<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">CT-basierte Computernavigation von Pedikelschrauben an der Brustwirbelsäule &#8211; Praktikabilität, klinische Ergebnisse und Vergleich zur konventionellen Technik</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Klaus John Schnake</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10097" part="chapter1" ref="N10097" type="pagenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1009C" part="chapter1" ref="N1009C" type="section">1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref522454542" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref522454542" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100C5" part="chapter1" ref="N100C5" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N100E4" part="chapter1" ref="N100E4" type="mm">154#196</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100F8" part="chapter1" ref="N100F8" type="mm">191#189</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1010B" part="chapter1" ref="N1010B" type="section">1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref535147077" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref535147077" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1011C" part="chapter1" ref="N1011C" type="pagenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref522864912" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref522864912" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref18132306" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref18132306" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10165" part="chapter1" ref="N10165" type="mm">233#311</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1016E" part="chapter1" ref="N1016E" type="subsection">1.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10172" part="chapter1" ref="N10172" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref534351433" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref534351433" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1019C" part="chapter1" ref="N1019C" type="block">1.2.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref522968124" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref522968124" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N101CB" part="chapter1" ref="N101CB" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N101EA" part="chapter1" ref="N101EA" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101EE" part="chapter1" ref="N101EE" type="mm">259#230</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10202" part="chapter1" ref="N10202" type="mm">339#249</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10215" part="chapter1" ref="N10215" type="block">1.2.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10223" part="chapter1" ref="N10223" type="mm">247#216</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1022D" part="chapter1" ref="N1022D" type="block">1.2.1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10231" part="chapter1" ref="N10231" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10255" part="chapter1" ref="N10255" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10274" part="chapter1" ref="N10274" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10278" part="chapter1" ref="N10278" type="mm">237#331</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1028C" part="chapter1" ref="N1028C" type="mm">225#276</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1029F" part="chapter1" ref="N1029F" type="block">1.2.1.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref528153688" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref528153688" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref528153708" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref528153708" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref522967990" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref522967990" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102C1" part="chapter1" ref="N102C1" type="block">1.2.1.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102CC" part="chapter1" ref="N102CC" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref527887706" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref527887706" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1030B" part="chapter1" ref="N1030B" type="section">1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10310" part="chapter1" ref="N10310" type="subsection">1.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref532892224" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref532892224" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10326" part="chapter1" ref="N10326" type="subsection">1.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref532898489" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref532898489" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1032D" part="chapter1" ref="N1032D" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref522174212" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref522174212" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref522174247" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref522174247" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10394" part="chapter1" ref="N10394" type="mm">343#188</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1039F" part="chapter1" ref="N1039F" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103BA" part="chapter1" ref="N103BA" type="mm">372#227</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103D7" part="chapter1" ref="N103D7" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103DB" part="chapter1" ref="N103DB" type="mm">367#275</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103E6" part="chapter1" ref="N103E6" type="mm">343#240</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103F9" part="chapter1" ref="N103F9" type="subsection">1.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1040C" part="chapter1" ref="N1040C" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref522873710" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref522873710" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10450" part="chapter1" ref="N10450" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref527819734" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref527819734" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10464" part="chapter1" ref="N10464" type="subsection">1.3.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref522445685" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref522445685" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref528156605" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref528156605" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref528146743" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref528146743" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104B4" part="chapter1" ref="N104B4" type="subsection">1.3.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref528145599" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref528145599" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104BB" part="chapter1" ref="N104BB" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104D8" part="chapter1" ref="N104D8" type="subsection">1.3.