The decree No. 191/2004/ND-CP issued on the 18^th of November 2004 regulates the fishery activities of foreign fishing vessels in Vietnam’s Seas (MOFI 2004). And decree No. 27/2005/ND-CP issued on the 8^th of May 2005 regulates and guides the implementation of certain articles in the fisheries law concerning:

• Criteria for the classification of marine protected areas, management and organization

• Financial sources for the rehabilitation of fisheries resources

• Duties of specialized agencies, e.g. broadcasting weather developments, establishing forecasts on fishery resources, providing guidance on fishing techniques

• Allocation and lease of marine areas and land for aquaculture, area quotas, duration of allocation and lease

• Developing wholesale fish market infrastructure, i.e. transaction place, roads, electricity, water supply and drainage system (MOFI 2005b)

The following associations play an important role in representing workers and organizing to improve working conditions in the fishery sector, encouraging fishery development and participating in the fishery sector administration:

• Vietnam’s Fisheries Trade Union, with 67 900 members (FAO 2005)

• Vietnam’s Fisheries Association (VINAFa) is a socio-professional organization established in 1992 on a voluntary basis of people from various economic backgrounds operating in various fisheries organizations such as individual organizations, cooperatives and State-owned enterprises. VINAFIS plays a role in the representation of interests of the government and the fishermen, i.e. the government’s objectives and orientations to promote fisheries development and practical benefits to all its members as well as fishermen communities. (FICen 2005h)

• Vietnam’s Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers (VASEP) is a non-governmental organization founded in 1998 including members from Vietnam’s seafood producers and exporters. Its main role is to promote the development of Vietnam’s seafood industry and to facilitate the export of Vietnam’s seafood products internationally. (VASEP 2001)

• The National Fisheries Inspection and Quality Assurance Centre (NAFIQACEN) established in 1994 focuses on the assurance of quality and hygiene in the whole production chain of seafood products, from capture/aquaculture to handling, processing, transportation, export, import, and distribution in domestic markets.

Further, Vietnam’s fishery sector comprises of several research organizations:

• The Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP) in Hai Phong is the main fisheries research centre in Vietnam. The institute focuses on biological aspects and is engaged in resource monitoring and stock assessment but also conducts research in fishing and processing technology. (FICen 2005c)

• The Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1 (RIA 1) in Bac Ninh employs 103 people. The main tasks are to carry out scientific and technological research in the field of fish seed techniques, culture techniques, fish feed, protection of aquatic resources, fishing, preservation and processing of aquatic products as well as to undertake some basic research on physiology, biochemistry, ecology and genetics of aquatic species. Further tasks are to collect data on environment and aquatic resources for formulating a master plan in aquaculture and related fields and to cooperate with other national and international institutes in the field of fisheries. (FICen 2005e)

• The Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 2 (RIA 2) in Ho Chi Minh City is responsible for research activities on aquaculture development, post harvest technologies and management of environment and inland fisheries resources (FICen 2005f).

• The Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 3 (RIA 3) in Nha Trang City employs 74 people. The main tasks and responsibilities are: Investigating environmental and aquatic resources; Research on aquatic seeds production, aquaculture, fishing, processing, and aquatic resources protection; Applying advanced aquaculture techniques for farmers in the coastal provinces (from Da Nang to Binh Thuan Province) and in the Central Highlands; as well as education, training, technical transfer, and effectuating international co-operation. (FICen 2005g)

• The Institute of Fisheries Economics and Planning (IFEP) in Hanoi compiles statistics as well as sector analyses and employs about 35 people. The Institute is also involved in fisheries management problems and serves as a training centre. (FAO 2005)

• The Mekong River Commission (MRC) takes a special position representing an international cooperation of the member countries Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam. The MRC member countries agree to cooperate in all fields of sustainable development, utilization, management and conservation of the water and related resources of the Mekong River Basin, such as navigation, flood control, fisheries, agriculture, hydropower and environmental protection. The MRC maintains regular dialogue with the two upper states of the Mekong River Basin, China and Myanmar. (MRC 2005)

In addition to the research organizations there are two information and management agencies. These are:

• The Fisheries Information Centre (FICen) in Hanoi manages and implements activities of information services at the ministry level and supplies concrete guidance on professional skills to information departments of all institutions and agencies under the Ministry of Fisheries (FICen 2005d).

• The Fisheries Review represents the voice of the Ministry of Fisheries in Vietnam and is published bi-monthly in Vietnamese (FICen 2005c).

Education and training institutions in the fishery sector can be divided into higher education and vocational schools. All institutions for higher education belong to the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET). However, only the University of Fisheries in Nha Trang is independent, whereby four universities have established faculties or institutes. The most important institutions in higher education are:

• University of Fisheries, Nha Trang City

• HCMC Agricultural and Forestry University, Institute for Aquaculture

• Can Tho University, Institute for Marine Aquaculture

• Hue University, Institute for Forestry and Agricultural Science

• Hanoi Agricultural University, Faculty for Aquaculture

There are three vocational schools that belong to the Ministry of Fisheries. They train technicians and skill workers in: navigation and fishing; processing and preserving of aquatic products; operating and repairing ship diesel engines; operating and repairing refrigerators; building and repairing ships; mechanics, electricity and refrigeration; ship electricity; information of wireless telegraphy on ships; welding of ship hulls; fitting and repairing ships; and fishing crew duties (cf. Fistenet 2005b). The three vocational colleges are:

• Technical Colleges of Fisheries No. 1, Hai Phong

• Technical Colleges of Fisheries No. 2, HCMC

• Technical Colleges of Fisheries No. 4, Tu Son Bach Ninh Province

1:1 Codes: [Local knowledge/biological characteristics]

After this, the fish traps are drawn near the river mouths. Some areas with mangroves are drawn and the electric fishing area is pointed out. The mangrove area is also the spawning ground. Next is the coral area, first the entire coastline that has coral and then the area which has many and beautiful coral. The coral area serves as the breeding ground in the area.

3:1 Codes: [Traditional fish trap]

The traditional traps (Gian) are very different and with the boat you can easily drive through them. The new traps are totally enclosed by a fine mesh, so it is impossible to drive through them.

3:2 Codes: [Collect shells]

Later on the way back the tide was down further and we saw many people using rakes to collect mussels (So long).

3:3 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

On the way we also met a fishermen using electric fishing equipment.

3:4 Codes: [Crab fishing]

There are plenty of fishermen setting and controlling crab nets and traps.

3:5 Codes: [Positive externalities of green mussel culture]

Around Hon Coc is a lot of green mussel culture and the positive side effects cannot be overseen. Big ships cannot pass the area easily because of the many underwater constructions growing the green mussel. A fisherman using a cast net between the wooden polls caught a large number of fish with on cast and many were of rather big size. When purchasing green mussels from one of the farmers there, one could see many small fish schools moving in between the wooden stilts used to support the green mussels.

3:6 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

There are also quite a few sites where one can see replanting efforts of mangroves. However, in some places they look very well and seem to develop well in other places they look weak and are stagnating in growth.

3:7 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

There is a considerable amount of mangroves around the sides of the shrimp ponds and on the seaside of Hon Vung.

3:8 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Nevertheless one can imagine which large numbers of them have been cut to create the large are covered with shrimp ponds.

3:9 Codes: [Sedimentation due to the destruction of mangroves]

The shallow area has been deeper in the past, maybe 2.5 meters, now only about 1.5 meters.

3:10 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Overall the bay seems bustling with people and everybody is pursuing some sort of fishing method using small un-motorized boats. Indeed, we are the only motorized boat on the water for 3 hours.

3:11 Codes: [Positive externalities of fish trap structures]

The area covered with the new fishing traps is not suited for drag net fishing.

3:12 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

Interestingly the old men tell me that drag net fishing is not done anymore in the back of the bay, because the villagers got angry with the violators and forced them out of the area again. Nowadays, they fish only until Hon Thi and not further.

