| Spiekermann, Sarah: Online Information Search with Electronic Agents: Drivers, Impediments, and Privacy Issues |
Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor rerum politicarum
(Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaft)
Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Dekan der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät:
Prof. Dr. Lutz Hildebrandt
Gutachter:
Prof. Oliver Günther, Ph.D.
Prof. Dan Ariely, Ph.D.
eingereicht: 09. Oktober 2001
Datum der Promotion: 22. November 2001
Based on an online experiment with 206 subjects the thesis investigates how consumers search for high-involvement products online and herein rely on the assistance of electronic advisor agents.
In the context of a camera purchase traditional constructs relevant in offline information search (including perceived product risk, purchase involvement and product knowledge) are tested for their relevance in an online environment. In addition, new constructs impacting online search, namely privacy concerns and flow, are analyzed. Finally, information search behavior for cameras is compared with the one for jackets.
One major finding is that agents do not play the same role in, and are not equally important for, online information search in different product categories. Thus, it appears, that the search process for the experience good ’jacket‘ involves relatively less reliance on an electronic agent than this is the case in the purchase process for cameras. Moreover, the separate analysis of manually controlled and agent-assisted search shows that, at a significant level, consumers prefer to manually control the search process the more risk they perceive. In line with older studies the data also suggest that the more product knowledge a consumer perceives the less he interacts with an agent for information search purposes.
In the last chapter, the thesis focuses on a potentially major impediment for agent interaction, namely consumer privacy concerns. The empirical results show that, against expectations, privacy concerns to not seem to significantly impede consumer disclosure online. In contrast, evidence is produced that if systems offer appropriate returns in the form of personalized recommendations online users seem to be ready to reveal even highly personal information. The findings suggest that there is a lot of room for online marketers to communicate with their clients through dialogue-based electronic agents. If marketers used the spectrum of legitimate personal questions that are related to the product selection process more systematically, they could gain valuable insight into their customers‘ decision making process as well as on decisive product attributes. However, unfavorable privacy settings do seem to induce a feeling of discomfort among users which then leads to less interaction time. Marketers therefore have to provide for a comforting privacy environment in order to make their customers feel good about the interaction.
Keywords:
Online Information Search, Personal Agents, Electronic Privacy, Perceived Purchase Risk
Basierend auf einem Onlineexperiment mit 206 Teilnehmern untersucht die Dissertation, wie Konsumenten im Internet nach Informationen zu hochwertigen Produkten suchen und welche Rolle dabei virtuelle Verkaufsberater (elektronische Agenten) spielen.
Im Kontext eines online Kamerakaufes mit Hilfe eines virtuellen Agenten wird der Erklärungswert traditioneller Faktoren der Informationssuche für das Onlinemedium untersucht. Dabei werden das wahrgenommene Kaufrisiko, die persönliche Bedeutung des Kaufes sowie das vorhandene Produktwissen als Einflussvariablen getestet. Darüber hinaus wird untersucht, welche Rolle das Datenschutzbewusstsein des Konsumenten in der Interaktion spielt und wie stark ein Zustand des ‚Flows‘ (fließen) die Informationssuchtiefe beeinflussen. Die für Kameras beobachtete Onlinesuche nach Produktinformationen wird in einem zweiten Schritt mit der Onlinesuche nach Jacken verglichen.
Eine wesentliche Erkenntnis der empirischen Arbeit ist, dass virtuelle Verkaufsberater bei der Suche nach unterschiedlichen Produkten nicht dieselbe Wichtigkeit haben. So wird deutlich, dass sich Konsumenten auf der Suche nach dem Erfahrungsgut Jacke relativ weniger auf die Empfehlung des Agenten verlassen als dies im Kaufprozess von Kameras der Fall ist. Hinzu kommen einige signifikante Anzeichen dafür, dass Konsumenten den Suchprozess stärker zu kontrollieren wünschen und weniger an Agenten delegieren, desto mehr Kaufrisiko bzw. Kaufunsicherheit sie empfinden. Schließlich zeigt sich analog zu älteren Studien, dass Konsumenten mit mehr Produktwissen weniger mit virtuellen Verkaufsberatern interagieren.