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104E8" part="chapter1" ref="N104E8" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104EF" part="chapter1" ref="N104EF" type="section">1.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10500" part="chapter2" ref="N10500" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10505" part="chapter2" ref="N10505" type="section">2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref528149658" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref528149658" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10516" part="chapter2" ref="N10516" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10539" part="chapter2" ref="N10539" type="mm">152#253</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1054D" part="chapter2" ref="N1054D" type="mm">151#252</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10561" part="chapter2" ref="N10561" type="mm">150#252</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1057B" part="chapter2" ref="N1057B" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10582" part="chapter2" ref="N10582" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10736" part="chapter2" ref="N10736" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1073B" part="chapter2" ref="N1073B" type="subsection">2.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10745" part="chapter2" ref="N10745" type="mm">522#283</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1074F" part="chapter2" ref="N1074F" type="section">2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10754" part="chapter2" ref="N10754" type="subsection">2.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10761" part="chapter2" ref="N10761" type="subsection">2.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref528151300" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref528151300" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1076E" part="chapter2" ref="N1076E" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10772" part="chapter2" ref="N10772" type="mm">379#343</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10780" part="chapter2" ref="N10780" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1089B" part="chapter2" ref="N1089B" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108A4" part="chapter2" ref="N108A4" type="subsection">2.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108B4" part="chapter2" ref="N108B4" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N108D3" part="chapter2" ref="N108D3" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108D7" part="chapter2" ref="N108D7" type="mm">195#227</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108EB" part="chapter2" ref="N108EB" type="mm">204#228</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108FF" part="chapter2" ref="N108FF" type="mm">283#252</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10909" part="chapter2" ref="N10909" type="subsection">2.2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10923" part="chapter2" ref="N10923" type="block">2.2.4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref527983925" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref527983925" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1092A" part="chapter2" ref="N1092A" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10962" part="chapter2" ref="N10962" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10981" part="chapter2" ref="N10981" type="mm">216#189</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10995" part="chapter2" ref="N10995" type="mm">216#189</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109A9" part="chapter2" ref="N109A9" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109B0" part="chapter2" ref="N109B0" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N109CF" part="chapter2" ref="N109CF" type="mm">216#191</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109E3" part="chapter2" ref="N109E3" type="mm">216#188</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109F7" part="chapter2" ref="N109F7" type="mm">216#187</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A01" part="chapter2" ref="N10A01" type="block">2.2.4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A09" part="chapter2" ref="N10A09" type="subblock">2.2.4.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A13" part="chapter2" ref="N10A13" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A19" part="chapter2" ref="N10A19" type="subblock">2.2.4.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A27" part="chapter2" ref="N10A27" type="mm">223#195</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A33" part="chapter2" ref="N10A33" type="subsection">2.2.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A3D" part="chapter2" ref="N10A3D" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A42" part="chapter2" ref="N10A42" type="block">2.2.5.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A4C" part="chapter2" ref="N10A4C" type="mm">317#208</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A55" part="chapter2" ref="N10A55" type="subblock">2.2.5.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A5E" part="chapter2" ref="N10A5E" type="subblock">2.2.5.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A68" part="chapter2" ref="N10A68" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10A87" part="chapter2" ref="N10A87" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A8B" part="chapter2" ref="N10A8B" type="mm">202#308</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A9F" part="chapter2" ref="N10A9F" type="mm">205#305</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AB2" part="chapter2" ref="N10AB2" type="subblock">2.2.5.1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10ABF" part="chapter2" ref="N10ABF" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AC3" part="chapter2" ref="N10AC3" type="mm">295#221</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10ACD" part="chapter2" ref="N10ACD" type="subblock">2.2.5.1.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AD7" part="chapter2" ref="N10AD7" type="mm">390#196</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AE1" part="chapter2" ref="N10AE1" type="subblock">2.2.5.1.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AE5" part="chapter2" ref="N10AE5" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AEE" part="chapter2" ref="N10AEE" type="subblock">2.2.5.1.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AF7" part="chapter2" ref="N10AF7" type="subblock">2.2.5.1.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B01" part="chapter2" ref="N10B01" type="block">2.2.5.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B0D" part="chapter2" ref="N10B0D" type="block">2.2.5.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B26" part="chapter2" ref="N10B26" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B36" part="chapter2" ref="N10B36" type="mm">345#182</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B3F" part="chapter2" ref="N10B3F" type="subblock">2.2.5.