3:13

Big fish like the ca nuoc (dolphin) were plentiful in the past, also in the back of the bay but now can only be found around Hon Thi.

3:14 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

Overall the bay seems bustling with people and everybody is pursuing some sort of fishing method using small un-motorized boats.

4:1 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

The drag net fishing area is drawn and their intrusion into their fishing area. They violate every day.

4:2 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

Only 6 days ago they had some conflict with the drag net fishermen, who came into the area to destroy some No with their boat. Because they usually come at night and also have a big boat the villagers are helpless.

4:3 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

There are about 100 electric fishermen and they go fishing in the same area as the No. They come from various villages.

4:4 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

Drag net fishing comes mainly from xa Vinh Luong and Tan Than, about 10 to 50 boats.

4:5 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

When drag net goes on and the Chi cuc wants to stop them they use radio to inform each other and disappear.

4:6 Codes: [Corruption]

Also if they would catch one and impose the high fee, how can they make some money in the future? There seems to be a high incidence of corruption.

4:7 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

They cannot follow the example of Ha Lien, because the xa leader doesn’t agree.

4:8 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Drag net and electric fishing is the biggest problem.

5:1 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

The area is marked where 2 people got killed, one in 1987 and one in 1992.

6:1 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

Distinguishing the drag net fishing area takes some time, basically because many point out that they fish all of Dam Nha Phu. Later a border is drawn to separate an intensive drag net fishing area and the back of the bay, where they go fishing irregular due to much higher risk of getting punished.

6:2 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

Next are some areas of conflict mainly with people from Ngoc Diem, Le Cam and Ha Lien. One area around two islands looks like having particular interest by both groups, especially for traditional fishing methods.

6:3 Codes: [Local knowledge/biological characteristics]

Everybody confirms that the back of the Bay is the breeding and spawning ground for fish and crab, in DNP.

6:4 Codes: [Illegal drag net fishing destroys the sea floor through dredging]

5 years ago they used to have pearl oyster culture but they stopped culturing, because the conditions were getting unsuitable. The reason was too much turbid water from the drag net fishing boats stirring up the sea floor.

6:5 Codes: [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)] [Trash fish]

After the drawing of the map we have a long discussion over undersized fish and drag net fishing and net sizes. Fishermen mistake illegal fishing practices, i.e. drag net fishing with the possibility to modify the net size in order to reduce by-catch. Fishermen mention that when two boats go fishing, pulling a drag net they catch around 100 of these plastic bags.

6:6 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)] [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level]

They agree if they could stop together using different net sizes they could change something but argue their wives will complain because they do and others don’t.

They also believe it is the job of the Chi cuc to do this.

6:7 Codes: [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

Basically the say that hunger and their basic needs, drive them to go out and fish and that there is no way for them to change this behavior in the future.

6:8 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

An area follows in which people fish for Ca mai, a small fish for export (12 000 VND/kg).

8:1 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

Crab and shrimp fishing goes on everywhere inside the bay and the conflict area therefore is also everywhere.

10:1 Codes: [Local knowledge/biological characteristics]

In the shallow water they find many small mud crabs so they assume that this is the spawning area.

10:2 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

In the shallow water they find many small mud crabs so they assume that this is the spawning area. It is also the electric fishing area.

10:3 Codes: [Illegal fishing/drag net equiped with electric gear]

Violators come from almost every village but Gia nui (drag net with electric fishing equipment) comes from Tan Thanh and Ngoc Diem.

11:1 Codes: [Shrimp fishing]

Shrimp can be caught everywhere but the big ones mainly in the deeper water of the Lagoon.

11:2 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

Electric fishermen come mainly from Hang Doi and Tan Dao but also from the village of Phu Nuu, which lays inlands.

11:3 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

There was a battle in front of Ha lien village between traditional vs. electric fishing.

11:4 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

They went to the court of Khanh Hoa to solve this and after that most electric fishermen in ha lien stopped.

11:5 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

Today there are about 2 families left.

12:1 Codes: [Illegal fishing/drag net equipped with electric gear]

When drawing the electric fishing area, he mentions that there is no electric drag net fishing nowadays any more.

12:2 Codes: [New fish trap]

He thinks the No destroys a lot of the fishery resources, because they are close to the river mouths and this is the spawning ground for most marine resources.

13:1 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

Lung Son fishermen used to come into their fish waters.

13:2 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

Lung Son fishermen used to come into their fish waters and used large dragnets (highly destructive).

13:3 Codes: [Fishing regulations/illegal fishing methods]

Today only small boats are allowed into Nha Phu Bay.

13:4 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

Today only small boats are allowed into Nha Phu Bay some using small drag nets (not allowed).

13:5 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

People from Ninh Ich went to Luong Son and one small boy was killed (fish war) "but since then everybody lives in peace".

13:7 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/Lift net & light]

100 fishermen catch lobster fry (tom hum) - 100 boats.

13:8 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation]

few cultivate green mussel (vem xanh) for their shells

6 000 VND/kg fresh

10 000 VND/kg shells

13:11 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

There are five levels of governance (People’s Committee) but the government from Vietnam recognizes only four.

13:12 Codes: [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level]

The political leader from Ninh Ich (xa-level) is responsible for the “protection of land and sea”.

13:13 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

The People’s Committee elects the village leader from the village People’s Committee at the xa level (Xa=municipality). There is also a People’s Committee at the village level (Thon=village) but it doesn’t elect the village leader.

13:14 Codes: [Government structure/municipality level]

Persons from the xa-level People’s Committee can also be in the thonh-level People’s Committee and vice versa.

13:15 Codes: [Government structure/village level]

Besides the village leader there is also one police officer in each village.

13:16 Codes: [Government structure/district level]

In the district of Ninh Hoa there are 27 village departments. [Huyen > Xa > Thon]

The political leader is elected by the People’s Committee and approved by the districts People’s Committee (Huyen=District).

13:17 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

Tan Thanh lies in the village department of Ninh Ich. The political leader is also in charge of residence affairs (passports, registration,…) On the other hand there is also a People’s Committee president on the xa-level and he is responsible for taxation, land sales,…

13:18 Codes: [Population and households]

1000 inhabitants and 220 households

13:19

"but since then everybody lives in peace"

14:1

"100% of fishermen used to fish with nets, nowadays only 10% do, the rest is into green mussel culture (vem xanh), crab fishing and various aquaculture activities."

14:2 Codes: [Decline of traditional fishing methods/gear net]

"100% of fishermen used to fish with nets, nowadays only 10% do

14:3 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

the rest is into green mussel culture (vem xanh), crab fishing and various aquaculture activities."

14:4 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation] [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster, blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

green mussel culture (vem xanh)

14:5 Codes: [Crab fishing]

crab fishing

14:9 Codes: [Blood cockle fishing] [Decline of coastal fishery resources] [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster,blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

Blood cockle (So huyet) played a role for two years. In 2001, 500 fishermen where fishing for it. It was easy harvested and only two years later stocks had disappeared completely.

14:10 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

The village leader emphasizes the high potential of natural resources in Nha Phu Bay.

14:12 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management] [Public awareness building by individuals]

He has been on Khanh Hoa TV many times and visited Hanoi several times to spread the message that electric fishing and aquaculture activities are destroying the natural resources.

14:13 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Increase of aquaculture activities]

Electric fishing and aquaculture activities are destroying the natural resources.

14:14 Codes: [Fishing regulations/illegal fishing methods]

In Vietnam three common fishing techniques are banned:

1.Explosive fishing

2.Cyanide fishing

3.Electric fishing

14:15 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fines] [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

Today electric fishing is still very common amongst fishermen in Nha Phu Lagoon, although the fine is 2 million VND and all equipment is confiscated.

