<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Prognostische Bedeutung des p53/Bax/p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Signalwegs bei Patienten mit kolorektalem Karzinom</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Katharina  Schelwies
							</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10050" type="pagenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N1008C" type="pagenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100CA" part="chapter1" ref="N100CA" type="pagenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100D7" part="chapter1" ref="N100D7" type="mm">248#403</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100E8" part="chapter1" ref="N100E8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N100EF" part="chapter1" ref="N100EF" type="pagenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101E3" part="chapter1" ref="N101E3" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101E8" part="chapter1" ref="N101E8" type="subsection">1.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101F8" part="chapter1" ref="N101F8" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10220" part="chapter1" ref="N10220" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10226" part="chapter1" ref="N10226" type="subsection">1.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1023F" part="chapter1" ref="N1023F" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10243" part="chapter1" ref="N10243" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10259" part="chapter1" ref="N10259" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10263" part="chapter1" ref="N10263" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N102EE" part="chapter1" ref="N102EE" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N103B4" part="chapter1" ref="N103B4" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103C1" part="chapter1" ref="N103C1" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103CB" part="chapter1" ref="N103CB" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1054A" part="chapter1" ref="N1054A" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1074C" part="chapter1" ref="N1074C" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10750" part="chapter1" ref="N10750" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10763" part="chapter1" ref="N10763" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1094E" part="chapter1" ref="N1094E" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10954" part="chapter1" ref="N10954" type="section">1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1095C" part="chapter1" ref="N1095C" type="subsection">1.5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10961" part="chapter1" ref="N10961" type="block">1.5.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10968" part="chapter1" ref="N10968" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10986" part="chapter1" ref="N10986" type="block">1.5.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1098D" part="chapter1" ref="N1098D" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109A3" part="chapter1" ref="N109A3" type="subsection">1.5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109AD" part="chapter1" ref="N109AD" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109BA" part="chapter1" ref="N109BA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10AFF" part="chapter1" ref="N10AFF" type="section">1.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B03" part="chapter1" ref="N10B03" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B0B" part="chapter1" ref="N10B0B" type="subsection">1.6.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B33" part="chapter1" ref="N10B33" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B3A" part="chapter1" ref="N10B3A" type="mm">622#434</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B5A" part="chapter1" ref="N10B5A" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B7C" part="chapter1" ref="N10B7C" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B9B" part="chapter1" ref="N10B9B" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BA4" part="chapter1" ref="N10BA4" type="subsection">1.6.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BCF" part="chapter1" ref="N10BCF" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BE8" part="chapter1" ref="N10BE8" type="mm">624#379</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BFF" part="chapter1" ref="N10BFF" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C3E" part="chapter1" ref="N10C3E" type="subsection">1.6.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C42" part="chapter1" ref="N10C42" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C8E" part="chapter1" ref="N10C8E" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C9E" part="chapter1" ref="N10C9E" type="mm">364#415</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CBE" part="chapter1" ref="N10CBE" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CD3" part="chapter1" ref="N10CD3" type="subsection">1.6.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D0A" part="chapter1" ref="N10D0A" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D30" part="chapter1" ref="N10D30" type="block">1.6.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D37" part="chapter1" ref="N10D37" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D50" part="chapter1" ref="N10D50" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D62" part="chapter1" ref="N10D62" type="block">1.6.