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref522187250" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref522187250" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B50" part="chapter2" ref="N10B50" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B5A" part="chapter2" ref="N10B5A" type="mm">295#215</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B6B" part="chapter2" ref="N10B6B" type="pagenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B6F" part="chapter2" ref="N10B6F" type="mm">295#222</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B79" part="chapter2" ref="N10B79" type="subblock">2.2.5.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B89" part="chapter2" ref="N10B89" type="mm">283#212</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B93" part="chapter2" ref="N10B93" type="subblock">2.2.5.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B97" part="chapter2" ref="N10B97" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BA1" part="chapter2" ref="N10BA1" type="mm">294#295</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BAE" part="chapter2" ref="N10BAE" type="section">2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BB3" part="chapter2" ref="N10BB3" type="subsection">2.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref528152875" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref528152875" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BC0" part="chapter2" ref="N10BC0" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BCA" part="chapter2" ref="N10BCA" type="mm">194#313</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BD3" part="chapter2" ref="N10BD3" type="block">2.3.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BDD" part="chapter2" ref="N10BDD" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BE3" part="chapter2" ref="N10BE3" type="block">2.3.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BED" part="chapter2" ref="N10BED" type="mm">171#377</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BF8" part="chapter2" ref="N10BF8" type="subsection">2.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C05" part="chapter2" ref="N10C05" type="subsection">2.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C09" part="chapter2" ref="N10C09" type="pagenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C13" part="chapter2" ref="N10C13" type="mm">239#283</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C1E" part="chapter2" ref="N10C1E" type="section">2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C4C" part="chapter2" ref="N10C4C" type="pagenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C81" part="chapter2" ref="N10C81" type="section">2.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CD7" part="chapter2" ref="N10CD7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10CF6" part="chapter2" ref="N10CF6" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CFA" part="chapter2" ref="N10CFA" type="mm">259#235</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D0E" part="chapter2" ref="N10D0E" type="mm">198#240</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D25" part="chapter2" ref="N10D25" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10D44" part="chapter2" ref="N10D44" type="mm">244#247</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D58" part="chapter2" ref="N10D58" type="mm">259#235</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D6E" part="chapter2" ref="N10D6E" type="section">2.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D72" part="chapter2" ref="N10D72" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D7E" part="chapter2" ref="N10D7E" type="section">2.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D8C" part="chapter3" ref="N10D8C" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D91" part="chapter3" ref="N10D91" type="section">3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D96" part="chapter3" ref="N10D96" type="subsection">3.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D9F" part="chapter3" ref="N10D9F" type="subsection">3.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DA9" part="chapter3" ref="N10DA9" type="section">3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DAE" part="chapter3" ref="N10DAE" type="subsection">3.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DBA" part="chapter3" ref="N10DBA" type="subsection">3.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DBE" part="chapter3" ref="N10DBE" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DC3" part="chapter3" ref="N10DC3" type="block">3.2.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DC8" part="chapter3" ref="N10DC8" type="subblock">3.2.2.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DD4" part="chapter3" ref="N10DD4" type="subblock">3.2.2.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DDE" part="chapter3" ref="N10DDE" type="block">3.2.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DE3" part="chapter3" ref="N10DE3" type="subblock">3.2.2.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DF2" part="chapter3" ref="N10DF2" type="subblock">3.2.2.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DFC" part="chapter3" ref="N10DFC" type="block">3.2.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E06" part="chapter3" ref="N10E06" type="subsection">3.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E0A" part="chapter3" ref="N10E0A" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E13" part="chapter3" ref="N10E13" type="subsection">3.2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E1C" part="chapter3" ref="N10E1C" type="subsection">3.2.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref534274015" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref534274015" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E50" part="chapter3" ref="N10E50" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E7B" part="chapter3" ref="N10E7B" type="section">3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E80" part="chapter3" ref="N10E80" type="subsection">3.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E89" part="chapter3" ref="N10E89" type="subsection">3.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E92" part="chapter3" ref="N10E92" type="subsection">3.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E9B" part="chapter3" ref="N10E9B" type="subsection">3.3.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E9F" part="chapter3" ref="N10E9F" type="pagenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EA8" part="chapter3" ref="N10EA8" type="subsection">3.3.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EB1" part="chapter3" ref="N10EB1" type="subsection">3.3.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EB8" part="chapter3" ref="N10EB8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N113D1" part="chapter3" ref="N113D1" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113D7" part="chapter3" ref="N113D7" type="subsection">3.3.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113E1" part="chapter3" ref="N113E1" type="section">3.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113E6" part="chapter3" ref="N113E6" type="subsection">3.4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113EF" part="chapter3" ref="N113EF" type="subsection">3.4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N113F8" part="chapter3" ref="N113F8" type="subsection">3.4.