Im letzten Kapitel der Dissertation geht es um eine potentiell maßgebliche Barriere für den Einsatz von virtuellen Verkaufsberatern: die Angst von Konsumenten ihre Privatsphäre einzubüßen und zum ‚gläsernen Kunden‘ zu werden. Die empirischen Ergebnisse legen hier jedoch nahe, dass Datenschutzbedenken die Konsumenten nicht davon abhalten, sich online mitzuteilen. Ganz im Gegenteil wird deutlich, dass Konsumenten sogar bereit sind, sehr persönliche Informationen von sich preiszugeben, wenn das System eine entsprechende Gegenleistung bietet (wie beispielsweise eine persönliche Produktempfehlung). Die Ergebnisse suggerieren, dass es einen großen Gestaltungsspielraum für Unternehme gibt, über elektronische Dialogsysteme mit ihren Kunden zu kommunizieren. Würden Unternehmen das potentielle Spektrum an persönlichen Fragen nutzen, die im Rahmen eines Kaufprozesses sinnvoll sind, könnten sie wertvolle Einblicke in das Entscheidungsverhalten ihrer Kunden gewinnen. Hingegen sollte beachtet werden, dass eine mangelhafte Berücksichtigung des Datenschutzes gleichzeitig auch Unbehangen beim Nutzer auslöst, welches sich in signifikant kürzeren Interaktionszeiten wiederspiegelt. Es ist daher im Interesse von Unternehmen, für eine datenschutzfreundliche Interaktionsumgebung zu sorgen.
Schlagwörter:
Informationssuche, Persönliche Agenten, Datenschutz, Kaufrisiko
Table of Contents | |
| Front page | Online Information Search with Electronic Agents: Drivers, Impediments, and Privacy Issues |
| Acknowledgements | |
| 1 | Introduction |
| 1.1 | Electronic Consumer Agents in Marketing Research |
| 1.2 | Thesis Structure |
| 2 | Agent Roles and Challenges in Electronic Commerce |
| 2.1 | What is an agent anyway? <3> |
| 2.2 | Currently Employed Versions of Personal Agents in Consumer Markets |
| 2.3 | Roles for Agents in Commerce, and Related Design Challenges |
| 2.3.1 | Agents in Different Roles: A Discussion of West et al.‘s [2000] Framework |
| 2.3.2 | Agent Roles and Challenges in Different Purchase Situations |
| 2.3.2.1 | Differentiation of Purchase Types and Information Search Behavior in Consumer Markets |
| 2.3.2.2 | Front-end Agent Systems: A Brief Overview |
| 2.3.2.3 | Agent Roles and Systems in Different Purchase Contexts |
| 2.3.2.4 | Challenges for Agent Acceptance in Different Purchase Contexts |
| 3 | Empirical Work |
| 3.1 | Overview |
| 3.2 | Incentive Scheme and Briefing |
| 3.3 | Materials and Apparatus |
| 3.3.1 | Navigation Opportunities in the Experimental Online Store |
| 3.3.2 | Store Manipulation |
| 3.3.3 | Identical Store Design for Compact Cameras and Winter Jackets |
| 3.3.4 | Development of Agent and Agent Dialogue |
| 3.3.5 | Pre and Post-Shopping Questionnaires |
| 3.4 | Procedure |
| 3.5 | Benefits and Drawbacks of the Empirical Research |
| 4 | Online Information Search for High Involvement Goods: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach |
| 4.1 | User Control in High-Involvement Online Searches with Agents |
| 4.2 | Model Constructs and Hypotheses |
| 4.2.1 | Endogenous Model Constructs |
| 4.2.2 | Exogenous Model Constructs |
| 4.3 | Measures |
| 4.3.1 | Measurement of Endogenous Model Constructs |
| 4.3.1.1 | Measurement of the Information Search Construct |
| 4.3.1.2 | Measurement of Perceived Product Risk |