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D7B" part="chapter1" ref="N10D7B" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DA2" part="chapter1" ref="N10DA2" type="block">1.6.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DA6" part="chapter1" ref="N10DA6" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E01" part="chapter1" ref="N10E01" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E1B" part="chapter1" ref="N10E1B" type="section">1.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E32" part="chapter2" ref="N10E32" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E37" part="chapter2" ref="N10E37" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E53" part="chapter2" ref="N10E53" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10E5A" part="chapter2" ref="N10E5A" type="pagenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11276" part="chapter2" ref="N11276" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1127B" part="chapter2" ref="N1127B" type="subsection">2.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11285" part="chapter2" ref="N11285" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1128E" part="chapter2" ref="N1128E" type="subsection">2.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112DF" part="chapter2" ref="N112DF" type="subsection">2.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112E3" part="chapter2" ref="N112E3" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N112FC" part="chapter2" ref="N112FC" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N113E5" part="chapter2" ref="N113E5" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113F2" part="chapter2" ref="N113F2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1158E" part="chapter2" ref="N1158E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11798" part="chapter2" ref="N11798" type="subsection">2.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117A5" part="chapter2" ref="N117A5" type="pagenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117CD" part="chapter2" ref="N117CD" type="pagenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117F8" part="chapter2" ref="N117F8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N118EB" part="chapter2" ref="N118EB" type="subsection">2.2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118F2" part="chapter2" ref="N118F2" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1192A" part="chapter2" ref="N1192A" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11966" part="chapter2" ref="N11966" type="subsection">2.2.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11973" part="chapter2" ref="N11973" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11982" part="chapter2" ref="N11982" type="subsection">2.2.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119AA" part="chapter2" ref="N119AA" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119BA" part="chapter2" ref="N119BA" type="section">2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119BF" part="chapter2" ref="N119BF" type="subsection">2.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119C6" part="chapter2" ref="N119C6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11BD1" part="chapter2" ref="N11BD1" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CE8" part="chapter2" ref="N11CE8" type="subsection">2.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CEF" part="chapter2" ref="N11CEF" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11F89" part="chapter2" ref="N11F89" type="subsection">2.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11F8D" part="chapter2" ref="N11F8D" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11F94" part="chapter2" ref="N11F94" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N123ED" part="chapter2" ref="N123ED" type="block">2.3.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123F4" part="chapter2" ref="N123F4" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12440" part="chapter2" ref="N12440" type="subsection">2.3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12444" part="chapter2" ref="N12444" type="pagenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1244B" part="chapter2" ref="N1244B" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N124BC" part="chapter2" ref="N124BC" type="subsection">2.3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N124E6" part="chapter2" ref="N124E6" type="subsection">2.3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N124ED" part="chapter2" ref="N124ED" type="table"/><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12538" part="chapter3" ref="N12538" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1253D" part="chapter3" ref="N1253D" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1254D" part="chapter3" ref="N1254D" type="mm">408#324</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12558" part="chapter3" ref="N12558" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1255E" part="chapter3" ref="N1255E" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1256B" part="chapter3" ref="N1256B" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12617" part="chapter3" ref="N12617" type="mm">586#295</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1262A" part="chapter3" ref="N1262A" type="section">3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1262E" part="chapter3" ref="N1262E" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12641" part="chapter3" ref="N12641" type="mm">512#201</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1264C" part="chapter3" ref="N1264