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11401" part="chapter3" ref="N11401" type="subsection">3.4.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1140A" part="chapter3" ref="N1140A" type="subsection">3.4.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11414" part="chapter3" ref="N11414" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1141A" part="chapter3" ref="N1141A" type="subsection">3.4.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11421" part="chapter3" ref="N11421" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1192B" part="chapter3" ref="N1192B" type="section">3.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1192F" part="chapter3" ref="N1192F" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11934" part="chapter3" ref="N11934" type="subsection">3.5.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1193B" part="chapter3" ref="N1193B" type="mm">546#273</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11944" part="chapter3" ref="N11944" type="subsection">3.5.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1194E" part="chapter3" ref="N1194E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11BB9" part="chapter3" ref="N11BB9" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11BC0" part="chapter3" ref="N11BC0" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11CD8" part="chapter3" ref="N11CD8" type="subsection">3.5.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CDF" part="chapter3" ref="N11CDF" type="mm">618#363</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CE6" part="chapter3" ref="N11CE6" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CEC" part="chapter3" ref="N11CEC" type="subsection">3.5.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11CF6" part="chapter3" ref="N11CF6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11F50" part="chapter3" ref="N11F50" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11FF7" part="chapter3" ref="N11FF7" type="pagenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12002" part="chapter3" ref="N12002" type="section">3.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1200B" part="chapter3" ref="N1200B" type="section">3.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12010" part="chapter3" ref="N12010" type="subsection">3.7.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1201D" part="chapter3" ref="N1201D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12036" part="chapter3" ref="N12036" type="mm">589#291</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12041" part="chapter3" ref="N12041" type="subsection">3.7.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12045" part="chapter3" ref="N12045" type="pagenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12052" part="chapter3" ref="N12052" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1206B" part="chapter3" ref="N1206B" type="mm">589#290</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12077" part="chapter3" ref="N12077" type="subsection">3.7.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref533309107" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref533309107" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1209A" part="chapter3" ref="N1209A" type="block">3.7.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1209E" part="chapter3" ref="N1209E" type="pagenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120A8" part="chapter3" ref="N120A8" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N120C1" part="chapter3" ref="N120C1" type="mm">589#291</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120CC" part="chapter3" ref="N120CC" type="block">3.7.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120D6" part="chapter3" ref="N120D6" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N120EF" part="chapter3" ref="N120EF" type="mm">589#291</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120FB" part="chapter3" ref="N120FB" type="block">3.7.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120FF" part="chapter3" ref="N120FF" type="pagenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12109" part="chapter3" ref="N12109" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12122" part="chapter3" ref="N12122" type="mm">589#291</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1212F" part="chapter3" ref="N1212F" type="section">3.8.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12138" part="chapter3" ref="N12138" type="section">3.9.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12145" part="chapter4" ref="N12145" type="pagenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12183" part="chapter4" ref="N12183" type="section">4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1218B" part="chapter4" ref="N1218B" type="subsection">4.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12196" part="chapter4" ref="N12196" type="pagenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1219F" part="chapter4" ref="N1219F" type="block">4.1.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121B1" part="chapter4" ref="N121B1" type="block">4.1.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121B5" part="chapter4" ref="N121B5" type="pagenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121C2" part="chapter4" ref="N121C2" type="mm">200#296</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121CD" part="chapter4" ref="N121CD" type="pagenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121DF" part="chapter4" ref="N121DF" type="mm">259#230</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N121EA" part="chapter4" ref="N121EA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12209" part="chapter4" ref="N12209" type="mm">256#276</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1221D" part="chapter4" ref="N1221D" type="mm">252#276</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12231" part="chapter4" ref="N12231" type="pagenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1223E" part="chapter4" ref="N1223E" type="mm">283#248</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12249" part="chapter4" ref="N12249" type="subsection">4.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12254" part="chapter4" ref="N12254" type="block">4.1.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12258" part="chapter4" ref="N12258" type="pagenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12268" part="chapter4" ref="N12268" type="block">4.1.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1228C" part="chapter4" ref="N1228C" type="pagenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1229F" part="chapter4" ref="N1229F" type="mm">339#165</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref528156475" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref528156475" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N122BE" part="chapter4" ref="N122BE" type="block">4.1.