14:17 Codes: [Fishing regulations/net size]

Also the mesh size of the fishing net is not allowed to be smaller than 1.8 cm (< 1.8 cm).

14:19 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Net size]

The mesh that is used is very fine, so every size is caught.

14:20 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

Electric fishing kills the fish and also the mesh that is used is very fine, so every size is caught.

14:21 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

From 1994 to 1999 there has been a war between Luong Son, Tan Thanh and Tan Thuy, although Luong Son and Tan Thanh have acted together. Two people were killed a small boy and his father, with a stone around his neck. He, the village leader, was going to be arrested, because of pressure on the province government from Luong Son and Tan Thanh. The fishermen supported him and he was left in peace.

14:24 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

Crab:(red crab) 18 000VND/kg

(green crab) - male 40 000 VND/kg, - female 80 000 VND/kg

15:1 Codes: [Population and households]

800 inhabitants and 154 households

15:2 Codes: [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster, blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)] [Shrimp culture]

50 households aquaculture (tom su)

15:3 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

250 small boats fishing with gill net

15:4 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

the rest laborers and trading

15:5

Before 2000 shrimp culture was good

15:6 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

Before 2000 shrimp culture was good, since then many problems.

15:7 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

There have been many complains about excessive drag net use by fishermen from Luong Son. 1998 some concrete pillars were sunk in the bay to destroy dragnets with no effect.

15:8 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

1998 some concrete pillars were sunk in the bay to destroy dragnets with no effect.

15:9 Codes: [Corruption] [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

Enforcement is not working due to corruption.

15:10 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)] [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level]

The initiative was with the help from the HDND in Nha Trang.

15:11 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

There have been many complains about excessive drag net use by fishermen from Luong Son.

16:1 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

“10 years ago there were 100% resources today there are 2% left.”

16:2 Codes: [Population and households]

220 households

16:3 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation] [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development]

- Green mussel (Vem xanh) culture is very common but many poor cannot afford the culturing facilities

- fry 10 000 VND/kg (about 20)

16:4 Codes: [Shrimp fishing]

- land shrimp (Tom dat) can be caught all year around, with about 3 to 5 kg in an average night per person

- 40 000 VND/kg

16:5 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management] [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations] [Public awareness building by individuals]

2002 a group was formed in Ha Lien to fight electric fishing. In one meeting the local fishermen were persuaded about the necessity to ban electric fishing and their awareness was raised.

16:6 Codes: [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level]

A meeting at the People’s Committee in Ninh Ha (Xa) gave them the authority.

16:7 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management] [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

There are about 20 people in the group, called “To bao ve” and they control all of Dam Nha Phu and take away the equipment.

16:8 Codes: [Low entry costs into illegal fishing activities/electric fishing]

The equipment used costs about 500 to 600 000 VND and the voltage used is up to 300 volts.

16:9 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management] [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level] [Public awareness building by individuals]

Today new emphasis lies on replanting of mangroves (cay duoc) and trying to keep people from catching small crabs.

16:10 Codes: [Increasing fishing pressure] [Mud crab culturing] [Mud crab fry catching] [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster, blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

Every size crab is caught today and small ones are ongrown in ponds.

17:1 Codes: [Devolution of land management/ownership] [Increase of aquaculture activities]

In the future there will be 87 ha land to give to the two villages Tan Te and Ha Lien for aquaculture.

18:1 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations] [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

Drag net fishing: mainly in Nha Phu Bay all year around (fish, crab, lobster)

18:2 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Hook and line]

Hook & line: mainly Nha Phu Bay but further out (shark and other big fish)

18:3 Codes: [Diving] [Seasonal fishing techniques]

Diving: 6 months a year, then 20 days a month, he goes all the way to Hon Tre Island for diving, especially in the winter too rough sea conditions so he swaps to gill net fishing.

18:4 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Gill net (Mackerel)]

Gill net: all year around, fishes mainly in the open sea, labor intensive, so he does it, because he has a big family (Ca thu=mackerel)

18:5 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/Lift net & light] [Seasonal fishing techniques]

Lift net: especially with light is used to catch lobster fry

From November to January it is the season to catch Lobster fry and everybody does it.

18:7 Codes: [Income]

Average income about 1 million VND a month!

18:8 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fishing area]

Everybody can fish everywhere in Khanh Hoa Province.

18:9 Codes: [Fishing regulations/license]

For about 50 000 VND a license for neighboring fish waters in the other Provinces can be bought from the government in Nha Trang. It is valid for 3 months.

18:10 Codes: [Government failure to enforce laws and regulations] [Government regulations/Taxation on boats]

There is a tax that has to be paid per boat but so far it has never been collected.

18:11 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

Although using drag nets

18:12 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Increase of aquaculture activities]

Fishermen in Tan Thanh see the major destruction of the fishery resources in Nha Phu Bay caused by the destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development

18:13 Codes: [Local knowledge/biological characteristics] [Local perception of coastal habitats/Mangroves]

They argue that the mangrove where the breeding grounds for the fish and crabs.

18:14 Codes: [Local perception of livelihoods/pessimistic]

Their outlook into the future is very pessimistic.

18:15 Codes: [Government failure to enforce laws and regulations] [Government regulations/Shrimp pond water quality and saftey] [Shrimp pond effluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

They see major threats from untreated shrimp pond effluence entering the bay (some chemicals toxic to fish are used in the shrimp ponds and then drained into the bay).

18:16 Codes: [Lack of alternative income] [Local perception of livelihoods/Poverty has increased]

They feel that poverty will increase, if no alternative income can be developed.

18:17 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

Compulsory shrimp pond effluence treatment

- Mangrove replanting

- Big ship for off shore fishing (needs to be in conjunction with financial support)

- Land allocation (currently they own no land and the only area they had used for lobster culturing, was taken away to develop a tourist resort) suitable for lobster culture

18:18 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Compulsory shrimp pond effluence]

Compulsory shrimp pond effluence treatment

18:19 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Mangrove replanting]

Mangrove replanting

18:20 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

Big ship for off shore fishing (needs to be in conjunction with financial support)

18:21 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Land allocation for aquaculture]

Land allocation (currently they own no land and the only area they had used for lobster culturing, was taken away to develop a tourist resort) suitable for lobster culture

18:22 Codes: [Government failure to enforce laws and regulations] [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

Legislation is not effective, because people are too poor and also the repayment of loans brings them to break the law.

18:23 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fishing area]

Drag net is only allowed in water deeper then 25 meter.

18:24 Codes: [Fishing regulations/net size]

Drag net is only allowed in water deeper then 25 meter and the net size must be bigger then 4 cm.

18:25 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

There has never been anybody to control the fishing nets.

19:1 Codes: [Population and households]

1433 inhabitants in 243 households

19:2 Codes: [Fishermen]

90% Fishermen

19:3 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

5% Traders

19:5 Codes: [New fish trap]

About one month ago a new type of great fish trap was introduced to the area (no dang dey) which covers a large area.

19:6 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

They mostly use gillnets (luoi can) to catch swimming crab and fish.

19:7 Codes: [Crab fishing]

They also use traps for crabs.

19:8 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Net size]

The net used to build the trap is very fine 0.5 mm

19:9 Codes: [Decline of traditional fishing methods/gear net] [Increasing fishing pressure]

Within one month 100 traps were set up despite its negative effects and also it´s huge dimensions blocking passages for boats.

19:10 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations] [Government fails to keep up with new developments]

Within one month 100 traps were set up despite its negative effects and also it´s huge dimensions blocking passages for boats. The xa Ninh Loc and Ninh Ha are watching this new technology carefully and will take some action in the near future with help of the sea police.