C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12704" part="chapter3" ref="N12704" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12708" part="chapter3" ref="N12708" type="mm">622#451</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12740" part="chapter3" ref="N12740" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1275E" part="chapter3" ref="N1275E" type="section">3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12771" part="chapter3" ref="N12771" type="mm">528#205</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12785" part="chapter3" ref="N12785" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1278C" part="chapter3" ref="N1278C" type="pagenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12838" part="chapter3" ref="N12838" type="mm">606#492</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12864" part="chapter3" ref="N12864" type="pagenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128D7" part="chapter3" ref="N128D7" type="pagenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128DB" part="chapter3" ref="N128DB" type="mm">623#495</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128E8" part="chapter3" ref="N128E8" type="section">3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128F5" part="chapter3" ref="N128F5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1297D" part="chapter3" ref="N1297D" type="pagenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12984" part="chapter3" ref="N12984" type="mm">623#181</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1298E" part="chapter3" ref="N1298E" type="section">3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12996" part="chapter3" ref="N12996" type="subsection">3.6.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129A0" part="chapter3" ref="N129A0" type="mm">528#233</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129AB" part="chapter3" ref="N129AB" type="pagenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129B7" part="chapter3" ref="N129B7" type="subsection">3.6.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129C4" part="chapter3" ref="N129C4" type="mm">624#252</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129D7" part="chapter3" ref="N129D7" type="subsection">3.6.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129DE" part="chapter3" ref="N129DE" type="pagenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129F1" part="chapter3" ref="N129F1" type="mm">623#258</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12A1D" part="chapter3" ref="N12A1D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12A24" part="chapter3" ref="N12A24" type="pagenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C63" part="chapter3" ref="N12C63" type="subsection">3.6.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C76" part="chapter3" ref="N12C76" type="mm">561#248</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12C8D" part="chapter3" ref="N12C8D" type="pagenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CA8" part="chapter3" ref="N12CA8" type="subsection">3.6.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CC4" part="chapter3" ref="N12CC4" type="mm">623#263</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CEC" part="chapter3" ref="N12CEC" type="subsection">3.6.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12CF0" part="chapter3" ref="N12CF0" type="pagenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D09" part="chapter3" ref="N12D09" type="mm">623#250</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D1F" part="chapter3" ref="N12D1F" type="subsection">3.6.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D4D" part="chapter3" ref="N12D4D" type="pagenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12D5D" part="chapter3" ref="N12D5D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13024" part="chapter3" ref="N13024" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N130FC" part="chapter3" ref="N130FC" type="pagenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13106" part="chapter3" ref="N13106" type="table"/><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1332D" part="chapter4" ref="N1332D" type="pagenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13332" part="chapter4" ref="N13332" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13351" part="chapter4" ref="N13351" type="subsection">4.1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1335E" part="chapter4" ref="N1335E" type="pagenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13398" part="chapter4" ref="N13398" type="pagenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N133A7" part="chapter4" ref="N133A7" type="subsection">4.1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N133B1" part="chapter4" ref="N133B1" type="pagenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N133DF" part="chapter4" ref="N133DF" type="pagenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N133E5" part="chapter4" ref="N133E5" type="subsection">4.1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N133F8" part="chapter4" ref="N133F8" type="pagenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1340A" part="chapter4" ref="N1340A" type="subsection">4.1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1343E" part="chapter4" ref="N1343E" type="pagenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N134BA" part="chapter4" ref="N134BA" type="pagenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N134F9" part="chapter4" ref="N134F9" type="subsection">4.1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13515" part="chapter4" ref="N13515" type="pagenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13527" part="chapter4" ref="N13527" type="subsection">4.1.