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref528215238" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref528215238" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N122C5" part="chapter4" ref="N122C5" type="pagenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122CE" part="chapter4" ref="N122CE" type="block">4.1.2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122D7" part="chapter4" ref="N122D7" type="block">4.1.2.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122DE" part="chapter4" ref="N122DE" type="pagenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122E4" part="chapter4" ref="N122E4" type="block">4.1.2.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref528215244" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref528215244" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N122F7" part="chapter4" ref="N122F7" type="pagenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12304" part="chapter4" ref="N12304" type="block">4.1.2.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1231D" part="chapter4" ref="N1231D" type="section">4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12324" part="chapter4" ref="N12324" type="pagenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12332" part="chapter4" ref="N12332" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N12517" part="chapter4" ref="N12517" type="subsection">4.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref534262684" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref534262684" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1251E" part="chapter4" ref="N1251E" type="pagenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1252B" part="chapter4" ref="N1252B" type="subsection">4.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12556" part="chapter4" ref="N12556" type="subsection">4.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12567" part="chapter4" ref="N12567" type="subsection">4.2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1256B" part="chapter4" ref="N1256B" type="pagenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1257D" part="chapter4" ref="N1257D" type="section">4.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12599" part="chapter4" ref="N12599" type="pagenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N125A9" part="chapter4" ref="N125A9" type="pagenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N125AF" part="chapter4" ref="N125AF" type="section">4.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N125B4" part="chapter4" ref="N125B4" type="subsection">4.4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref528165560" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref528165560" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N125EB" part="chapter4" ref="N125EB" type="pagenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12613" part="chapter4" ref="N12613" type="subsection">4.4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12629" part="chapter4" ref="N12629" type="pagenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref534072008" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref534072008" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12651" part="chapter4" ref="N12651" type="subsection">4.4.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12662" part="chapter4" ref="N12662" type="pagenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12693" part="chapter4" ref="N12693" type="subsection">4.4.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref531849751" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref531849751" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N126A6" part="chapter4" ref="N126A6" type="subsection">4.4.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N126B3" part="chapter4" ref="N126B3" type="pagenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N126F7" part="chapter5" ref="N126F7" type="pagenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1270C" part="N1270C" ref="N1270C" type="declaration">

				Erklärung an Eides Statt
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				Danksagung
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				Literaturverzeichnis
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			Aus der Klinik für Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</school><submission>Dissertation</submission><title>CT-basierte Computernavigation von Pedikelschrauben an der Brustwirbelsäule &#8211; Praktikabilität, klinische Ergebnisse und Vergleich zur konventionellen Technik</title><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>Dr. medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</major><author>von<given>Klaus John</given> <surname>Schnake</surname>
			<suffix>aus Luthe, jetzt Wunstorf</suffix>
		</author><dean>Prof. Dr. med. Dudenhausen</dean><approvals>
			<name>PD Dr. med<given>. M.</given>
				<surname>Raschke</surname>
			</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med<given>. </given>
				<given>J. R.</given>
				<surname>Weber</surname>
			</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med<given>. </given>
				<given>C.</given>
				<surname>Josten</surname>
			</name>
		</approvals><date>eingereicht: 23. Februar 2002</date><date>Datum der Promotion: 12. Juli 2002</date><abstract lang="en">
			<head>Abstract</head>
			<p>Several studies have shown that computer assisted pedicle screw insertion in spinal surgery can decrease pedicle perforation rate significantly to less than 10%. However, few data exist concerning the accuracy of pedicle screw navigation in the thoracic spine in trauma patients. The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of CT-based computer assisted pedicle screw insertion in the thoracic spine in patients with fractures, metastases and spondylodiscitis compared to conventional technique. 324 pedicle screws were inserted in the thoracic spines of 85 patients. 211 screws were placed using a CT-based optoelectronic navigation system assisted by an image intensifier. 113 screws were placed with conventional technique. Screw positions were evaluated with postoperative CT-scans by an independent radiologist. In the computer assisted group 174 (82,5%) screws were found completely within their pedicles compared with 77 (68,1%) correctly placed srews in the conventional group (p &lt; 0,003). Despite of using the navigation system 1,9% of the computer assisted screws perforated the pedicle wall more than 4 mm. The additional use of the image intensifier helped identifying the correct vertebral body and avoided cranial or caudal pedicle wall perforations.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="en">
		<keyword>Computer assisted surgery</keyword>
		<keyword>CT-based navigation</keyword>
		<keyword>Thoracic spine</keyword>
		<keyword>Pedicle screws</keyword>
		<keyword>Conventional technique</keyword>
		</keywords><abstract lang="de">
			<head>Zusammenfassung</head>