19:11

About one month ago a new type of great fish trap was introduced to the area (no dang dey) which covers a large area. The net used to build the trap is very fine 0.5 mm and they catch everything with it. Within one month 100 traps were set up despite its negative effects and also it´s huge dimensions blocking passages for boats. The xa Ninh Loc and Ninh Ha are watching this new technology carefully and will take some action in the near future with help of the sea police. Traps set up in the river mouth will be completely removed and the others will be controlled what mesh size they are using. About 10 boats from newly settled outsiders from Ba Ngoi, (Cam Ranh Bay), Dong Bo and Binh Tri Thien (Hue/Tam Giang Lagoon) have introduced this new technology.

19:12 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fishing area]

Traps set up in the river mouth will be completely removed

19:13 Codes: [Fishing regulations/net size]

and the others will be controlled what mesh size they are using.

19:14 Codes: [New developments brought in by outsiders]

About 10 boats from newly settled outsiders from Ba Ngoi, (Cam Ranh Bay), Dong Bo and Binh Tri Thien (Hue/Tam Giang Lagoon) have introduced this new technology.

19:15 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

The government has started a mangrove replanting program but 1000 newly planted plants died shortly after planting.

19:16 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development] [Social exclusion/marginalisation through village elites]

The powerful persons in Vietnam own land in the whole country, so most of the shrimp ponds across from Tan Thuy belong to outsiders.

19:17 Codes: [Devolution of land management/ownership] [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

The government has passed a new law to allocate land rights in coastal areas but people are not registering.

19:18 Codes: [Devolution of land management/ownership] [Fishing regulations/aquaculture area claims]

Everybody is promised 1000 sqm and there will have to be some tax paid for the land but very low.

19:20 Codes: [No incentives as reasons for the failure of the devolution of land management/ownership]

Reasons people are not responding are: rights may not be guaranteed; people can continue in the common practice; some areas are not very suited and if everybody registers land will be given away without the right to choose, so you might end up with a bad part of land; people don´t want to pay taxes.

19:23 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources] [Increase of aquaculture activities]

In 1000 sqm about 1000 pillars can be set up with green mussel (Vem xanh).

19:24 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development]

Initial investment for one pillar is 20 000 VND. Another 20 000 VND for fry

19:25 Codes: [Income]

Initial investment for one pillar is 20 000 VND. Another 20 000 VND for fry and after 6 months the harvest can be sold for 80 000 VND. The net benefit is 60 000 VND per pillar.

19:26 Codes: [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster, blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

Although some marketing problems were named.

19:27 Codes: [Family remittance] [Income]

5% Rich (35% have relatives in North America)

20:1 Codes: [Fishermen]

70% fishermen

20:2 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

30% traders, aquaculture

20:3 Codes: [Laborer and trading] [Women]

Women do housework, sell fish on the market and prepare nets.

20:4 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Most people use gill nets everyday (Luoi can) to catch small fish.

20:5 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

They are soled on the market of Ninh Ha.

20:6 Codes: [Income]

Maybe 100 boats per night average 5 million VND together.

20:7 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

Dragnets are used by people from Tan Thanh and Luong Son.

20:8 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Increase of aquaculture activities]

95% of all mangroves have been cleared for the construction of shrimp ponds. Shrimp ponds are private land, so there is no incentive to regrow mangrove.

20:9 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

Since 3 years there are many disease problems, so the shrimp production is very low. Many people have failed a third time and are bankrupt now.

20:11 Codes: [Devolution of land management/ownership] [Increase of aquaculture activities] [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster, blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)] [Social exclusion/marginalisation through village elites]

Before the ponds the land was common property but the government encouraged aquaculture and pond building and participants received legal ownership documents.

20:12 Codes: [Local perception of livelihoods/Poverty has increased]

Since 5 years poverty is increasing.

20:13 Codes: [Shrimp pond effluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

- because of effluence from aquaculture

20:14 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

- diseases in shrimp

20:15 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

- decrease in fishery resources

20:16

Since 5 years poverty is increasing:

- because of effluence from aquaculture

- diseases in shrimp

- decrease in fishery resources

20:17 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing] [New developments brought in by outsiders]

12 people in the village use electric fishing. It was introduced 4 years ago.

20:18 Codes: [Illegal fishing/drag net equipped with electric gear]

They fish with poles between two boats affecting a huge area causing a lot of damage and fishing in deep water mainly on the bottom (gie nhui).

20:19 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

Quite a few people got caught.

20:21 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

1. Destroy mangrove

20:22 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

2. Drag net

20:23 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

3. Electric fishing

20:24 Codes: [Population increase as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

4. Population increase

20:25 Codes: [Environmental pollution as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Shrimp pond efluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

5. Environmental pollution

20:26 Codes: [Land ownership vague]

Fish traps are not used, because the sea bottom belongs traditional to other owners from different Xas.

20:27 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

An attempt from Ninh Loc to stop illegal fishing, was turned down by Ninh Hoa.

20:28 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

The request was to provide a fast vessel and in change to stop illegal fishing in one year.

20:29 Codes: [Effects of drag net fishing/Destruction of aquaculture structures]

Dragnets destroy also underwater cages.

20:30 Codes: [Replanting of mangroves difficult due to land scarcity]

Shrimp ponds are private land, so there is no incentive to regrow mangrove.

20:31 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

The less harmful technique is (xung duo) which is used in shallow water an which is quite common.

21:3 Codes: [Land tenure]

Most of the land around him is least from the government for 20 years.

21:4 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

In the past some of the land was used for agriculture but salinisation destroyed the soil and shrimp ponds were built.

21:5 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development] [Social exclusion/marginalisation through village elites]

Former poor farmers who hadn´t have the money for shrimp pond construction re-least their land to people from Ninh Hoa or Nha Trang which invested in shrimp farming.

21:6 Codes: [Polyculture/Crabs and shrimp]

The crabs polycultured with shrimp like low salinity (5-10°) but if it rains too much they will die.

21:7 Codes: [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster,blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

Big crabs are soled to traders and exported to China.

21:8 Codes: [Natural disasters/flooding]

Yearly flooding effects the area and is unpredictable. Shrimps usually are lost do neighbouring ponds and crabs die and are given away for charity.

21:9 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

Major employee in the area is the Hyunday ship building company and a sugar cane processing company.

21:10 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Fishing history]

During the war there was lot´s of forests in the area and many cruelties happened.

21:11 Codes: [Polyculture/Crabs and shrimp]

Crab and shrimp farmer

22:1 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

Shrimp farmer

22:2 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

15 years ago the first ponds were constructed and the mangroves cleared.

22:3 Codes: [Land tenure]

The people became legal owners of the land.

22:4 Codes: [Social exclusion/marginalisation through village elites]

On average one person owns about 1 ha but some people have 20 ha.

22:5 Codes: [Environmental pollution as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

He claims pollution is a major problem in shrimp farming and comes from the Hyunday ship building company and Nha Trang. But he also admits that some pollution comes from the ponds itself.

22:6 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

Maybe small treatment ponds were a solution, if everybody was forced to use them.

23:1 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

Some 500 fishing boats belong to the village (Xa Vinh Luong) with many big trawling boats, worth 350 million VND each (24 000 USD).

23:2 Codes: [Loans and banking]

It takes them about 5 to 7 years to repay government loans.

23:3 Codes: [Income]

The average income per year is about 50 million VND.

23:4 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

They use mainly dragnets in and outside Nha Phu Bay.

23:5 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fishing area]

There is a law that prohibits to enter Nha Phu Bay but some people break the law and go fishing anyhow.

23:6 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

Usually the do offshore fishing trips to fishing grounds about 160 km of the coast. The fishing trip last for about 10 days and they catch everything.

23:7 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

Fish catch is down from 100% 10 years ago to 30%.

23:8 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/Lift net & light] [Seasonal fishing techniques]

In November people go fishing for lobster fry and can make up to 50 million VND a night.

23:9 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Some people own small boats and go fishing with gill nets.

23:10

“Every job in town is related to fishing.”

