Middles in GermanMarkus Steinbach1123456789102111213142.1152.1.116171819202.1.2212223242.1.3252.1.42627282.2293031322.3333435363738392.4404142432.544345463.1473.1.148495051525354553.1.256575859603.1.361626364653.1.43.2663.2.167686970717273743.2.27576777879803.2.3813.34824.18384858687884.28990914.2.192939495964.2.297984.2.2.1994.2.2.24.2.2.31004.2.2.41014.2.2.51021031041054.2.31061071081091104.351111125.11131141151165.21171181191201215.31221231241255.41261271281291301311321335.51341351361371381395.61401415.761426.16.1.11431441456.1.21461476.21486.2.11491501511526.2.21531541551561571581596.2.31601616.371627.11631641651661671681697.21701711721731747.31751761771788179180181182183 References184185186187188189190191192193194195 Acknowledgements196 Erklärung198enTable of contentsHelp References Abraham, W. (1983), “Der Dativ im Deutschen.” In: Colloque du Centre de Recherches germaniques de l’université de Nancy II. Nancy: 2-101. Abraham, W. (1985), “Grammatik von ‘kriegen’ und ‘bekommen’.” In: Osnabrücker Beiträge zur Sprachtheorie 30: 142-165. Abraham, W. (1987), “Zur Typologie des Mediums in der Westgermania.” In: W. Abraham and R. Århammar (eds.), Linguistik in Deutschland.

Tübingen

: 3-24. Abraham, W. (1995a), “Diathesis: The Middle, Particularly in West-Germanic.” In: W. Abraham and T. Givon (eds.), Discourse Grammar and Typology – Papers in Honor of John W. M. Verhaar.

Amsterdam

: 3-48. Abraham, W. (1995b), Deutsche Syntax im Sprachvergleich: Grundlagen einer typologischen Syntax des Deutschen.

Tübingen

. Abraham, W. and A. Wiegel (1993), “Reduktionsformen und Kasussynkretismus bei deutschen und niederländischen Pronomina”. In: W. Abraham and J. Bayer (eds.), Dialektsyntax. Linguistische Berichte, Sonderheft 5. Opladen: 12-49. Ackema, P. and M. Schoorlemmer (1994), “The Middle Construction and the Syntax-Semantics Interface.” In: Lingua 93: 59-90. Ackema, P. and M. Schoorlemmer (1995), “Middles and Nonmovement.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 26: 173-197. Ágel, V. (1997), “Reflexiv-Passiv, das (im Deutschen) keines ist. Überlegungen zu Reflexivität, Medialität, Passiv und Subjekt.” In: C. Dürscheid (ed.), Sprache im Fokus.

Tübingen

: 147-187. Altmann, H. (1981), Formen der »Herausstellung« im Deutschen.

Tübingen

. Altmann, H. (ed.) (1988), Intonationsforschung.

Tübingen

. Andersen, P. K. (1993), “Eine Alternative Sprachtypologie für das Reflexiv.” In: Folia Linguistica 27/1-2: 107-146. Anderson, S. R. (1986), “The Typology of Anaphoric Dependencies: Icelandic (and Other) Reflexives.” In: L. Hellan and K. Koch Christiansen (eds.), Topics in Scandinavian Syntax.

Dordrecht

: 65-88. Anderson, S. R. (1993), “Wackernagel’s Revenge: Clitics, Morphology, and the Syntax of Second Position.” In: Language 69. 1: 68-98. Ars Graeca (1981), Griechische Sprachlehre.

Paderborn

. Bader, M., J. Bayer, J.-M. Hopf, and M. Meng (1996), ”Case-Assignment in Processing German Verb-Final Clauses.” In: MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics 9 (and

Ms. University of Jena

). Bayer, J., M. Bader, and M. Meng (2000), Morphological Underspecification Meets Oblique Case: Syntactic and Processing Effects in German.

Ms. University of Jena

. Baker, M. (1988), Incorporation.

Chicago

. Barss, A. and H., Lasnik (1986), “A Note on Anaphora and Double Objects.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 17: 347-354. Bartsch, R. (1972), Adverbialsemantik.

Frankfurt/Main.

Bech, G. (1955/1957), Studien über das deutsche verbum infinitum. Kopenhagen. 2nd unchanged edition.

Tübingen

1983. Beekes, R. S. P. (1995), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics.

Amsterdam/Phil.

Behagel, O. (1923), Deutsche Syntax Bd. 1.

Heidelberg

. Behagel, O. (1932), Deutsche Syntax Bd. 4.

Heidelberg

. Benveniste, E. (1972), Problèmes de linguistique générale. German edition: Probleme der allgemeinen sprachwissenschaft.

Frankfurt/Main

1977. Bierwisch, M. (1982), “Formal and Lexical Semantics.” In: Linguistische Berichte 80: 3-17. Bierwisch, M. (1983), “Semantische und konzeptuelle Repräsentation lexikalischer Einheiten.” In: R. Ružička and W. Motsch (eds.), Untersuchungen zur Semantik (= Studia grammatica XXII),

Berlin

: 61-99. Bierwisch, M. (1990/91), “Event Nominalizations: Proposals and Problems.” In: Acta Linguistica Hungarica 40: 19-84. Bierwisch, M. (1996), “‘Fragen’ zum Beispiel.” in: G. Harras and M. Bierwisch (eds.), Wenn die Semantik arbeitet.