			<p>Die Einführung der Computer-assistierten Navigation von Pedikelschrauben an der Wirbelsäule in den klinischen Alltag konnte in mehreren Studien eine signifikante Senkung der Fehlplatzierungsraten auf deutlich unter 10% zeigen. Es existieren aber nur spärliche Daten bezüglich der Navigation an der Brustwirbelsäule und deren Anwendung bei unfallchirurgischen Patienten, typischerweise mit frischen Frakturen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Genauigkeit der CT-basierten Navigation von Pedikelschrauben an der Brustwirbelsäule mit Hilfe eines optoelektronischen Navigationssystems bei Patienten mit Frakturen, Tumoren und Entzündungen im Vergleich zur konventionellen Technik zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden bei 85 Patienten 324 Pedikelschrauben, 211 navigiert und 113 konventionell, an der Brustwirbelsäule gesetzt. Die Navigation erfolgte mit einem optoelektronischen System, wobei zusätzlich ein Bildverstärker zur Lagekontrolle verwendet wurde. Postoperativ wurde die Pedikelschraubenplatzierung mit Hilfe von Computertomogrammen dargestellt und durch einen unabhängigen Radiologen ausgewertet. In der navigierten Gruppe wurden 174 (82,5%) Schrauben korrekt platziert. In der konventionellen Gruppe waren es mit 77 (68,1%) Schrauben signifikant weniger (p &lt; 0,003). Allerdings ließen sich erhebliche Fehllagen von über 4 mm in 1,9% der Fälle trotz Navigation nicht vermeiden. Die zusätzliche Röntgendurchleuchtung vermied vor allem die Navigation falscher Wirbelkörper sowie Abweichungen der Schrauben nach kaudal bzw. kranial.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="de">
		<keyword>Computerassistierte Chirurgie</keyword>
		<keyword>CT-basierte Navigation</keyword>
		<keyword>Brustwirbelsäule</keyword>
		<keyword>Pedikelschrauben</keyword>
		<keyword>Konventionelle Technik</keyword>
		</keywords><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1.</link> Einleitung<ul><li><p><link ref="N1009C">1.1.</link> 
					Geschichtliche Entwicklung der transpedikulären Verschraubung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1010B">1.2.</link> 
					Pedikelschraubenfehlplatzierung<ul><li><p><link ref="N1016E">1.2.1.</link> 
						Lokalisation der Fehlplatzierungen und klinische Konsequenzen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1019C">1.2.1.1.</link> Fehlplatzierung nach lateral</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10215">1.2.1.2.</link> Fehlplatzierung nach medial</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1022D">1.2.1.3.</link> 
							Fehlplatzierung nach kranial, kaudal oder ventral</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1029F">1.2.1.4.</link> Fehlplatzierung durch zu enge Pedikel</p></li><li><p><link ref="N102C1">1.2.1.5.</link> Klinische Konsequenz von Fehlplatzierungen</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1030B">1.3.</link> Navigation<ul><li><p><link ref="N10310">1.3.1.</link> 
						Entwicklung der Navigation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10326">1.3.2.</link> 
						
						Historische Entwicklung an der Wirbelsäule</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103F9">1.3.3.</link> Bisherige in vitro und in vivo Anwendungsergebnisse der Navigation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10464">1.3.4.</link> Nachteile und Probleme</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104B4">1.3.5.</link> 
						
						Grenzen der Computernavigation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104D8">1.3.6.</link> Zusammenfassung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N104EF">1.4.</link> Problem und Aufgabenstellung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2.</link> 
				Material und Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N10505">2.1.</link> Patienten<ul><li><p><link ref="N1073B">2.1.1.</link> Verteilung der Pedikelschrauben auf die Wirbelkörperhöhen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1074F">2.2.</link> CT-basierte Navigation mit dem System SurgiGATE® der Firma Medivision/STRATEC Medical<ul><li><p><link ref="N10754">2.2.1.</link> Prinzip des Systems</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10761">2.2.2.</link> 
						Computertomogramm als Basis</p></li><li><p><link ref="N108A4">2.2.3.</link> Erstellen eines dreidimensionalen Modells (Segmentierung)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10909">2.2.4.</link> Präoperative Planung<ul><li><p><link ref="N10923">2.2.4.1.</link> 
							
							Planung der Punkte für die Anpassung von Punktepaaren (Paired-Point Matching)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A01">2.2.4.2.</link> Planung der Trajektorien<ul><li><p><link ref="N10A09">2.2.4.2.1.</link> Durchmesser der Trajektorien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A19">2.2.4.2.2.</link> Eintrittspunkt der Trajektorien, Länge und Verlauf im Wirbelkörper</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A33">2.2.5.</link> Intraoperative Navigation<ul><li><p><link ref="N10A42">2.2.5.1.</link> Systemkomponenten<ul><li><p><link ref="N10A55">2.2.5.1.1.</link> Zentrale Steuer- und Rechnereinheit</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A5E">2.2.5.1.2.</link> Infrarotkamera</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AB2">2.2.5.1.3.</link> Instrumenten-Interface und Instrumentarium</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10ACD">2.2.5.1.4.</link> Dynamische Referenzbasis (DRB)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AE1">2.2.5.1.5.</link> 
								Virtuelle Tastatur</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AEE">2.2.5.1.6.</link> 3D-Zeigeinstrument (Pointer)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AF7">2.2.5.1.7.</link> 3D-Pedikeleröffnungs- und &#8211;vertiefungsahle</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B01">2.2.5.2.</link> Kalibrierung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B0D">2.2.5.3.</link> Anpassung (Matching)<ul><li><p><link ref="N10B3F">2.2.5.3.1.</link> 
								Anpassung von Punktepaaren (Paired-Point Matching)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B79">2.2.5.3.2.</link> Oberflächen-Anpassung (Surface Matching)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B93">2.2.5.3.3.</link> 
								Prüfung der Anpassung (Verification)</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BAE">2.3.</link> Operation<ul><li><p><link ref="N10BB3">2.3.1.</link> 
						Navigationstechnik<ul><li><p><link ref="N10BD3">2.3.1.1.</link> Führungsmodus (Guidance)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BE3">2.3.1.2.</link> Pedikelschrauben</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BF8">2.3.2.</link> Konventionelle Technik</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C05">2.3.3.</link> 
						Röntgenbildverstärker</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C1E">2.4.</link> Protokollierung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C81">2.5.</link> Postoperative radiologische Untersuchungen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D6E">2.6.</link> 
					Auftreten von Komplikationen und Revisionsoperationen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D7E">2.7.</link> Statistische Auswertung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3.</link> 
				Ergebnisse<ul><li><p><link ref="N10D91">3.1.</link> Präoperativ erhobene Daten<ul><li><p><link ref="N10D96">3.1.1.</link> Dauer der präoperativen Planung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D9F">3.1.2.</link> Besonderheiten und Probleme</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DA9">3.2.</link> Ergebnisse der intraoperativ erhobenen Daten<ul><li><p><link ref="N10DAE">3.2.1.</link> Operationsdauer</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DBA">3.2.2.</link> 