23:11 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

Their vision is that the government builds a harbor to protect their boats against the rainy season storms and the big waves. Besides that it would ease to load and unload the boats, which takes long time and costs substantial amounts of money. Then they would even invest in bigger boats.

24:1 Codes: [Population and households]

1040 inhabitants and 223 households

- 130 households in fishery

- 93 households in agriculture, trading

24:2 Codes: [Fishermen]

- 130 households in fishery

24:3 Codes: [Agriculture] [Laborer and trading]

- 93 households in agriculture, trading

24:4 Codes: [Agriculture]

Agriculture: Fruit trees (mango, banana, jack fruit, cashews)

24:5 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Fishing: gillnets mostly with small unmotorized boats

24:6 Codes: [Lobster culture]

Aquaculture: lobster

24:7 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources] [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster,blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

20 years ago the fishing was good but there were now markets to sell the fish; today there are less fish but good markets (Factory 17)

24:8 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

There is not enough money to invest in big boats for drag net fishing.

24:9 Codes: [Land ownership vague] [Shrimp hatcheries]

There are 47 shrimp hatcheries in the area and there is some fight on land rights.

24:10 Codes: [No incentives as reasons for the failure of the devolution of land management/ownership]

Next month, the water surface of the surrounding waters will be divide into sectors and titles or rights handed out to single persons doing aquaculture.

24:11

Next month, the water surface of the surrounding waters will be dividen into sectors and titles or rights handed out to single persons doing aquaculture. The area around Cat Loi is almost the only area besides the Hon Mun region, suitable for lobster culture. Besides that the Hon Mun area is protected and lobster culture restricted. For this reason and to assure ship passing channels in the future the UBND of Khanh Hoa Province have taken these steps.

24:12 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

They have the only right to make decisions over water.

24:13 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

For this reason and to assure ship passing channels in the future the UBND of Khanh Hoa Province have taken these steps.

25:1 Codes: [Fishermen]

2 fishermen

25:2 Codes: [Population and households]

There are about 500 households of which 150 are rich.

25:3 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

There was more fish 20 years ago but no industry. Today they can sell at factory 17.

25:5 Codes: [Income] [Population and households]

They have about 1 million VND per month and one and three children.

25:7 Codes: [Laborer and trading] [Women]

There wives repair nets and one buys and sells fishsauce purchased in Nha Trang.

25:9 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

They go all the way to Nha Trang harbor to catch crabs, because there are less nowadays in their own waters.

25:11 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

They blame mainly the excessive dragnet use by fishermen from Tan Thanh and Luong Son.

25:12 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

The boats use radio to contact each other when police boats appear. Then they also go mainly during the night.

25:13 Codes: [Fishing regulations/license] [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

Boats in Luong Son are registered but not any further up the coast, namely Tan Than. That is why they take greater risks, because their boats are hard to identify without number.

25:14 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

Also villagers from Ngoc Diem who have accused people of dragnet fishing where intimidated.

25:15 Codes: [Conflicts between fishermen and authorities] [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

There have been occasions were the dragnet fishermen got help from other big fishing boats and tried to sink the police vessel.

25:16 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

Every night drag net fishing continuous in Nha Phu Bay.

25:17 Codes: [Illegal fishing/drag net equipped with electric gear]

Electric pole fishing has stopped but some other method is used called gia tiep, which is a dragnet equipped with electric fishing.

25:18 Codes: [Land tenure]

They have no access to land.

25:19 Codes: [Agriculture]

Although half of the village works in agriculture culturing fields across the road.

25:20 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Illegal fishing/Net size]

The new traps that were introduced one month ago destroy also fish and crab larvae and eggs that are washed against the netting and construction by waves.

25:21 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation]

There is no market for green mussels so the price is very low.

25:22 Codes: [Environmental pollution as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Shrimp pond efluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Shrimp ponds and Processing Plant “Viet Thang” cause pollution.

25:23 Codes: [Corruption] [Government failure to enforce laws and regulations]

“Corruption stops official police”

25:24 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

Their visions: have police station in Tan Thanh and stop drag net fishing and traps.

25:25 Codes: [Local perception of livelihoods/Lives have improved]

There are about 500 households of which 150 are rich. Definition: nice house and balanced life.

25:26 Codes: [Population and households]

Most have 5 to 7 children.

25:27 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

The fishermen fish usually with gill nets (3-layers) for fish, crabs and shrimp. The length can be up to 2 km.

25:28 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

Nets need to be replaced every three months.

25:29 Codes: [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster, blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

There was more fish 20 years ago but no industry. Today they can sell at factory 17.

26:1 Codes: [No incentives as reasons for the failure of the devolution of land management/ownership]

One admits it’s a good way to go others get very angry, because they fear their water space will be taking away, so obviously they must have bigger spaces today and apparently pay takes for the space they occupy.

26:2 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

The other man points out that the space is already limited and that boat access ways are being blocked through lobster cages.

26:3 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development]

The angry man mentions that some poor people that not have any money to invest will just get more lazy through the money they make from loaning out their spaces.

26:4 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained] [Social exclusion/marginalisation through village elites]

Asking if they are really lazy he admits they have little access to credit, land or water space.

26:5 Codes: [No incentives as reasons for the failure of the devolution of land management/ownership] [Rural development is inequitable]

Lo also thinks it is a bad idea to take away the water area from the people that had enough money to invest and grow.

26:12 Codes: [Bureaucratic hurdle to obtain legal land rights]

The “red paper” that registers your house and gives you legal ownership over the land and would also make credit more available is hard to get.

26:13 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

would also make credit more available is hard to get.

26:15 Codes: [Corruption] [Government regulations/Land ownership]

It is given out for some money and after you have been living on the land for some time. Every decade the government registers houses from the previous one.

26:16 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/coral block]

he lobster fry they catch from the wild, using coral with holes, does not reach their requirements. They have to purchase also.

26:17 Codes: [Low quality of lobster fry caught by light]

Interesting was that they mentioned that lobster fry caught through light fishing has often destroyed eyes and are not hardy and survival rates low.

26:18 Codes: [Women]

2 Ladies

26:19 Codes: [Loans and banking]

Loans available are mainly for a maximum of 3 million VND which is not enough to do any investment.

26:20 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

A minimum of about 12 million VND would be required. Access to credits seems to be the biggest constraint.

26:21 Codes: [Agriculture] [Fishermen] [Lobster culture] [Lobster fry catching/coral block]

The fishermen besides going fishing, culturing lobsters and catching lobster fry in the wild also culture fruit trees.

26:22 Codes: [Government regulations/Land ownership]

I started a big discussion talking about the new coming law to divide the water area for lobster farming.

27:1 Codes: [Women group]

Woman group (56, 88, …)

27:3 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

Additionally she does shrimp farming.

27:4 Codes: [Population and households]

She has 5 kids and she and her husband share the work and their monthly income.

27:5 Codes: [Birth control]

Birth Control:

- Young woman nowadays use a spiral after they had 1 or 2 kids.

- There has been training on this some 10 years ago from a woman from the xa UBND.

27:6 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources] [Increasing fishing pressure]

Resources are reduced, because many people go fishing today. This situation has only occurred in the past 7 to 8 years.

27:7 Codes: [Population increase as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Population increase

27:8 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Also outsiders come in and do electric fishing from Ninh Hoa.

27:9 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

No money to invest in big ships

27:10 Codes: [Lack of alternative income]

Young woman have no jobs.

27:11 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

Sometimes they carry the mud from drained shrimp ponds.

27:12 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

They used to catch 10 times as much nowadays 3 times.

27:13

Sick shrimps released from the ponds might build up the wild population again.

27:14 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

Only 2 people in Le Cam use electric fishing equipment.

27:15 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Most boats are un-motorized; there are only two bigger boats with engines.

27:16 Codes: [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

Charcoal production as alternative but it’s illegal.