Tübingen

: 361-378. Bierwisch, M. (1997 ), Middles in German. Ms. ASG,

Berlin

. Bierwisch, M. and E. Lang (eds.) (1987), Grammatische und konzeptuelle Aspekte von Dimensions-adjektiven.

Berlin

. Bittner, M. and K. Hale (1996), “Ergativity: Towards a Theory of a Heterogeneous Class.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 27/4: 531-604. Blutner, R. (1994), Standardannahmen, Informationsveränderung und Flexibilität. Habilitationsschrift,

Berlin

. Blutner, R. (1996), “Lexical Pragmatics.” In: R. van der Sandt, R. Blutner, and M. Bierwisch (eds.), From Underspecification to Interpretation. Papers from the ASG-Workshop, Berlin 31.10-2.11.96: 55-90. Bobaljik, J. (1995), Morphosyntax: The Syntax of Verbal Inflection. Ph. Diss. MIT,

Cambridge/Mass.

Bolinger, D. P. (1973), “Ambient It is Meaningful too.” In: Journal of Linguistics 9: 261-270. Bosch, P. (1983), Agreement and Anaphora.

London

. Branchadell, Albert (1992), A Study of Lexical and Non-Lexical Datives. Ph. Diss. University of Barcelona. Braune, W. and H. Eggers (1975), Althochdeutsche Grammatik.

Tübingen

. Büring, D. (1995), The 59TH Street Bridge Accent. Ph. Diss.,

Tübingen

. Büring (1997), The Meaning of Topic and Focus: The 59TH Street Bridge Accent.

London

. Büring, D. (1999), “Topic.” P. Bosch and R. van der Sandt (eds.), Focus .

Cambridge

: 142-165. Burzio, L. (1986), Italian Syntax.

Dordrecht

. Cardinaletti, A. and M. Starke (1994), Deficient Pronouns: A View from Germanic.

Ms. Berlin/Geneva/Venice.

Carlson, G. N. and F. J. Pelletier (eds.) (1995), The Generic Book.

Chicago and London

. Cinque, G. (1988), “On Si Constructions and the Theory of Arb.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 19/4: 521-589. Chierchia, G. (1989), A Semantics for Unaccusatives and its Syntactic Consequences.

Ms. Cornell University.

Chierchia, G. (1995), “The Variability of Impersonal Subjects.” In: E. Bach, E. Jelinek, A. Kratzer, and B. H. Partee (eds.), Quantification in Natural Languages.

Dordrecht

: 107-143. Chomsky, N. (1965), Aspects of the Theory of the Syntax.

Cambridge/Mass

. Chomsky, N. (1970), “Remarks on Nominalization.” In: R. Jacobs und P. Rosenbaum (eds.), Readings in English Transformational Grammar.

Waltham/Mass

.: 184-221. Chomsky, N. (1980), “On Binding.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 11: 1-46. Chomsky, N. (1981), Lectures on Government and Binding.

Berlin and New York

. Chomsky, N. (1985), Knowledge of Language.

New York

. Chomsky, N. (1993), “A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory.” In: K. Hale and S. J. Keyser (eds.), The Víew from Building 20.

Cambridge/Mass

.: 1-52. Chomsky, N. (1995), The Minimalist Program.

Cambridge/Mass

. Cohen, A. (1996), Think Generic: The Meaning and Use of Generic Sentences. Carnegie Mellon University Dissertation. Cohen, A. (1997), Generics, Frequency Adverbs and Probability.

Ms. Ben Gurion University

. Collins, C. (1997), Local Economy.

Cambridge/Mass

. Condoravdi, C. (1989), “The Middle: Where Semantics and Morphology Meet.” In: P. Branigan et.al. (eds.), MIT-Working Papers: Papers from the Student Conference in Linguistics: 16-31. Cooper, K. E. (1994), Topics in Zurich German Syntax. Ph. Diss., University of Edinburgh, published in GAGL 38, 1995. Cornips, L. and A. Hulk (1996), “Ergative Reflexives in Heerlen Dutch and French.” In: Studia Linguistica 50: 1-21. Cornips, L. (1996), “Variants of the Adjunct Middles in the Rhineland and Limburg Dialects: Syntactic Changes Between 1885 and 1994.” Talk given at Potsdam University, 21.11.1997. Dal, I. (1966), Kurze deutsche Grammatik.

Tübingen

Davidson, D. (1985), Essays on Actions and Events.

Oxford

. Den Dikken, M. (1997), “Take Serials Light up the Middle.” Talk given at ZAS, Berlin, 19.7.1997. Dobrovie-Sorin, C. (1998), “Impersonal se Constructions in Romance and the Passivization of Unergatives.”In: Linguistic Inquiry 29/3: 399-437. Dölling, J. (1992a), “Flexible Interpretation durch Sortenverschiebung.” In: I. Zimmermann and A. Strigin (eds.), Fügungspotenzen.

