of X-31 strain</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1184B">6.8</link> Fusion assays</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1186C">6.9</link> The conformational change also requires interaction of the acidic solvent with the HA2 monomers</p></li><li><p><link ref="N118B5">6.10</link> Model for the role of salt bridges for HA conformation and its stability</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter7">7</link> CONCLUSIONS</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1191B">ABBREVIATIONS</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A42">REFERENCES</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1282F">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12874">LEBENSLAUF</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N129B2">PUBLIKATIONEN</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N129FA">SELBSTÄNDIGKEITSERKLÄRUNG</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N1111A">
                     
                     <strong>Table. 5.10: The summary of the pH threshold for HA-wt and all the mutants with respect to proteinase K assay and also for fusion assays.</strong>
                  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1160A">
                     
                     <strong>Table. 6.6a: Tetrad salt bridge formation in A/JPN/305/57 (H2 subtype)</strong>
                  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N116B9">
                     
                     <strong>Table. 6.6b: The different types of additional salt bridges in A/JPN/305/57 (H2 subtype) when compared to X-31 strain.</strong>
                  </link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10108">Figure 1.
                        1.1 : Schematic diagram of structure of the influenza A virus with viral proteins</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10236">
                        Fig 1.1.3: Replication cycle of an influenza virus (<em>picture along with the legend from Whittaker, 2001)</em>
                     </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1025D">
                     Fig.1.2: 3D structure (PDB:1QU1) of the ectodomain of the HA monomer at neutral pH</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1029A">
                        Fig 1.2.1: Three structures of the influenza virus HA.  (from Colman and Lawrence 2003).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1043A">
                     Fig 1.4: Surface electrostatic potential of HA1 domain and HA2 domain with GRASP. <em color="000000">(</em>
                     <em color="000000">Figure courtesy (Huang et al., 2002  Biophysical Journal  82; 1050&#8211;1058))</em>
                  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10468">
                     Fig 1.4.1: Protonation model for HA stability <em>(Huang et al., 2002 Biophysical Journal 82; 1050&#8211;1058)</em>
                  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10931">
                     Figure 4.1: Overview of the Quik-change Site-directed Mutagenesis experiment. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BC6">
                        Fig.5.1.1: HA crystal structure in backbone formation (mutants R109 and K299). </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C13">
                        Fig.5.1.2: HA crystal structure in backbone formation (mutant T212-N216).  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C3F">
                        Fig.5.1.4: HA crystal structure in the backbone formation (mutants S110 and I89-Y308). </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C72">
                        Fig.5.1.5: HA crystal structure in the backbone formation (mutants I77, E74-R76, A44-T111).  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C9C">
                     Fig.5.2: Consurf 3D: the amino acid sequence of known infuenza A viruses </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D04">
                     Fig 5.5: Surface expression of HA-wt and destabilising mutants.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D77">
                     Fig 5.6: Glycosylation assay for HA-wt, R109G and R109E.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DFB">
                     Fig 5.7 : Trimer formation with DSP on a 6 % SDS-PAGE gel with non-reducing dye.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E5F">
                     Fig. 5.8: pH triggered conformational change of HA-wt. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E8A">
                        Fig 5.8.1a: pH triggered conformational change of R109E. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E9D">
                        Fig 5.8.1b: pH triggered conformational change of R109G. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EB3">
                        Fig 5.8.1c: pH triggered conformational change of R269E. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EC6">
                        Fig 5.8.1d: pH triggered conformational change of R269G. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10ED9">
                        Fig 5.8.1e: pH triggered conformational change of K299E. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EEF">
                        Fig 5.8.1f: pH triggered conformational change of K299G. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F1D">
                        Fig 5.8.2a pH triggered conformational change of I89R. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F33">
                        Fig 5.8.2b: pH triggered conformational change of I89E-Y308R. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F46">
                        Fig 5.8.2c: pH triggered conformational change of S110D. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F77">
                        Fig 5.8.3: pH triggered conformational change of T212E-N216E. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10FA5">
                        Fig 5.8.4: pH triggered conformational change of T212E-N216R. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10FD6">
                        Fig 5.8.5a: pH triggered conformational change of E74C-R76C. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10FE9">
                        Fig 5.8.5b: pH triggered conformational change of I77C. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11018">
                     Fig 5.9: Cysteine bond formation for E74C-R76C and I77C. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11053">
                     Fig 5.10a: Fusion assay for HA-wt. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11067">
                     Fig 5.10b: Fusion assay for R109E. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11078">
                     Fig 5.10c: Fusion assay for R109G. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11089">
                     Fig 5.10d: Fusion assay for R269E. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1109D">
                     Fig 5.10e: Fusion assay for R269G. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110AE">
                     Fig 5.10f: Fusion assay for K299E. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110BF">
                     Fig 5.10g: Fusion assay for R299G. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110D3">
					 5.10h: Fusion assay for I89R. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110E4">
                     Fig 5.10i: Fusion assay for Y308E-I89R. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N110F5">
                     Fig 5.10j: Fusion assay for T212E-N216E. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11109">
                     Fig 5.10k: Fusion assay for T212E-N216R. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11561">
                     Fig.6.3: Non proteolysed HA content from both the stabilising and de-stabilising mutants after proteinase K assay. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N115C3">
                     Fig. 6.5: The tetrad salt bridge showing the distance in Å between the residues.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1180B">
                     Fig. 6.6:  Salt bridge networks in A/JPN/305/57 strain.  </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N118E0">
                     Fig.6.10: Predicted model for the conformational changes at low pH of the ectodomain of the influenza virus HA. </link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>