27:17 Codes: [Agriculture] [Women]

The 56 year old woman does agriculture like mango, coconut, cashew nut.

Cashew nuts are only 7 000 VND per kg. She has 700 trees but they are young and have only about 1 to 2 kg each.

28:1 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

Shrimp pond owner

28:2 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

He rented the land from the government for 5 years built a shrimp pond and has failed.

28:3 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development]

Now someone else runs the pond.

28:4 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

He works as worker now, for cleaning out drained shrimp ponds or selling shrimp but very seasonal.

28:5 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained] [Loans and banking]

There is a small program from the UBND to give out small credits 3-5 million VND to fight poverty.

28:6 Codes: [Government regulations/Land ownership]

Every family also got 4000 sqm from the government for 20 years. Most created shrimp ponds but some also sold their land straight away, because of lack of waters. (The government loan for 20 years is 4-5 million VND per ha)

28:7 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

Most created shrimp ponds but some also sold their land straight away, because of lack of waters.

29:1 Codes: [Population and households]

There are 316 inhabitants in 61 households.

29:2 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Dragnet use and electric fishing, both from people from Xa Ninh Ich destroys the resources.

29:3 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

During the night from 20:00 until 4:00 there is drag net fishing.

29:4

“Everybody knows everybody, even the boats.”

29:5 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [New fish trap]

The No deng dey trap he claims also to be a problem, because of unselective fishing.

30:1 Codes: [Fishermen]

Village leader and 6 fishermen

30:2 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Everybody uses small unmotorized boats to go fishing.

30:3 Codes: [Agriculture]

One person only does agriculture (mango and cashew nuts) and breeds cows. About 100 seeds make 1 kg and there are about 7 kg per tree.

30:4 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

Charcoal production used to be very common.

30:5 Codes: [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

Now it´s illegal but some people still do.

30:6 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

“Everybody should use small boats to fish Dam Nha Phu.”

30:7 Codes: [Shrimp fishing]

They catch shrimp

30:8 Codes: [Crab fishing]

crabs

30:9 Codes: [Income]

In a good night they can make 100-150 000 VND. The average catch is only about 1/2 kg of shrimp, which sell for around 40-60 000 VND/kg. And they catch an additionally 1 kg of fish (ca liet, ca la, ca doi), which sells for around 5 000 VND/kg.

30:10 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources] [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Since 1995 catches are getting less. Drag net and electric fishing are the main reasons.

30:13 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Shrimp pond construction and the destruction of the mangrove area is another.

30:14 Codes: [Mangroves prevented access to fishing grounds]

Besides being a spawning ground for shrimp, the mangroves also prevented many people from fishing, because there was only limited water access.

30:15 Codes: [Replanting of mangroves difficult due to land scarcity]

Replanting is a problem, because first there is no suitable land left

30:16 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

second the only suitable land people also want to construct shrimp ponds, so they will destroy replanted trees.

30:17 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Net size] [New fish trap]

Last but not least the new trap that came up in Tan Thuy and Ha Lien catches everything, because of the every fine mesh they use (fine as a mosquito net).

30:19 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

If resources were restored possibly there would be some improvement.

30:20 Codes: [Sedimentation due to the destruction of mangroves]

he replanting of mangroves would also stop the sediments from filling up the bay. Years ago Dam Nha Phu was much deeper.

30:21 Codes: [Grouper culture]

Grouper culture (Ca muh) is also very common in the area and usually done in ponds. Almost everybody has some experiment with grouper culture. They are very hardy and have now special requirements on water quality or salinity. Nowadays the price for grouper is very low, only 37 000 VND/kg. They take 8 months from a fingerling to one kilo. They eat only little live fish. But fry is costly and then it takes very long to grow. Having no market for it is the biggest problem. About 2000 grouper can be raised in a 3000 sqm pond.

30:22 Codes: [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster,blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

Grouper culture (Ca muh) is also very common in the area and usually done in ponds. Almost everybody has some experiment with grouper culture. They are very hardy and have now special requirements on water quality or salinity. Nowadays the price for grouper is very low, only 37 000 VND/kg. They take 8 months from a fingerling to one kilo. They eat only little live fish. But fry is costly and then it takes very long to grow. Having no market for it is the biggest problem. About 2000 grouper can be raised in a 3000 sqm pond.

30:23 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

Everybody depends on intermediaries who borrow money and in exchange the catch has to be soled to them for a low price.

30:24

But even if they could sell where they want and to whom they want, they don’t have the time to drive to markets and sell their products. The idea from me to have some traders from the village itself to trade goods on distant markets sounded new to them.

30:25 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

If you want to get some government money you need the “red paper” however most people have it.

30:26 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

If only a fishermen who wants to continue fishing he will get no money but the man doing agriculture got a 10 million VND loan to breed cows.

30:27 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

3 cm is the law for net sizes, he would advise bigger sizes in the future.

30:28

“Population increase, fishing techniques get better, and the resources decrease.”

30:29 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

Plus having no market.

31:1 Codes: [Women]

3 ladies

31:2 Codes: [Crab fishing] [Shrimp fishing] [Traditional gill net fishing]

Most people use gillnet for fishing shrimp and crabs

31:5 Codes: [Population and households]

There are about 5 children average per family.

31:6 Codes: [Birth control]

Nowadays many choose to only have 2 children and use contraceptives like sterilization and the spiral.

31:7 Codes: [Out-migration respectively in-migration due to lack of alternative income]

There is some out-migration to Ninh Loc and other areas.

31:8 Codes: [Agriculture]

Some people do agriculture.

31:9 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

Fishing is getting worse.

31:10 Codes: [Increasing fishing pressure] [Population increase as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Nowadays more people go fishing, before maybe 10%, now 50% of the population.

31:11 Codes: [Fishing as last resort]

Education is low so young people choose to go fishing.

31:12 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

10 years ago there were many mangroves but they were cleared for shrimp pond construction.

31:13 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

20 girls (all older) go working in the processing company in Nha Trang for 500 000 VND per month.

31:14 Codes: [Income]

The average income from fishing is about 30 000 VND per day. (600 000 VND/month) Every 3 months they need a new net for about 300 000 VND.

31:15 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

They use small un-motorized boats to go fishing.

31:16 Codes: [Loans and banking]

The poverty reduction program from the government gives out loans worth 3 million VND at an interest rate of 0.5% but to pay back in one year.

31:17 Codes: [Loans and banking]

The bank gives loans worth 5 million VND with 1.0% interest with the same payback period.

31:18 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation]

Vem xanh sell for about 5 000 VND/kg.

31:19 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

Few people go electric fishing.

31:21 Codes: [Mud crab culturing]

Some people now raise mud crabs.

31:22 Codes: [Grouper culture] [Poor marketing and distribution channels]

Few people tried ca muh in ponds and invested 30 million but only made 10 million, because of poor growth and the low market price.

31:23 Codes: [Poor marketing and distribution channels]

One person tried to sell vem xanh in restaurants in Nha Trang but many restaurants have sellers already and it´s very difficult.

31:24 Codes: [Access to higher education restricted]

There is only a primary school in the area until grade 9. A high school is in Ninh Hoa or Nha Trang.

32:1 Codes: [Loans and banking]

The government is encouraging people to buy bonds. They run 5 years and have an annual interest rate of 8.5%.

32:4 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation] [Positive externalities of green mussel culture]

They believe because of the Vem xanh that filters the water.

32:5 Codes: [Sedimentation due to the destruction of mangroves]

Since the mangrove is cut all the water from the river can enter freely into the bay and bring in sediments.

32:6 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

The breeding grounds are destroyed.

32:7 Codes: [Positive externalities of green mussel culture]

The pillars used to culture Green mussels also serve as hiding place for shrimp and fish.

32:8

This year 80% of the shrimp ponds were successful and the other 20% were balanced. They believe because of the vem xanh that filters the water.