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13531" part="chapter4" ref="N13531" type="pagenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13541" part="chapter4" ref="N13541" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13548" part="chapter4" ref="N13548" type="subsection">4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13567" part="chapter4" ref="N13567" type="pagenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1356D" part="chapter4" ref="N1356D" type="subsection">4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1357D" part="chapter4" ref="N1357D" type="pagenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1359F" part="chapter4" ref="N1359F" type="pagenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N135D3" part="chapter4" ref="N135D3" type="pagenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N135EF" part="chapter4" ref="N135EF" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N13603" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N13605" part="N13605" ref="N13605" type="bibliography">
				Literaturverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13609" part="N13605" ref="N13609" type="pagenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13719" part="N13605" ref="N13719" type="pagenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13841" part="N13605" ref="N13841" type="pagenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13970" part="N13605" ref="N13970" type="pagenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A94" part="N13605" ref="N13A94" type="pagenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13BCE" part="N13605" ref="N13BCE" type="pagenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13CE1" part="N13605" ref="N13CE1" type="pagenumber">85</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13E10" part="N13605" ref="N13E10" type="pagenumber">86</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13F13" part="N13605" ref="N13F13" type="pagenumber">87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1406D" part="N13605" ref="N1406D" type="pagenumber">88</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14174" part="N13605" ref="N14174" type="pagenumber">89</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14288" part="N13605" ref="N14288" type="pagenumber">90</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N143B2" part="N13605" ref="N143B2" type="pagenumber">91</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N144CB" part="N13605" ref="N144CB" type="pagenumber">92</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N145A7" part="N145A7" ref="N145A7" type="abbreviation">
				Abkürzungsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N145AB" part="N145A7" ref="N145AB" type="pagenumber">93</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N145B2" part="N145A7" ref="N145B2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14976" part="N145A7" ref="N14976" type="pagenumber">94</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14D36" part="N14D36" ref="N14D36" type="declaration">
				ERKLÄRUNG AN EIDES STATT</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14D3A" part="N14D36" ref="N14D3A" type="pagenumber">95</cms:entry><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><school>Aus der Medizinischen Klinik mit Schwerpunkt<br/>Hämatologie, Onkologie und Tumorimmunologie<br/>Campus Berlin Buch<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin</school><submission>Dissertation</submission><title>Prognostische Bedeutung des p53/Bax/p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Signalwegs<br/>bei Patienten mit kolorektalem Karzinom</title><degree>zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>doctor medicinae (Dr.med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité -<br/>Universitätsmedizin Berlin</major><author>von<br/>
			<br/>
			<br/>
			<given>Katharina </given>
			<surname>Schelwies
							</surname><br/><br/>

			<suffix>aus Stuttgart Bad Cannstatt</suffix>
		</author><dean>Prof. Dr. med. Martin Paul</dean><approvals>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. P. Daniel</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. R. Greil</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. rer. nat. S. Wesselborg</name>
		</approvals><date>Datum der Promotion: 19.11.2004</date><abstract lang="de">
			<head>
				<pagenumber id="N10050" label="3" numbering="arabic" start="3"/>Zusammenfassung</head>
			<p>Die Dysregulation von Zelltod-Signalwegen ist häufig bei malignen Tumoren. Inaktivierung von Apoptose-Signalwegen und gleichzeitige Unterbrechung der Zellzyklusregulation bestimmen nicht nur die Tumorentstehung, sondern auch intrinsische und erworbene Therapieresistenz sowie die Prognose der Erkrankung. Das Ziel dieser Studie war daher, den prognostischen Wert der Bax- und p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Proteinexpression in Korrelation zum Mutationsstatus des p53-Tumorsuppressorgens in einem Kollektiv von primären kolorektalen Adenokarzinomen zu analysieren.</p>
			<p>