						Anpassung<ul><li><p><link ref="N10DC3">3.2.2.1.</link> Anpassung der Punktepaare (Paired-Point Matching)<ul><li><p><link ref="N10DC8">3.2.2.1.1.</link> Qualitätsindex</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DD4">3.2.2.1.2.</link> Anzahl der Matchingversuche</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DDE">3.2.2.2.</link> Oberflächen-Anpassung (Surface Matching)<ul><li><p><link ref="N10DE3">3.2.2.2.1.</link> Qualitätsindex</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DF2">3.2.2.2.2.</link> Anzahl der Matchingversuche</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DFC">3.2.2.3.</link> Dauer der Anpassung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E06">3.2.3.</link> 
						Dauer des navigierten Einbringens von 2 Schrauben pro Segment</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E13">3.2.4.</link> Dauer der Röntgendurchleuchtung pro Schraube</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E1C">3.2.5.</link> 
						Probleme und Besonderheiten während der Navigation</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E7B">3.3.</link> Lage der navigierten Pedikelschrauben in der CT-Auswertung<ul><li><p><link ref="N10E80">3.3.1.</link> Korrekt platzierte Schrauben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E89">3.3.2.</link> Pedikelperforationen &lt; 2 mm</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E92">3.3.3.</link> Pedikelperforationen 2,1 bis 4 mm</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E9B">3.3.4.</link> 
						Pedikelperforationen 4,1 bis 6 mm</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EA8">3.3.5.</link> Pedikelperforationen 6,1 bis 8 mm</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EB1">3.3.6.</link> Tabellarische Darstellung der navigierten Schraubenlagen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N113D7">3.3.7.</link> Perforationen nach kranial oder kaudal</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N113E1">3.4.</link> Lage der konventionell eingebrachten Pedikelschrauben im CT<ul><li><p><link ref="N113E6">3.4.1.</link> Korrekt platzierte Schrauben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N113EF">3.4.2.</link> Pedikelperforationen &lt; 2 mm</p></li><li><p><link ref="N113F8">3.4.3.</link> Pedikelperforationen 2,1 bis 4 mm</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11401">3.4.4.</link> Pedikelperforationen 4,1 bis 6 mm</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1140A">3.4.5.</link> Pedikelperforationen 6,1 bis 8 mm</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1141A">3.4.6.</link> Tabellarische Darstellung der konventionellen Schraubenlagen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1192B">3.5.</link> 
					Vergleich navigierter zu konventionell eingebrachten Pedikelschrauben<ul><li><p><link ref="N11934">3.5.1.</link> Anzahl Schrauben pro Wirbelkörper</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11944">3.5.2.</link> Vergleich Schraubenlage navigiert zu konventionell</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CD8">3.5.3.</link> Navigierte und konventionelle Fehllagen bezogen auf die Wirbelkörperhöhe</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CEC">3.5.4.</link> Navigierte Fehllagen bezogen auf unterschiedliche Wirbelkörperhöhen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12002">3.6.</link> Relation der Schraubendurchmesser zu den Pedikeldurchmessern</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1200B">3.7.</link> Statistische Auswertung<ul><li><p><link ref="N12010">3.7.1.</link> Navigierte und konventionelle Schraubenlagen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12041">3.7.2.</link> 
						Navigierte und konventionelle Schraubenfehllagen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12077">3.7.3.</link> 
						Vergleich unterschiedlicher Wirbelkörperhöhen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1209A">3.7.3.1.</link> 
							BWK 1-4</p></li><li><p><link ref="N120CC">3.7.3.2.</link> BWK 5-8</p></li><li><p><link ref="N120FB">3.7.3.3.</link> 
							BWK 9-12</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1212F">3.8.</link> Neurologisches Outcome der Patienten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12138">3.9.</link> Notfallnavigation</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4.</link> Diskussion<ul><li><p><link ref="N12183">4.1.</link> Praktikabilität des Navigationssystems<ul><li><p><link ref="N1218B">4.1.1.</link> Präoperative Probleme und Besonderheiten der Navigation<ul><li><p><link ref="N1219F">4.1.1.1.</link> Durchführung des CT und der Datenübertragung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N121B1">4.1.1.2.</link> 
							Erstellung des dreidimensionalen Modells und der präoperativen Planung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12249">4.1.2.</link> Intraoperative Probleme und Besonderheiten der Navigation<ul><li><p><link ref="N12254">4.1.2.1.</link> 
							Operativer Zugang</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12268">4.1.2.2.</link> Anpassung (Matching)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N122BE">4.1.2.3.</link> 
							
							Navigation des falschen Wirbelkörpers</p></li><li><p><link ref="N122CE">4.1.2.4.</link> Veränderung der Topographie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N122D7">4.1.2.5.</link> Unabsichtliches Verdecken der LED</p></li><li><p><link ref="N122E4">4.1.2.6.</link> 
							Abweichungen zwischen Navigation und Bildverstärker</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12304">4.1.2.7.</link> Zeitbedarf der Navigation und der additiven Durchleuchtung</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1231D">4.2.</link> Lage der mit Navigation eingebrachten Pedikelschrauben<ul><li><p><link ref="N12517">4.2.1.</link> 
						
						Lage der Schrauben in Bezug auf die Wirbelkörperhöhe</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1252B">4.2.2.</link> Mediale und laterale Perforationen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12556">4.2.3.</link> Relation der Schrauben- zum Pedikeldurchmesser</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12567">4.2.4.</link> 
						Nachteile der postoperativen CT-Auswertung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1257D">4.3.</link> Vergleich mit konventionell eingebrachten Pedikelschrauben</p></li><li><p><link ref="N125AF">4.4.</link> Wie sinnvoll ist die CT-basierte optoelektronische Navigation an der BWS?<ul><li><p><link ref="N125B4">4.4.1.</link> 
						Präzision</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12613">4.4.2.</link> Strahlenbelastung durch CT-basierte Navigation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12651">4.4.3.</link> Navigation für unerfahrene oder erfahrene Operateure?</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12693">4.4.4.</link> 
						Navigation für den Notfallpatienten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N126A6">4.4.5.</link> Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis der Navigation</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5.</link> Zusammenfassung</p></li><li><link ref="N1270C">