Berlin

: 23-62. Dölling, J. (1992b), ”Polysemy and sort coertion in semantic representation.” In P. Bosch and P. Gerstl (eds.), Discourse and Lexical Meaning. Arbeitspapier 30 des SFB 340, Stuttgart: 61-78. Dowty, D. (1979), Word Meaning and Montague Grammar.

Dordrecht

. Dowty, D. (1989), “On the Semantic Content of the Notion ‘Thematic Role’.” In: B. Partee, G. Chierchia, and R. Turner (eds.), Properties, Types and Meaning - Volo. II.

Dordrecht

: 69-130. Dowty, D. (1991), “Thematic Roles and Argument Selection.” In: Language 67-3: 547-619. Drubig, H. B. (1991), “Zur Frage der grammatischen Representation thetischer und kategorischer Sätze.” In: J. Jacobs (ed.), Informationsstruktur und Grammatik . LB-Sonderheft 4/1991-92,

Opladen

: 142-195. Duden (1973), Band 4 - Die Grammatik.

Mannheim

. Erb, M. C. (1995), Die tun-Periphrase im Deutschen. MA, University of Frankfurt/Main. Erb, M. C. and M. Steinbach (1996), ”Middles: A View from German.” In: Proceedings of ConSOLE 5.

Leiden

: 29-46. Everaert, M. (1986), The Syntax of Reflexivization.

Dordrecht

. Everaert, M. (1990), “Nominative Anaphors in Icelandic: Morphology or Syntax?.” In: W. Abraham, W. Kosmejer and E. Reuland (eds.), Issues in Germanic Syntax.

Berlin

: 277-306. Fagan, S. (1985), The Syntax and Function of Non-Thematic Reflexives in German and Dutch. Dissertation, Cornell University. Fagan, S. (1992), The Syntax and Semantics of the Middle Constructions.

Cambridge

. Fanselow, G. (1993), “Die Rückkehr der Basisgenerierer.” GAGL 36: 1-74. Fanselow, G. (1995a), Scrambling and Anti-Scrambling. Talk given at the workshop „The Role of Economy Principles in Linguistic Theory“.

Berlin

, 9.-11.2.1995. Fanselow, G. (1995b), A Minimalist Approach to free Constituent Order. Ms. University of Potsdam. Fanselow, G. (1997), Features, Φ -Roles, and Free Constituent Order. Ms. University of Potsdam. Fanselow, G. and S. W. Felix (1987a), Sprachtheorie 1: Grundlagen und Zielsetzungen .

Tübingen

. Fanselow, G. and S. W. Felix (1987b), Sprachtheorie 2: Die Rektions- und Bindungstheorie.

Tübingen

. Féry, C. (1993), German Intonational Patterns.

Tübingen

. Fiengo, R. and R. May (1994), Indices and Identity. Cambridge/Mass. Fox, D. (1993), A Modification of Reinhart and Reuland’s ‘Reflexivity’. Ms. MIT, Cambridge/Mass. Frey, W. (1993), Syntaktische Bedingungen für die semantische Interpretation.

Berlin

. Fujita, K. (1994), “Middle, Ergative and Passive in English: A Minimalist Perspective.” In: H. Harley and C. Phillips (eds.), The Morphology-Syntax Connection. (The MIT-Working-Papers in Linguistics 22):71-90. Gallmann, P. (1992), “Dativanhebung?.” In: GAGL 35: 72-91. Gallmann, P. (1995), Zur Syntax und Morphologie von Indefinita des Typs ‘genug’. Talk given at FAS, Berlin, September 1995. Gärtner, H.-M. (1991), “Erweiterungen der Bindungstheorie.” In: Sprachwissenschaften in Frankfurt 3. Gärtner, H.-M. (1998), Generalized Transformations and Beyond.

Ms. Berlin

. Gärtner, H.-M. (1998), Does German have V2 Relative Clauses. Sprache & Pragmatik 48 (a revised version appears in Journal for Comparative Germanic Linguistics). Gärtner, H.-M. and M. Steinbach (1994), “Economy, Verb Second, and the SVO-SOV Distinction.” In: Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 53: 1-59. Gärtner, H.-M. and M. Steinbach (1996), “Anmerkungen zur Vorfeldphobie Pronominaler Elemente..” In: F. D’Avis, and U. Lutz (eds.), Zur Deutschen Satzstruktur im Deutschen. Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsbereichs 340,

Tübingen/Stuttgart

. Gärtner, H.-M. (2000), What do Reduced Pronominals Reveal about the Syntax of Dutch and German?. Ms. University of Potsdam and University of Mainz. Geniusienne, E. (1987), The Typology of Reflexives.

Berlin

. Givón, T. (1994), Voice and Inversion.

Amsterdam/Phil

. Goldberg, A. E. (1992), “The Inherent Semantics of Argument Structure: The Case of the English Ditransitive Construction.” Cognitive Linguistics 3-1: 37-74. Greenspon, M. D. (1996), A Closer Look at the Middle Construction. Yale University Dissertation. Grewendorf, G. (1983), “Reflexivierung in Deutschen A.c.I.-Konstruktionen - Kein transforma-tionsgrammatisches Dilemma mehr.” In: GAGL 23: 120-196. Grewendorf, G. (1984), “Reflexivierungsregeln im Deutschen.” In: Deutsche Sprache 12: 14-30. Grewendorf, G. (1985), “Anaphern bei Objekt-Koreferenz im Deutschen.” In: W. Abraham (ed.), Erklärende Syntax des Deutschen.