				<strong>Methoden:</strong> Die retrospektive Analyse wurde an 116 Patienten durchgeführt, welche in kurativer Intention an einem kolorektalen Karzinom (CRC) operiert und für ein Minimum von 5 Jahren oder bis zum Tod nachbeobachtet worden waren (UICC Stadium III: 59 Patienten; UICC Stadium IV: 57 Patienten). Die Profile der Bax- und p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Proteinexpression wurden mittels Immunhistochemie, die Bindungsdomäne des p53-Gens (Exon 5 - 8) mittels Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)-PCR auf Mutationen untersucht. Die gewonnenen Daten wurden mit klinisch-pathologischen Daten korreliert und statistisch analysiert</p>
			<p>
				<strong>Ergebnisse:</strong> Das mediane Gesamtüberleben betrug 17 Monate. Wie zu erwarten, lebten die Patienten mit Stadium III-Tumoren länger als Patienten im fortgeschrittenen Stadium IV: 69 vs. acht Monate (p&lt;0,0001). Stadium III-Tumore mit schwacher Bax-Expression waren mit einem signifikant ungünstigeren Überleben assoziiert als Tumore mit starker Bax-Expression (p=0,009). p53-Mutationen oder p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Expression hatten keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Gesamtüberleben. Die kombinierte Analyse des p53/Bax-Signalwegs für Stadium III-Tumore zeigte den ungünstigsten Verlauf für Patienten mit defektem Signalweg (p53 mutiert/Bax schwach; p=0,004). Im Gegensatz dazu hatte der p53/Bax-Status in Stadium IV-Tumoren keine Bedeutung für das Überleben.</p>
			<p>
				<strong>Schlussfolgerung:</strong> Die Unterbrechung des p53/Bax-Signalwegs in primären kolorektalen Adenokarzinomen ist ein unabhängiger prognostisch ungünstiger Faktor nach kurativer R<sub>0</sub>-Resektion von Stadium III-Tumoren. Die Unterbrechung des p53/Bax-Signalwegs könnte zur Identifikation von Patientengruppen mit hohem Risiko beitragen, welche in der Zukunft von Risiko adaptierten adjuvanten Therapien profitieren könnten.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="de">
			<keyword>Apoptose</keyword>
			<keyword>Bax</keyword>
			<keyword>p53</keyword>
			<keyword>Prognose</keyword>
		</keywords><abstract lang="en">
			<head>
				<pagenumber id="N1008C" label="4" numbering="arabic" start="4"/>Abstract</head>
			<p>Deregulation of cell death pathways is a frequent event in cancer. Inactivation of apoptosis pathways in concert with disruption of cell cycle regulation not only contributes to tumor development and the clinical course of cancer disease but also determines intrinsic and acquired resistance to cancer therapy and disease prognosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the prognostic value of Bax and p16<sup>INK4a</sup> protein expression in correlation to the mutational status of the p53 tumorsuppressor gene in primary colorectal adenocarcinoma.</p>
			<p>
				<strong>Methods:</strong> Retrospective analysis was performed in a cohort of 116 patients undergoing surgery for colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) with curative intention. Patients were followed-up for a minimum of five years or until death (UICC Stage III: 59 patients, UICC Stage IV: 57 patients). Protein expression profiles of Bax and p16<sup>INK4a</sup> were analysed by immunhistochemistry, the binding-domaine of the p53-gene (exon 5 - 8) was screened for mutations by Single-Strand-Conformation-Polymorphism (SSCP)-PCR. Data was correltated with clinical and pathological parameters and analysed statistically.</p>
			<p>
				<strong>Results:</strong> Overall median survival was 17 months. As expected, patients with stage III malignancies survived longer than stage IV patients: 69 months vs. 8 months (p&lt;0,0001). Stage III tumors with high Bax expression were associated with a significantly better prognosis than Bax low expressing tumors (p=0,009). p53-mutational status or p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-expression was of no significance for overall survival. Combined analysis of p53/Bax pathway analysis for stage III carcinomas revealed the worst outcome for patients with a disrupted pathway (mutated p53/Bax low; p=0,004). In contrast no significant effect of the p53/Bax status was found in stage IV tumors.</p>
			<p>
				<strong>Conclusions:</strong> Disruption of the p53/Bax pathway, i.e. low Bax expression in primary colorectal adenocarcinoma is an independent negative prognostic factor after curative R<sub>0</sub>-resection in stage III patients. Furthermore the prognostic power of a disrupted p53/Bax pathway may be helpful to define subgroups of patients at high risk who may benefit from risk-adapted adjuvant therapies in the future.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="en">
			<keyword>apoptosis</keyword>
			<keyword>bax</keyword>
			<keyword>p53</keyword>
			<keyword>prognosis</keyword>
		</keywords><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> 
				Einleitung<ul><li><p><link ref="N101E3">1.1</link> Molekulargenetik und Pathogenese<ul><li><p><link ref="N101E8">1.1.1</link> Genese des sporadischen Adenokarzinoms</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10226">1.1.2</link> Genese des hereditären Adenokarzinoms</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1023F">1.2</link> 
					Klinik und Diagnostik des CRC</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103B4">1.3</link> Stadieneinteilung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1074C">1.4</link> 
					Prognose</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10954">1.5</link> Therapie des CRC im Stadium III und IV<ul><li><p><link ref="N1095C">1.5.1</link> Adjuvante Therapie<ul><li><p><link ref="N10961">1.5.1.1</link> Kolonkarzinom</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10986">1.5.1.2</link> Rektumkarzinom</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N109A3">1.5.2</link> Palliative Therapie</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AFF">1.6</link> 