32:9 Codes: [Positive externalities of green mussel culture]

They can catch shrimp and fish around the pillars but nowhere else.

32:10 Codes: [Positive externalities of green mussel culture]

Also the pillars serve as barrier against drag nets.

32:11 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

About 7 years ago the government sunk old tyres filled with concrete to stop drag nets but it failed.

32:12

“They wasted a lot of money.”

32:13 Codes: [Income]

Every day one can harvest 10 kilos to take to the market and receive some 40-60 000 VND.

32:14

Before fishing was an unbalanced occupation and dangerous.

32:15 Codes: [Devolution of land management/ownership]

At the moment everybody can freely choose the culture area but has to ask the UBND for permission.

32:16 Codes: [Fishing regulations/aquaculture area claims]

100 m of free space has to be left for boat traffic.

32:17 Codes: [Devolution of land management/ownership]

In the future the UBND wants to give everybody 500 sqm.

32:18 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation]

Currently 300 sqm are enough to make a living. They put 8 pillars per sqm and because of that need not to buy fry. The green mussel settles naturally on the pillars. /Ngoc Diem, Tan Dao, Tan Thuy raise most of the green mussel in the area) The best quality comes from Tan Dao, because of the right salinity.

32:19 Codes: [New fish trap]

Nowadays there are 5 to 7 new traps in the area (No dang day). The small net they use blocks up quickly and needs cleaning every week. It attracts shrimp tom dat and ca liet, which are the main catch.

32:20 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Net size]

The small net they use blocks up quickly and needs cleaning every week.

32:21 Codes: [Positive externalities of fish trap structures]

The good thing about the trap is that it prevents drag nets from fishing.

32:22 Codes: [Income]

They can catch 500 000 VND per night. Easy job.

32:23 Codes: [Decline of traditional fishing methods/gear net] [New fish trap]

About 40 to 50 people in Tan Thuy have this trap.

33:1 Codes: [Population and households]

1240 inhabitants and 225 households

33:2 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

80 households have shrimp ponds,

33:3 Codes: [Fishermen]

the rest goes fishing

33:4 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [New fish trap]

No dang day is the biggest problem according to the village leader. It catches everything and in every size.

33:5 Codes: [Decline of traditional fishing methods/gear net]

Giang the traditional trap is more selective and doesn’t pose any threat.

33:6 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

Besides catching a lot of fish the trap also stops boat traffic and there have been incidents of traps being destroyed by angry fishermen from Tam Ich.

33:7 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Drag net and electric fishing also poses a problem.

33:8 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Especially electric fishing is bad, because it kills fish but worse also larvae and eggs in the water.

33:9 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations] [Public awareness building by individuals]

In Tam Ich there are no illegal fishing methods being used, because he the village leader forbids strictly.

33:10

“Illegal fishing only benefits one family but destroys the living of 10 others.”

33:11 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Most shrimp ponds were built around 1985. The area where they were built used to lie above the water level and was covered with Cay duoc (mangrove) and Cay mam. All of the original forest cover was cleared for pond construction.

33:12 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

He owns 5 ponds each about 1 ha big.

33:13 Codes: [Income]

He makes about 30 million VND profit per pond.

33:14 Codes: [Mud crab culturing]

At the moment he raises Cua (mud crab), which he buys for 2 000 VND each. He has 4000 crab fry in one 13 000 sqm pond. It takes about three months to raise.

33:15 Codes: [Income]

He rents out some of his ponds for 6 million VND annually per pond (used to be 10 million VND).

33:16 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

From approximately 100 ha of mangrove today there is about 3 ha left, mainly along side of shrimp pond drainage canals.

33:17 Codes: [Government structure/municipality level]

He has about 2 to 5 meetings at the UBND in xa Ninh Loc every week.

33:18 Codes: [Government regulation/Taxation on shrimp ponds]

Tax: under 2 ha pond surface, no tax. Every additional ha must pay 300 000 VND per year (Classification 1). In Dam Nha Phu there is only 2, 3 and 4 classification.

34:1 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

5 Shrimp farmers

34:2 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

In the last two years 80-90% of people have failed.

34:3 Codes: [Land tenure]

Everybody in the area is legal owner of the land and has the “red paper”.

34:4 Codes: [Mud crab culturing]

Mud crabs only make 10 million VND per ha.

34:5 Codes: [New developments brought in by outsiders]

The new variety of shrimp (White shrimp) is disease resistant but fry is more expensive (100 VND instead 40 VND/shrimp) and the market price is less (60000 VND/kg). Also it is not native to Vietnam so it might cause problems in the future.

34:6

“The people only look for the profit before their eyes.”

34:7 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

here are about 40 ponds in this area between the two rivers. A season usually covers 4 months and there are two seasons per year.

35:1 Codes: [Fishermen]

3 fishermen

35:2

“In the future the resources will be destroyed further.”

35:3 Codes: [Increasing fishing pressure]

Before 1975 only few people went fishing, today many.

35:4 Codes: [Sedimentation due to the destruction of mangroves]

The water used to be more than 2 meters deep; today it’s only about 0.7 meters deep.

35:5 Codes: [Sedimentation due to the destruction of mangroves]

Two reasons: forests destroyed inlands and therefore more erosions and second the mangroves are gone that hold the sediment back.

35:6 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Most of the mangroves have been cut nowadays.

35:7 Codes: [Shrimp pond effluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

The medicine and chemicals from the shrimp ponds kill fish and crabs.

35:8 Codes: [Environmental pollution as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Lot’s of plastic bags litter the environment; even on the sea floor one can see many plastic bags today.

35:9 Codes: [Lack of alternative income]

Going fishing still makes more money then anything else.

35:10

Vem xanh used to be 20 000 VND/kg today only 6 000 VND/kg.

35:11 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

fishing with 3-layer gillnet to catch shrimp, crab and fish. Fishing takes place according to the tides. About 20 km are covered per fishing trip, with small un-motorized boats.

35:12 Codes: [Lack of alternative income]

New species introduction for aquaculture or mariculture might be good in benefiting the people and creating alternative incomes.

35:13 Codes: [Poor marketing and distribution channels]

Vem xanh used to be 20 000 VND/kg today only 6 000 VND/kg.

35:14 Codes: [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster, blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)] [Poor marketing and distribution channels]

Maybe one person can be trusted to develop and search for new markets. But they say they couldn’t trust anyone. Saigon is maybe too far for green mussels, because they can only be stored for 2 to 3 days. Also many people dislike green mussel. Green mussel noodles as marketing idea.

35:15 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

But he claims no money, no investor

35:16 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

and anyhow they seem very dependent on the government to change anything.

35:17 Codes: [Replanting of mangroves difficult due to land scarcity]

All the land is owned already so there is no land for mangrove replanting, unless the government buys back land.

35:18 Codes: [Increasing fishing pressure]

No future for fishing on Dam Nha Phu, because more and more people go fishing.

35:19 Codes: [Fishing as last resort] [Lack of alternative income]

Alternative income is necessary before controlling the number of fishermen that go fishing.

35:20 Codes: [Population increase as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Population increase worsens the problem.

35:21

“The government needs to provide alternative jobs.”

35:22 Codes: [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

Even they know the law they have to catch small fish to make enough money to feed their families.

35:23 Codes: [Shrimp pond effluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Ca doi and Ca la have some infection on the skin, which he claims comes from the chemicals used in the shrimp ponds.

35:24

“From about 10 fish caught near the ponds 8 have skin problems.”

35:25 Codes: [Shrimp pond effluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Chlor, Saponin and Focmon effect fish. They even see dead fish. When shrimp farmers use medicine they often release that water about 2 to 4 hours later and refill the ponds with fresh water.

35:26 Codes: [Shrimp pond effluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Can not sell in the market.