Tübingen

: 137-171. Grewendorf, G. (1988), Aspekte der deutschen Syntax.

Tübingen

. Grewendorf, G. (1989a), “Verbbewegung und Negation im Deutschen.” In: GAGL 30: 57-125. Grewendorf, G. (1989b), Ergativity in German,

Dordrecht

. Grewendorf, G. and J. Sabel (1994), “Long Scrambling and Incorporation.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 25: 263-308. Grimm, J. and W. Grimm (1905), Deutsches Wörterbuch , Bd. 10.

Leipzig

. Grimshaw, J. (1982), “On the Lexical Representation of Romance Reflexive Clitics.” In: Bresnan, J. (ed.), The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations.

Cambridge/Mass

.: 87-148. Grimshaw, J. (1990), Argument Structure.

Cambridge/Mass

. Grimshaw, J. (1991), Extended Projections.

Ms. Brandeis

. Haegeman, (1992), Introduction to Government and Binding Theory.

Oxford

(reprint). Haider, H. (1982), “Von sein oder nicht sein: zur Grammatik des Pronomens ‘sich’.” In: W. Abraham (ed.), Erklärende Syntax des Deutschen.

Tübingen

: 223-254. Haider, H. (1984), “Mona Lisa lächelt stumm – Über das sogenannte ‘Rezipentenpassiv’.” In: Linguistisch Berichte 89: 32-42. Haider, H. (1990), “Topicalization and other Puzzles of German Syntax.” In: G. Grewendorf and W. Sternefeld (eds.), Scrambling and Barriers.

Amsterdam/Phil

.: 92-112. Haider, H. (1991), “PRO-bleme.” In: G. Fanselow and S. W. Felix (eds.), Strukturen und Merkmale syntaktischer Kategorien .

Tübingen

: 121-143. Haider, H. (1992), Branching and Discharge. Ms. University of Stuttgart. Haider, H. (1993), Deutsche Syntax generativ.

Tübingen

. Haider, H. and Inger R. (1998), Scrambling. Sprache und Pragmatik 49. Hale, K. and J. Keyser (1987), “A View from the Middle.” MIT Lexicon Project Working Papers 10,

Cambridge/Mass

. Hale, K. and J. Keyser (1991), “On the Syntax of Argument Structure.” In: MIT Lexicon Working Papers,

Cambridge/Mass

. Hall, T. (1998), “Phonotactics and the prosodic structure of German function words.” In: T. Hall and U. Kleinhenz (eds.), Studies on the Phonological Word.

Amsterdam

: 103- 136. Hermodsson, L. (1952), Reflexive und Intranistive Verba im älteren Westgermanischen. Ph. Diss., University of Uppsala. Hirschbühler, P. (1982), “VP Deletion and Across-the-Board Quantifier Scope.” In: NELS 12: 132-139. Höhle, T. (1978), Lexikalistische Syntax. Die Aktiv-Passiv-Relation und andere Infinitivkonstruktionen im Deutschen..

Tübingen

. Höhle, T. (1982), “Explikation für ‘normale Betonung’ und ‘normale Wortstellung’.” In: W. Abraham (ed.), Satzglieder des Deutschen.

Tübingen

. Hoekstra, T. and I. Roberts (1993), “Middle Constructions in Dutch and English.” In: E. Reuland and W. Abraham (eds.), Knowledge and Language. Vol. 2: Lexical and Conceptual Structure.

Dordrecht

: 183-220. Horn, L. R. (1996), “Exclusive Company: Only and the Dynamics of Vertical Inference.” In: Journal of Semantics 13: 1-40. Hudson, R. (1992), “So-called ‘Double Objects’ and Grammatical Relations.” In: Language 68: 251-276. Hulk, A. and C. Cornips (1997) The Role of Reflexives in Romance and Germanic Middles. Ms. Royal Netherlands Academy. Iwata, S. (1999), “On the Status of an Implicit Arguments in Middles.” In: Journal of linguistics 35: 527-553. Jackendoff, R. (1972), Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar.

Cambridge/Mass.

Jackendoff, R. (1987), “The Status of Thematic Relations in Linguistic Theory.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 18:369-411. Jackendoff, R. (1990a), Semantic Structures.

Cambridge/Mass

. Jackendoff, R. (1990b), “On Larson’s Treatment of the Double Object Construction.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 21: 427-456. Jacobs, J. (1982), Syntax und Semantik der Negation im Deutschen.

München

. Jacobs, J. (1983), Fokus und Skalen.

Tübingen

. Jacobs, J. (1984), “Funktionale Satzperspektive und Illokutionssemantik.” In: Linguistische Berichte 91: 25-58. Jacobs, J. (1988), “Fokus-Hintergrund Gliederung und Grammatik.” In: H. Altmann (ed.), Intonationsforschung.

Tübingen

: 89-134. Jacobs, J. (1991), “Negation”: In: A. von Stechow and D. Wunderlich (eds.), Handbuch Semantik.