					Apoptose- und Zellzyklusregulation<ul><li><p><link ref="N10B0B">1.6.1</link> Apoptosesignalwege</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BA4">1.6.2</link> Zellzyklusregulation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C3E">1.6.3</link> 
						Zellzyklus und Apoptose</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CD3">1.6.4</link> Inaktivierung von Apoptose- und Zellzyklusregulatoren in Tumoren<ul><li><p><link ref="N10D30">1.6.4.1</link> p53 reguliert Apoptose- und Zellzyklussignalwege</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D62">1.6.4.2</link> Bax ist ein proapoptotisches Mitglied der Bcl-2 Familie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DA2">1.6.4.3</link> 
							p16<sup>INK4a</sup>hemmt die Cyclin-abhängigen Kinasen CDK 4/6</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E1B">1.7</link> Fragestellung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> 
				Material und Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N10E37">2.1</link> Patienten und Tumorgewebe</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11276">2.2</link> Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N1127B">2.2.1</link> Übersicht</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1128E">2.2.2</link> Präparation der genomischen DNA</p></li><li><p><link ref="N112DF">2.2.3</link> 
						Amplifikation der p53-Bindungsdomäne (Exon 5-8)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11798">2.2.4</link> Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N118EB">2.2.5</link> Immunhistochemische Färbung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11966">2.2.6</link> Quantitative Auswertung der immunhistochemischen Färbung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11982">2.2.7</link> Statistische Analyse</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N119BA">2.3</link> Geräte, Zubehör und Reagenzien<ul><li><p><link ref="N119BF">2.3.1</link> Geräte und Zubehör</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CE8">2.3.2</link> Reagenzien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11F89">2.3.3</link> 
						Puffer<ul><li><p><link ref="N123ED">2.3.3.1</link> Kits</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12440">2.3.4</link> 
						Enzyme und Nukleotide</p></li><li><p><link ref="N124BC">2.3.5</link> Antikörper und Zelllinien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N124E6">2.3.6</link> Computersoftware</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> 
				Ergebnisse<ul><li><p><link ref="N1253D">3.1</link> Follow up</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1255E">3.2</link> Analyse der p53-Mutationen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1262A">3.3</link> 
					Analyse der Bax-Expression</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1275E">3.4</link> Analyse der p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Expression</p></li><li><p><link ref="N128E8">3.5</link> Zusammenhang zwischen p53-Mutationen und Bax-Expression</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1298E">3.6</link> Einfluss von p53, Bax und p16<sup>INK4a</sup>auf das Gesamtüberleben<ul><li><p><link ref="N12996">3.6.1</link> p53-Mutationsstatus und Gesamtüberleben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N129B7">3.6.2</link> Bax-Expression und Gesamtüberleben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N129D7">3.6.3</link> p53/Bax-Status und Gesamtüberleben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12C63">3.6.4</link> p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Expression und Gesamtüberleben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12CA8">3.6.5</link> p53/p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Status und Gesamtüberleben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12CEC">3.6.6</link> 
						Bax/p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Status und Gesamtüberleben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12D1F">3.6.7</link> Uni- und Multivariate Regressionsanalyse</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> 
				Diskussion<ul><li><p><link ref="N13332">4.1</link> Prognostische Relevanz von Apoptose- und Zellzyklus- regulatoren für CRC<ul><li><p><link ref="N13351">4.1.1</link> p53-Mutationen sind für die Prognose nicht entscheidend</p></li><li><p><link ref="N133A7">4.1.2</link> Verminderte Bax-Expression korreliert mit schlechter Prognose</p></li><li><p><link ref="N133E5">4.1.3</link> Der p53/Bax-Signalweg ist von prognostischer Relevanz</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1340A">4.1.4</link> p16<sup>INK4a</sup> ist kein unabhängiger Prognosefaktor für das CRC</p></li><li><p><link ref="N134F9">4.1.5</link> p53-Status, Bax- und p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Expression sind keine Prognosefaktoren im Stadium IV</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13527">4.1.6</link> Repräsentativität der Stichprobe</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13541">4.2</link> Relevanz der Apoptose- und Zellzyklusregulation  für die Therapie maligner Tumore<ul><li><p><link ref="N13548">4.2.1</link> TNM-Klassifikation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1356D">4.2.2</link> Apoptosesignaldefekte und Therapieresistenz</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N135EF">4.3</link> Schlussfolgerung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13605">
				Literaturverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N145A7">
				Abkürzungsverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14D36">
				ERKLÄRUNG AN EIDES STATT</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N100E8">
						Tabelle 1: Anatomische Verteilung des kolorektalen Karzinoms (Schmoll et al., 1997)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10263">Tabelle 2: Amsterdam-Kriterien (nach CAO, AIO, ARO, 1999)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N102EE">Tabelle 3: Bethesda-Kriterien (nach CAO, AIO, ARO, 1999)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N103CB">Tabelle 4: TNM- und Dukes-Klassifikation kolorektaler Karzinome</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1054A">Tabelle 5: TNM-Stadieneinteilung des CRC nach UICC 1977</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10763">Tabelle 6: 5-Jahresüberlebensraten des CRC</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N109BA">Tabelle 7: Palliative Therapieschemata für das Kolonkarzinom</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E53">
							
							Tabelle 8: Klinisch-pathologische Daten des Patientenkollektivs</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N112FC">Tabelle 9: PCR-Primer für die p53-Mutationsanalyse</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N113F2">Tabelle 10: PCR-Reagenzien für p53-Mutationsanalyse</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1158E">Tabelle 11: PCR-Protokoll für 35 Zyklen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N117F8">Tabelle 12: nicht-denaturierendes Polyacrylamidgel (10 %)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1264C">Tabelle 13: Immunhistochemische Bax-Färbung von UICC III- und IV-Tumoren</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12785">
							Tabelle 14: Immunhistochemische p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Färbung von UICC III- und IV-Tumoren</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N128F5">Tabelle 15: Bax-Färbung in Abhängigkeit vom p53-Status</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12A1D">
								Tabelle 16: 1-, 2- und 5-Jahresüberlebensrate und p53- und Bax-Status</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12D5D">Tabelle 17: Univariate Regressionsanalyse für UICC III (n=59)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13024">Tabelle 18: Multivariate Regressionsanalyse für UICC III (n=59)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13106">Tabelle 19: Univariate Regressionsanalyse für UICC IV (n=57)</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N100D7">Abbildung 1: Prozentuale Anteile der häufigsten Krebsformen an der Gesamtzahl 1997 im Saarland</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B3A">Abbildung 2: Apoptosesignalwege (Daniel, 2003a).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BE8">Abbildung 3: Zellzyklusregulation durch Cycline und cyclinabhängige Kinasen (CDK) (Daniel, 2003a)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C9E">Abbildung 4: Vernetzung von Zellzyklus- und Apoptoseregulation, p14<sup>ARF</sup>/p53-Signalweg (Daniel, 2003a).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1254D">Abbildung 5: Kumulatives Überleben im Stadium III und IV.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12617">Abbildung 6: SSCP-PCR. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12641">Abbildung 7: Immunhistochemische Färbung des Bax-Proteins in kolorektalen Adenokarzinomen 200x, 400x</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12708">Abbildung 8: Boxplotanalyse des Bax-Färbeindex (FI) in Relation zum pT-, bzw. pN-Stadium und dem Differenzierungsgrad</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12771">Abbildung 9: Immunhistochemische Färbung des p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Proteins in kolorektalen Adenokarzinomen 200x, 400x</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12838">Abbildung 10: Boxplotanalyse des p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-FI (Färbeindex) in Relation zu pT-, pN-Stadium und Differenzierungsgrad</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N128DB">Abbildung 11: Boxplotanalyse der prozentualen p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Expression in Relation zu pT-, pN-Stadium und Differenzierungsgrad</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12984">Abbildung 12a,b,c: Boxplotanalyse des Bax-FI in Relation zum p53-Mutationsstatus von UICC III und IV-, UICC III- und UICC IV-Tumoren.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N129A0">Abbildung 13a,b: p53-Mutationsstatus und kumulatives Gesamtüberleben</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N129C4">Abbildung 14a,b: Überleben im Stadium III und IV nach Kaplan-Meier</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N129F1">Abbildung 15a,b: p53-Status/Bax-Expression und kumulatives Überleben</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12C76">Abbildung 16a,b: p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Expression und kumulatives Überleben</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12CC4">Abbildung 17a,b: p53/p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Status und Überleben im Stadium III und IV</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12D09">Abbildung 18a,b: Bax/p16<sup>INK4a</sup>-Status und Überleben im Stadium III und IV </link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>