| 4.3.2 | Measurement of Exogenous Model Constructs |
| 4.4 | Results |
| 4.4.1 | Data |
| 4.4.2 | Model Estimation and Fit |
| 4.4.3 | Model Relationships |
| 4.5 | Discussion: Strategies of Information Search With or Without Agents |
| 4.6 | Conclusion |
| 5 | Comparing Online Search Behavior for Different Product Categories |
| 5.1 | Empirical Survey Design |
| 5.1.1 | Data |
| 5.1.2 | Identical Store Design |
| 5.2 | Choice and Perception of Products |
| 5.3 | Observed Interaction Behavior |
| 5.4 | Discussion of Results for Online Marketing |
| 5.4.1 | Product Related Focus of Dialogue Systems |
| 5.4.2 | Context Adjusted Representation of Products |
| 5.5 | Conclusion |
| 6 | Consumer Privacy Concerns in Interacting with Agents |
| 6.1 | Introduction to Privacy Issues in Online Interactions |
| 6.2 | Measuring Disclosure in Human-Agent Interaction |
| 6.2.1 | Independent Variables Driving Personal Information Cost on the Internet |
| 6.2.2 | Empirical Survey Design |
| 6.2.3 | A Model for Personal Consumer Information Cost (PCIC) |
| 6.2.3.1 | Initial Regression Analysis |
| 6.2.3.2 | Relationship between Legitimacy and Importance of Information Requests |
| 6.2.3.3 | Final Definition of Overall Model |
| 6.2.4 | Discussion of Results |
| 6.3 | Privacy Preferences Versus Actual Interaction Behavior |
| 6.3.1 | Data Used for the Analysis |
| 6.3.2 | Measurement of Privacy Attitudes through Cluster Analysis |
| 6.3.3 | Comparing Privacy Attitudes with Behavior |
| 6.3.3.1 | Address Provision |
| 6.3.3.2 | Revelations During the Sales Dialogue |
| 6.3.4 | Discussion of Results |
| 6.4 | Conclusion |
| 7 | Thesis Conclusions and Impulses for Future Research |
| Bibliography | References |
| Appendix A | HANDOUT MATERIAL & BRIEFINGS |
| A.1 | Verbal Briefing and Procedure |
| A.2 | Consent of Payment |
| A.3 | Privacy Statements |
| A.3.1 | PS type 1 (soft) |
| A.3.2 | PS type 2 (harsh) |
| A.4 | Description of Navigation Opportunities in the Store |
| A.5 | Pre & Post Shopping Questionnaires |
| A.5.1 | PRE SHOPPING QUESTIONNAIRE |
| A.5.2 | POST SHOPPING QUESTIONNAIRE |
| A.6 | Briefing of Participants in the Pre-Study (analysis 3) |
| Appendix B | ONLINE MATERIAL |
| B.1 | Sreenshots of the Experimental Store |
| B.2 | Description of Algorithm behind Luci |
| B.3 | Agent Questions, Perception and Classification |
| B.4 | Rules to formulate Agent Questions |
| B.5 | Rules to assign Agent Questions to Privacy Classes |
| B.6 | Screenshot of Pre-Study Rating Tool |
| Appendix C | DETAILS OF THE ANALYSIS |
| C.1 | Measures employed in the Structural Equation Model on Online Information Search |
| C.2 | Output of Structural Equation Model on Online Information Search (M-Plus) |
| C.3 | Output of Structural Equation Model on Private Consumer Information Cost (M-Plus) |
| C.3.1 | Total sample |
| C.3.2 | Group A (peip & u questions) |
| C.3.3 | Group B (pepr & pd questions) |
| C.4 | Questions employed to derive Privacy Attitudes |
| C.5 | Agglomorative Clustering Table |
| C.6 | Cluster tables, K-means analysis, Camera shoppers |
| C.7 | Cluster tables, K-means analysis, Jacket shoppers |
| C.8 | Cluster tables of K-means analysis all products |
| Appendix D | D1 to D7 - MAJOR SPSS OUTPUT FILES |
| D.1 | Table D1: Demographics of Participants (referred to in section 3.2.) |