Berlin, New York

: 560-596. Jacobs, J. (ed.) (1992a), Informationsstruktur und Grammatik. LB-Sonderheft 4/1991-92,

Opladen

. Jacobs, J. (1992b), “Neutral Stress and the Position of Heads.” In: J. Jacobs (ed.), Informationsstruktur und Grammatik. LB-Sonderheft 4/1991-92.

Opladen

: 220-244. Jacobs, J. (1993), “Integration.” In: M. Reis (ed.), Wortstellung und Informationsstruktur.

Tübingen

: 63-117. Jacobs, J. (1994), “Das lexikalische Fundament der Unterscheidung von obligatorischen und fakultativen Ergänzungen.” In: Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 22/3: 284-319. Jäger, G. (1994), “Topic, Scrambling, and Actionsarten.” Ms. ASG, Berlin. (Also in: CONSOLE-proceedings. Venice.) Jäger, G. (1995), Topics in Dynamic Semantics. Ph. Diss., Humboldt University Berlin. Johnson, K. (1991), “Object Positions.” In: Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 9: 577-636. Joppen, S. and D. Wunderlich (1994), “Argument Linking in Basque.” Theorie des Lexikons 63.

Düsseldorf

. Junghanns, U. (1996), “SJA-Verbs in Russian: Phonology, Morphology or Syntax?.” In: ZAS Papers in Linguistics 6: 66-80. Karttunen, L. (1977), “Syntax and Semantics of Questions.” In: Linguistics and Philosophy 1: 3-44. Kathol, A. (1995), Linearization-Based German Syntax. Ohio State University Dissertation. Kathol, A. (1997), “Concrete Minimalism of German.” In: F.-J. D’Avis and U. Lutz (eds.), Zur Satzstruktur des Deutschen. Arbeitspapiere des SFB 340, Nr.90.

Tübingen

: 81-105. Kayne, R. (1995), The Antisymmetry of Syntax.

Cambridge/Mass

. Kemmer, S. (1993), The Middle Voice.

Amsterdam/Philadelphia

. Keenan, E. L. and B. Comrie (1977), “Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy and Universal Grammar.”In: Linguistic inquiry8:63-99. Keyser, S.J. and T. Roeper (1984): “On the Middle and Ergative Constructions in English.”In: Linguistic Inquiry 15:381-416. Klaiman, M. H. (1991), Grammatical Voice.

Cambridge

. König, E. (1993), “Focus Particles.” In: J. Jacobs, A. v. Stechow, W. Sternefeld and T. Vennemann (eds.), Handbuch Syntax, 1. Halbband.

Berlin and New York

: 978-987. König, E. and P. Siemund (1996), “Emphatische Reflexiva und Fokusstruktur: Zur Syntax und Bedeutung von selbst.” In: Sprache und Pragmatik 40: 1-42. Koster, J. (1987), Domains and Dynasties.

Dordrecht

. Kratzer, A. (1995), “Stage-Level and Individual-Level Predicates”. In: G. N. Carlson and F. J. Pelletier (eds.), The Generic Book.

Chicago

: 125-15. Krifka, M. (1992), “A Compositional Semantics for Multiple Focus Constructions.” In: J. Jacobs (ed.), Informationsstruktur und Grammatik. LB-Sonderheft 4/1991-92.

Opladen

: 17-53. Krifka, M. (1995), “Focus and the Interpretation of Generic Sentences”. In: G. N. Carlson and F. J. Pelletier (eds.), The Generic Book.

Chicago

: 238-264. Krifka, M. et al. (1995), “Genericity: An Introduction.” In: G. N. Carlson and F. J. Pelletier (eds.), The Generic Book.

Chicago

: 1-124. Kruijff-Korbayová, I. and E. Hajicová (1997), “Topics and Centers. A Comparison of the Salience-Based Approach and the Centering Theory.” In: The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 67: 25-50. Kunze, J. (1996), “Plain Middles and lassen Middles in German: Reflexive Constructions and Sentence Perspective.” Linguistics 34-3: 645-697. Lang, E. (1991), “Koordinierende Konjunktionen.” In: A. von Stechow and D. Wunderlich (eds.), Handbuch Semantik.

Berlin, New York

: 597-622. Larson, R. (1988), “On the Double Object Construction.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 19: 335-391. Larson, R. (1990), “Double Objects Revisited: Reply to Jackendoff.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 21: 589-632. Lasnik, H. (1988), “Subjects and the Theta-Criterion.” In: Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 1/6: 1-18. Lenerz, J. (1977), Zur Abfolge nominaler Satzglieder im Deutschen.

Tübingen

. Levin, B. (1991), “Building a Lexicon: The Contribution of Linguistic Theory.” In: M. Bates and R. Weischedel (eds.), Challenges in Natural Language Processing.

Cambridge

. Levin, B. (1993), English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation.

Chicago

. Levin, B. and M. Rappaport Hovav (1991), “Wiping the Slate Clean: A lexical Semantic Exploration.” In: Cognition 41: 123-151. Levin, B. and M. Rappaport Hovav (1995), Unaccusativity.

Cambridge/Mass

. Maling, J. (1998), Dative Case is Not (Always) to Blame: Grammatical Functions, Thematic Roles and Morphological Case.

Ms. Brandeis University

. Manney, L. J. (2000), Middle Voice in Modern Greek – Meaning and Function of an Inflectional Category.