				Erklärung an Eides Statt
			</link></li><li><link ref="N12720">Lebenslauf</link></li><li><link ref="N127E4">
				
				Danksagung
			</link></li><li><link ref="N1280F">
				Literaturverzeichnis
			</link></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10582">Tabelle 1: Patientendaten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10780">Tabelle 2: CT-Parameter (modifiziert aus Bedienungshandbuch SurgiGATE®)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EB8">Tabelle 3: Darstellung der navigierten Schraubenlagen (Th=BWK)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11421">Tabelle 4: Darstellung der konventionellen Schraubenlagen (Th=BWK)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1194E">Tabelle 5: Lagevergleich navigierte zu konventionellen Schrauben</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11BC0">Tabelle 6: Zusammenfassung der Tabelle 5</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11CF6">Tabelle 7: Fehllagen bezogen auf Wirbelkörperhöhen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11F50">Tabelle 8: Fehllagen bezogen auf Wirbelkörperabschnitte</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1201D">Tabelle 9: Gesamtperforationsrate navigiert versus konventionell</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12052">Tabelle 10: Schraubenfehllagen navigiert versus konventionell</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N120A8">Tabelle 11: Fehllagen BWK 1-4 navigiert versus konventionell</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N120D6">Tabelle 12: Fehllagen BWK 5-8 navigiert versus konventionell</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12109">Tabelle 13: Fehllagen BWK 9-12 navigiert versus konventionell</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12332">Tabelle 14: Studienlage bezüglich Navigation an der BWS</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N100E4">Abbildung 1: Achse der (Pedikelschrauben)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N100F8">Abbildung 2: Fixateur interne</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10165">Abbildung 3: Röntgenbildverstärker im lateralen und ventro-dorsalen Strahlengang</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N101EE">Abbildung 4: Pedikelperforation nach lateral</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10202">Abbildung 5: Parapedikuläre Verschraubung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10223">Abbildung 6: Pedikelperforation nach medial</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10278">Abbildung 7: Pedikelperforation nach kaudal</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1028C">Abbildung 8: Korpusperforation nach ventral</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10394">Abbildung 9: Infrarotsensoren erkennen LED der Instrumente</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N103BA">Abbildung 10: SurgiGATE® (Infrarotkamera und Rechnereinheit)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N103DB">Abbildung 11: BV-Navigation</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N103E6">Abbildung 12: SIREMOBIL Iso-C3D
							</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10539">Abbildung 13-15: AO-Klassifikation nach Magerl: A-Verletzung mit Kompression</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1054D">Abbildung 14: B-Verletzung mit Flexion-Distraktion</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10561">Abbildung 15: C-Verletzung mit Rotation</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10772">Abbildung 16: Computertomograph SOMATOM+4 Volume Zoom der Firma Siemens</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108D7">Abbildung 17: 3D-Modell nach Sequenzierung von dorsal</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108EB">Abbildung 18: 3D-Modell nach Sequenzierung von ventral</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108FF">Abbildung 19: Bildschirmansicht verschiedener Ebenen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10981">Abbildung 20: Processus spinosus</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10995">Abbildung 21: Processus articularis inferior links</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N109CF">Abbildung 22: Processus articularis superior links</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N109E3">Abbildung 23: Processus articularis superior rechts</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N109F7">Abbildung 24: Processus articularis inferior rechts</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A27">Abbildung 25: Trajektorie</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A4C">Abbildung 26: Set-up Navigation</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A8B">Abbildung 27: Infrarotkamera OPTOTRAK® 3020</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A9F">Abbildung 28: Rechnereinheit SurgiGATE®</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AC3">Abbildung 29: Virtuelle Echtzeit-Darstellung des Instrumentes (grün)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AD7">Abbildung 30: Instrumente (DRB am Wirbel befestigt)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B36">Abbildung 31: Transformationsprinzip der Anpassung (Matching)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B5A">Abbildung 32: Paired-Point Matching (rot-Planung, grün-intraop)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B6F">Abbildung 33: Skip-worst des ungenauesten Punktes</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B89">Abbildung 34: Surface Matching</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BA1">Abbildung 35: Verification</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BCA">Abbildung 36: Intraoperativer Situs</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BED">Abbildung 37: Pedikel- und Schanzschraube</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10C13">Abbildung 38: EXPOSCOP 8000 der Firma Ziehm</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CFA">Abbildung 39: Optimale Schraubenlage im Pedikel</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D0E">Abbildung 40: Pedikelperforation &lt; 2 mm</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D44">Abbildung 41: Pedikelperforation 2-4 mm</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D58">Abbildung 42: Pedikelperforation 4-6 mm</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121C2">Abbildung 43: Artefakte durch ableitende Harnwege</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N121DF">Abbildung 44: Erschwerte Höhenlokalisation</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12209">Abbildung 45: Gesamte BWS von ventral</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1221D">Abbildung 46: Gesamte BWS von dorsal</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1223E">Abbildung 47: Zu groß gewählte Trajektorie</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1229F">Abbildung 48: Ungleichmäßige und gleichmäßige Verteilung der Messpunkte</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>