| D.2 | Table D2: Correlations between Risk & Satisfaction with Agent Luci (referred to in section 4.5.) |
| D.3 | Table D3: Satisfaction with Agent Luci and Impact on Search (referred to in section 5.1.1.) |
| D.4 | Table D4: Time cost and Impact on Search (referred to in section 5.1.1.) |
| D.5 | Table D5: Satisfaction with Agent Luci in the 2 Store Versions (referred to in section 5.1.2.) |
| D.6 | Table D6: Perceived Legitimacy and Importance of Agent Questions in the 2 Store Versions (referred to in section 5.1.2.) |
| D.7 | Table D7: Correlations between Purchase Risk and Uncertainty attached to Jackets and Cameras (referred to in section 5.2.) |
| Declaration | |
Table of Tables | |
| Tabelle 1: | Overview of Experimental Treatments: |
| Tabelle 2: | Overview of Empirical Analysis Made: |
| Tabelle 3: | Fit Measueres for Model of Online Information Search: |
| Tabelle 4: | Reliability and Validity of Measurement Models: |
| Tabelle 5: | Relationship between Subjective Product Knowledge and Satisfaction with the Search Engine : |
| Tabelle 6: | Perception of Experimental Products as Search or Experience Goods: |
| Tabelle 7: | Perceived Risk Structure of Experimental Products: |
| Tabelle 8: | Comparison of Breadth of Interaction for Cameras and Jackets : |
| Tabelle 9: | Comparison of Depth of Interaction for Cameras and Jackets: |
| Tabelle 10: | Results for an Initial Fixed Effects Regression Model for the Evaluation of PCIC: |
| Tabelle 11: | Relating Nature of Agent Questions to Leg x Imp Classes: |
| Tabelle 12: | Results for a Final Simultaneous Equation Model with Fixed Effects for the Evaluation of PCIC: |
| Tabelle 13: | Final Cluster Centres for K-means Cluster Analysis (Camera Shoppers): |
| Tabelle 14: | Contrasting Privacy Attitudes with Voluntary Address Provision |
| Tabelle 15: | Contrasting Privacy Attitudes with Online Communication Behavior |
Table of Figures | |
| Abbildung 1: | Scope of Intelligent Agents as defined by Gilbert et al. [1995] |
| Abbildung 2: | Agent Roles in the Purchase Process as Proposed by West et al. [2000]<12> |
| Abbildung 3: | Agent Roles Related to Different Purchase Contexts |
| Abbildung 4: | Image of Sales Agent Luci |
| Abbildung 5: | Model of Online Information Search: Unobserved Constructs and Stated Directionality of Relationships |
| Abbildung 6: | Antecedent Variables and Directionality of Relationships for a Model of Online Information Search |
| Abbildung 7: | Users‘ Path through the Experimental Online Store <38> |
| Abbildung 8: | Drivers of Personal Consumer Information Cost (PCIC) |
| Abbildung 9: | Relationship between Mean Perceived Legitimacy and Importance of Agent Questions |
| Abbildung 10: | Four Clusters Reflecting Fear to Lose Privacy through Profile or Identity Revelation on the Internet |
© Die inhaltliche Zusammenstellung und Aufmachung dieser Publikation sowie die elektronische Verarbeitung sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung, die nicht ausdrücklich vom Urheberrechtsgesetz zugelassen ist, bedarf der vorherigen Zustimmung. Das gilt insbesondere für die Vervielfältigung, die Bearbeitung und Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronische Systeme.
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