Amsterdam/Philadelphia

. Manzini, M. R. (1986), “On Italian Si.” In: H. Borer (ed.), Syntax and Semantics 19 : The Syntax of Pronominal Clitics.

Orlando

: 241-262. Marantz, A. (1984), On the Nature of Grammatical Relations.

Cambridge/Mass. and London

. Meinunger, A. (1995), Discourse Dependent DP (De-) Placement. Ph. Diss. University of Potsdam. Miller, D. G. (1993), Complex Verb Formation.

Amsterdam/Phil

. Mohanan, K.P. and T. Mohanan (1998), “Strong and Weak Projection: Lexikal Reflexives and Reciprocals.” In: M. Butt and W. Geuder (eds.), The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors.

Stanford

: 165-194. Moser, Stopp and Besch (1988), Grammatik des Frühneuhochdeutschen.

Tübingen

. Müller, G. (1993), On Deriving Movement Type Asymmetries. SFS-Report-05-93. University of Tübingen. Müller, G. (1995), A-bar syntax.

Berlin

. Müller, G. (1997), “Parallel Movement. Zur Satzstruktur im Deutschen.” In: F.-J. D’Avis and U. Lutz (eds.), Zur Satzstruktur des Deutschen. Arbeitspapiere des SFB 340, Nr.90.

Tübingen

: 171-214. Müller, G. (1998), German word order and optimality theory. Arbeitspapiere des SFB 340, Nr.126.

Tübingen

. Müller, G. and W. Sternefeld (1993), “Improper Movement and Unambiguous Binding.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 24: 461-507. Nunberg, G. (1979), “The Non-Uniqueness of Semantic Solutions: Polysemy.” In: Linguistics and Philosophy 3: 143-184. Pafel. J. (1995), “Kinds of Extraction from Noun Phrases.” In: U. Lutz and J. Pafel (eds.), On Extraction and Extraposition in German.

Amsterdam/Phil

.: 145-178. Papakyriacou, A. (1997), Reflexivität und Medialkonstruktionen im Neugriechischen.

Ms. ZAS Berlin.

Paul, H. (1988), Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik.

Tübingen

. Paul, H. (1968), Deutsche Grammatik Bd.II.

Tübingen

. Perlmutter, D. (1978), “Impersonal Passives and the Unaccusative Hypothesis.” In: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.

Berkeley

: 157- 189. Pitz, A. (1988), “Middle Constructions in German.” In: Working Papers in Linguistics 6,

University of Trondheim

: 1-30. Pollard, C. and I. Sag (1987), Information-based Syntax and Semantics.

Stanford

. Pollard, C. and I. Sag (1994), Head- Driven Phrase Structure Grammar.

Stanford

. Primus, B. (1992), “Selbst - Variants of a Scalar Adverb in German.” In J. Jacobs (ed.), Informationsstruktur und Grammatik. LB-Sonderheft 4/ 1991-92.

Opladen

: 54-88. Pullum, G. K. and A. Zwicky (1986), ”Phonological Resolution of Syntactic Feature Conflict.” In: Language 62: 751-773. Pustejovsky, J. (1995), The Generative Lexicon.

Cambridge/Mass

. Rapoport, T. (1993), “Verbs in Depictives and Resultatives.” In: Pustejovsky, J. (ed.), Semantics and the Lexicon.

Dordrecht

: 163-184. Rapp, I. (1999), “Fakultativität von Verbargumenten als Reflex der semantischen Struktur.” In: Linguistische Berichte 172: 490-529. Reape, M. (1994), “Domain Union and Word Order Variation in German.” In: J. Nerbonne, K. Netter, and C. Pollard (eds.), German in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar.

Stanford

: 151-198. Reape, M. (1996), “Getting Things in Order.” In: H. Bunt and A. van Horck (eds.), Discontinuous Constituency. Berlin

and New York

: 209-253. Reinhart, T. (1983), Anaphora and Semantic Interpretation.

London

. Reinhart, T. (1991), “Pronouns.” In: A. von Stechow and D. Wunderlich (eds.), Handbuch Semantik.

Berlin

: 535-548. Reinhart, T. (1995), Interface Strategies. OTS Working Papers.

Utrecht

. Reinhart, T. (1997), ”Syntactic Effects of Lexical Operations: Reflexives and Unaccusatives.” In: OTS Working Papers in Linguistics,

University of Utrecht

. Reinhart, T. and E. Reuland (1993) “Reflexivity.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 24: 650-720. Reis, M. (1976), “Reflexivierung in A.c.I.-Konstruktionen. Ein Transformationsgrammatisches Dilemma.” In: Papiere zur Linguistik 9: 5-82. Reis, M. (1985), “Mona Lisa kriegt zuviel – Vom sogenannten ‘Rezipientenpassiv’ im Deutschen.” In: Linguistische Berichte 96: 140-155. Reis, M. (1986), “Subjektfragen in der Schulgrammatik?” In: Deutschunterricht 38: 64-84. Reis, M. (1987), “Die Stellung der Verbargumente im Deutschen.” In: Inger Rosengren (ed.), Sprache und Pragmatik. Stockholm: 139-177. Reis, M. (1981), Reflexivierung im Deutschen.

Ms. Köln.

Reis, M. (1995), “Extractions from Verb-Second Clauses in German?.” In: U. Lutz and J. Pafel (eds.), On Extraction and Extraposition in German.

Amsterdam/Phil

.: 45-88. Renz, I. (1993), Adverbiale im Deutschen.

Tübingen

. Reuland, E. (1995), Primitives of Binding. Paper presented at GLOW Tromsø, Ms. Utrecht University. Reuland, E. and T. Reinhart (1995), “Pronouns, Anaphors and Case.” In: H. Haider, S. Olsen and S. Vikner (eds.), Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax.

Dordrecht

: 241-268. Richter, F. (1997), “Die Satzstruktur des Deutschen und die Behandlung langer Abhängigkeiten in einer Linearisierungsgrammatik. Formale Grundlagen und Implementierung in einem HPSG-Fragment”. In: E. Hinrichs, D. Meurers, F. Richter, M. Sailer and H. Winhart (eds.), Ein HPSG-Fragment des Deutschen. Teil 1: Theorie. Arbeitspapiere des SFB 340, Nr.95.

Tübingen

: 13-188. Riemsdijk, H. van (1978), A Case Study in Syntactic Markedness.

Lisse

. Rivero, M. L. (2000), On Impersonal Reflexives in Romance and Slavic and Semantic Variation. Ms. University of Ottawa. Rivet, A. (1999), “Rektionskomposita und Inkorporationstheorie.” In: Linguistische Berichte 179: 307-342. Rizzi, L. (1986), “Null Objects in Italian and the Theory of pro.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 17: 501-557. Rizzi, L. (1991), Relativized Minimality.

Cambridge/Mass

. Rohrbacher, B. (1994), The Germanic Languages and the Full Paradigm: A Theory of V-to-I Raising. Ph. Diss,

Amherst/Mass.

Roland, K. (1994), “The Pragmatics of Modern Greek Voice: Active, Inverse and Passive.” In: T. Givón, Voice and Inversion.

Amsterdam/Phil

.: 233-260. Rooth, M. (1985), Association with Focus. Ph. Diss. University of Massachusetts,

Amherst

. Rooth, M. (1992), “A Theory of Focus Interpretation.” In: Natural Language Semantics 1: 75-116. Rooth, M. (1995), “Indefinites, Adverbs of Quantification, and Focus Semantics.” In: G. N. Carlson and F. J. Pelletier (eds.), The Generic Book. Chicago: 265-299. Ross, J.R. (1970), “On Declarative Sentences.” In: R. A. Jacobs and P. S. Rosenbaum (eds.), Readings in English Transformational Grammar.

Waltham/Mass

. Sabel, J. (1996), Restrukturierung und Lokalität. Universelle Beschränkungen für Wortstellungs­varianten.

Berlin

. Salmon, N. (1988), “Reflexivity.” In: N. Salmon and S. Soames (eds.), Propositions and Attitudes.

Oxford

: 240-274. Schachtl, S. (1991), “Der Akkusativ in der Medialkonstruktion des Deutschen.” In: G. Fanselow and S. W. Felix (eds.), Strukturen und Merkmale Syntaktischer Kategorien.

Tübingen

: 104-120. Schoorlemmer, M. (1996), “The Affix-Clitic Distinction and Russian SJA.” In: ZAS Papers in Linguistics 6: 150-165. Schwarzschild, R. (1999), “Givenness, avoidF and other constraints on the placement of accent.” Natural Language Semantics 7.2: 141-177. Sioupi, A. (1997), “Middle Constructions in Modern Greek and Their Equivalent in German.” In: Drachman, G., A. Malikouti-Drachman, C. Klidi and J. Fykias (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Greek linguistics. Graz: 599-608. Stalnaker, R. C. (1978), “Assertion.” In: P. Cole (ed.), Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics.

New York

: 315-332. Stanek, S. (1995), “Verbstellungstypen in germanischen Sprachen.” In: Sprachwissenschaft in Frankfurt 14. Stechow, A. von (1991), “Current Issues in the Theory of Focus.” In: A. von Stechow and D. Wunderlich (eds.), Handbuch Semantik.

Berlin, New York

: 804-825. Stechow, A. von and S. Uhmann (1986), “Some Remarks on Focus Projection.” In: W. Abraham and S. de Meij (eds.), Topic, Focus, and Configurationality.

Amsterdam/Phil.:

295-320. Steinbach, M. (1999a), “Argument Structure and reflexivity: Middle Constructions in German.” To appear in: Proceedings of the TLS 99-conference on Argument Structure. Steinbach, M. (1999b), Unaccusatives and Anticausatives.

Ms. University of Mainz

. Steinbach, M. (1999c), Notes on Parantheticals. Arbeitspapiere des SFB 340, Nr. NUMMER.

Tübingen

. Steinbach, M. (to appear), “The Ambiguity of Weak Reflexive Pronouns in English and German”. In: J.W. Zwart & W. Abraham (eds.), Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax.

Amsterdam

. Sternefeld, W. (1985), “Deutsch ohne grammatische Funktionen: Ein Beitrag zur Rektions- und Bindungstheorie.” Linguistische Berichte 99: 394-439. Strigin, A. (1995), Abductive Inference During Update: The German Preposition mit (with). Ms. ASG,

Berlin

. Stroik, T. (1992), “Middles and Movement.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 23: 127-137. Stroik, T. (1995), “On Middle Formation: A Reply to Zribin-Hertz.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 26: 165-171. Stroik, T. (1999), “Middles and Reflexivity.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 30: 119-131. Taylor, J. R. (1994), “The Two-Level Approach to Meaning.” In: Linguistische Berichte 149: 3-26. Tenny, C. (1994), Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface.

Dordrecht

. Tremblay, M. (1990), “An Argument Sharing Approach to Ditransitive Constructions.” In: The Proceedings of the Ninth West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics.

Stanford

. Tsimpli, I. M. (1989), ”On the Properties of the Passive Affix in Modern Greek.” USL-Working Papers: 235-260. Uhmann, S. (1987), Fokussierung und Intonation. Ph. Diss. Universität Konstanz. Uszkoreit, H. (1987), Word Order and Constituent Structure in German.

Stanford

. Van Oosten, J. (1977), “Subjects and Agenthood in English.” In: CSL 13: 459-471 Vallduví, E. (1992), The Informational Component.

New York, London

. Vikner, S. and B. D. Schwartz (1991), The Verb Always Leaves IP in Verb Second Clauses. Ms. University of Stuttgart. Vogel, R. (1998), Polyvalent Verbs. Humboldt-University Berlin Dissertation http://dochost.rz.hu-berlin.de//dissertationen/vogel-ralf-1998-07-13/vogel.pdf Vogel, R. (1999), Case Conflict in Free Relative Constructions. An Optimality Theoretic Treatment. Ms. University of Stuttgart (to appear in: G. Müller and W. Sternefeld (eds.), Competition in Syntax.

Berlin and New York

). Vogel, R. and M. Steinbach (1995), ”On the (Absence of a) Base Position for Dative Objects in German“. In: FAS Working Papers in Linguistics 4,

Berlin

: 99-131. Vogel, R. and M. Steinbach (1998), ”The Dative - A Oblique Case“. In: Linguistische Berichte. Wagner, F. (1977): Untersuchungen zu Reflexivkonstruktionen im Deutschen.

Frankfurt/Main.

Webelhuth, G. (1990), “Diagnostics for Structure.” In: G. Grewendorf and W. Sternefeld (eds.), Scrambling and Barriers.

Amsterdam/Phil

.: 41-76. Weerman, F. (1996), “Asymmetries between Nominative, Accusative, and Dative”, In: Linguistische Berichte: 95-119. Wegener, H. (1985a), Der Dativ im heutigen Deutsch.

Tübingen

. Wegener, H. (1985b), “‘Er bekommt widersprochen’ – Argumente für die Existenz eines Dativpassivs im Deutschen.” In: Linguistische Berichte 96: 127-139. Wegener, H. (1991), “Der Dativ - ein struktureller Kasus?.” In: G. Fanselow and S. W. Felix (eds.), Strukturen und Merkmale syntaktischer Kategorien.

Tübingen

: 70-103. Wilder, C. (1993), “Derivational Economy and the Analysis of V2.” Ms. ASG,

Berlin

. Wilder, C. (1994), “Some Properties of Ellipsis in Coordination.” In: GenGen P 2: 23-61. Wilder, C. (1995), “Rightward Movement as Leftward Deletion.” In: U. Lutz and J. Pafel (eds.), On Extraction and Extraposition in German.

Amsterdam/Phil

.: 273-310. Wunderlich, D. (1985), “Über die Argumente des Verbs.” In: Linguistische Berichte 97: 183-227. Wunderlich, D. (1987), “An Investigation of Lexical Composition: The Case of German be- Verbs.” In: Linguistics 25: 283-331. Wunderlich, D. (1992), Cause and the Structure of Verbs. Arbeitsbericht des SFB 182, Nr. 36. Wunderlich, D. (1993), “Diathesen (Valency Changing).” In: J. Jacobs, A. v. Stechow, W. Sternefeld and T. Vennemann (eds.), Handbuch Syntax, 1. Halbband.

Berlin and New York

: 730-747. Zaenen, A. (1988), Unaccusative Verbs in Dutch and the Syntax-Semantics Interface.

Stanford

. Zeevat, H. (1997), The Common Ground as a Dialogue Parameter.

Ms. Amsterdam

. Zimmermann, I. (1988), “Wohin mit den Affixen.” In: Linguistische Studien A 179: 157-188. Zribin-Hertz, A. (1993), “On Stroik’s Analysis of English Middle Constructions.” In: Linguistic Inquiry 24: 583-589. Zubin, D.A. and K.-M. Köpcke (1985) “Cognitive Constraints on the Order of Subject and Object in German .” In: Studies in Language 9: 77-107. Zwart, J.-W. (1993), Dutch Syntax . Ph. Diss.

University of Groningen

. Zwart, J.-W (1994), “T he Minimalist Program and Germanic Syntax. A Reply to Gärtner and Steinbach.” In: Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 54: 1-41. Zwart, J.-W. (1997), Morphosyntax of Verb Movement.

Dordrecht

. Zwart, J.W. (1998), “Nonargument Middles in Dutch.” In: GAGL 42: 109-128.