36:1 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

About 100 smaller boats (value: 150 million VND) are in this village. They all go drag net fishing but can’t go out far as the bigger drag net fishing boats that fish off the coast. That means that 100 boats only go fishing inside Dam Nha Phu.

36:2 Codes: [Corruption] [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

They also get caught sometimes but mainly the police don’t care.

36:3 Codes: [Lack of alternative income]

There is also no alternative income for them.

36:4 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

They would perhaps need bigger boats to also go fishing off the coast.

36:5 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

One man has changed profession and now drives a mini bus between Luong Son and Saigon.

36:6 Codes: [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

He mentioned that it’s impossible to stop this people from continuing to go fishing in Dam Nha Phu, because they have no alternative and they will just continue.

37:1 Codes: [Population and households]

2751 inhabitants and 453 households (1530 female/1062 male)

37:2 Codes: [Agriculture]

70% agriculture, traders (sugarcane, mango, pineapple, corn, cashew)

37:3 Codes: [Fishermen]

30 fishermen

37:4 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

There are 50 big boats in Vo Tanh that go fishing with drag nets off shore.

37:5 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

there are 30 smaller boats which can not leave the bay.

37:6 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fishing area]

He says that they fish between the village and the end of the peninsula but even this area is prohibited for drag net use.

37:7 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

The police has not enough staff at the police station and they need a faster boat to work effective.

37:8 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

The police has not enough staff at the police station and they need a faster boat to work effective.

38:1 Codes: [Population and households]

4212 inhabitants and 798 households

- 273 agriculture and traders

- 250 fishing

38:2 Codes: [Agriculture]

- 273 agriculture and traders

38:3 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

- 273 agriculture and traders

38:4 Codes: [Fishermen]

- 250 fishing

38:5 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

About 50 households use 70 large boats, between 45-210 cv.

38:6 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

The other 200 households use small boats, between 12-20 cv and go fishing with gill nets.

38:7 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

5 households do aquaculture (shrimp ponds) only little land is available for this.

38:8 Codes: [Shrimp hatcheries]

There are about 30 to 40 shrimp hatcheries that belong to villagers.

38:9

Two to three years ago there was drag net fishing in DNP but it was stopped. (The village leader sounds honest about this.)

38:10 Codes: [Land ownership vague]

Since about one year there is the discussion about the division of the water surface for aquaculture but with no result.

38:11 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net] [Traditional gill net fishing]

The small boats go fishing in Dam Nha Phu and the bigger ones off shore.

39:1 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

We are able to talk to Mr. Tham of the Don Bien Phong. They have control over all the boats in Dam Nha Phu.

39:2 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

He will be happy to invite us again and even take us on his boat when we come back with some letter of introduction from the Bo Chi Huy Bien Phong in 9 Le Thanh Ton in Nha Trang.

40:1 Codes: [Women]

- 9 market woman:

- 3 buy in Luong Son

- 2 buy in Ninh Hoa

- 1 buy in Ha Lien

- 1 buy from the harbor Xom Bong (Nha Trang)

- 2 buy from the fish market CU Lao (Nha Trang)

40:2 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

- 3 buy in Luong Son

- 2 buy in Ninh Hoa

- 1 buy in Ha Lien

- 1 buy from the harbor Xom Bong (Nha Trang)

- 2 buy from the fish market CU Lao (Nha Trang)

40:3 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

Mostly they buy directly from the fishermen

40:4 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

Only one very old woman buys from a middleman.

40:5 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

Quantities range from 10 to 100 kg of fish.

40:6 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

Most fish are caught by drag net.

40:7 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Hook and line]

some tuna by hook and line

40:8 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Gill net (Mackerel)]

and gill net

40:9 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

Fish Varieties

ca thu lontuna fish (be dang)30-40 000 VND/kg

ca comlong-jawed anchovy15-20 000 VND/kg

muccuttlefish30 000 VND/kg

muc nang25 000 VND/kg

ca thumackerel30-35 000 VND/kg

ca ngutunny (horse mackerel)

ca liet15 000 VND/kg

ca hoc20 000 VND/kg

ca chimbutterfish15 000 VND/kg

ca ho(long fish)15 000 VND/kg

tom sublack tiger shrimp40-50 000 VND/kg

tom datland shrimp30 000 VND/kg

41:1 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

He has 3 big boats and only goes fishing outside the bay to catch fish.

41:2 Codes: [Fishing regulations/boat size] [Fishing regulations/fishing area]

He also mentions that there is a law that forbids fishing in DNP.

41:3 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

10 years ago many shrimp and big fish in DNP.

41:4 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

Today few fish

41:5 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

He used to catch Ca heo (porpoise or dolphin; Kleiner Tümmler oder Schweinswal Phocoena phocoena), there used to be many in the bay and he caught 1 or 2 a night.

41:6 Codes: [Income]

One fish was worth 500-700 000 VND.

41:7 Codes: [Increasing fishing pressure]

There are 600 boats together in xa Vinh Luong. 10 years ago he had only a small boat but today he has 3.

41:8 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

“Dam Nha Phu made me rich.”

41:9 Codes: [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

Drag net fishing is illegal nowadays but secretly many go fishing anyhow. Especially poor people depend on this.

41:10 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

If the law is enforced it needs to be accompanied with some government measures, e.g. bigger boats.

41:11 Codes: [Increasing fishing pressure]

But maybe then too many fishermen are exploiting the resources off shore.

41:12 Codes: [Lack of alternative income]

So maybe alternative jobs.

41:13 Codes: [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster, blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)] [Rural development is inequitable]

The prosperty of the people here is because of their proximity to Nha Trang.

41:14 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

The future looks bright, they will use bigger boats and go further.

41:15 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

Poor people can´t get credits.

41:16 Codes: [Government structure/district level]

Since 10 years he is a member of the Hoi Dong Nhan Dan (HDND) in Xa Vinh Luong.

41:17 Codes: [Social exclusion/marginalisation through village elites]

The HDND has 24 members and 1 president.

41:18 Codes: [Government structure/district level]

The HDND controls the members of the UBND. He represents the fishermen.

41:19 Codes: [New developments brought in by outsiders]

The EU (Chau Au) has just invited for a training course in environmental fishing practices (asking it turned out to be more about handling of the catch!) at the Fishery Department in Nha Trang.

42:1 Codes: [Women]

Vanh Dang: 8 woman

42:2 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

The woman repair drag nets for other people and also make new ones if they have the time.

42:3 Codes: [Income]

They get 50 000 VND per day per woman. 4 woman are working on one drag net. Net repairs maybe make 20 000 VND a day. A new dragnet sells for about 1 million VND.

42:4 Codes: [Population and households] [Shrimp culture]

- 1 husband works as shrimp pond farmer (2kids)

42:5 Codes: [Laborer and trading] [Population and households]

- 1 husband works on a fisher boat (1 kid)

42:6 Codes: [Laborer and trading] [Population and households]

- 1 husband works as a mechanic at a garage in Nha Trang (1 kid)

42:7 Codes: [Birth control]

- 1 husband works as shrimp pond farmer (2 kids)

- 1 husband works on a fisher boat (1 kid)

- 1 husband works as a mechanic at a garage in Nha Trang (1 kid)

- not married

- Few kids!

42:8

“More children make poor.”

42:9 Codes: [Environmental pollution as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

The woman whose husband farms shrimps, says shrimp farming is bad, because the water is polluted from the factories.

43:1 Codes: [Diving]

He goes diving for big lobsters.

43:2 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/coral block]

other techniques to catch small lobsters and sometimes groupers.

43:3 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

The main season lasts from Nov.-May.

43:4 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

The rest of the year he does some wood-work and also helps his wife in the shop.

44:1 Codes: [Fishermen]

I fishermen

44:2 Codes: [Population and households]

amily (10 household members)

44:3 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

The father and his oldest son go fishing using a small boat (11 m & 90 million VND) and a small drag net. The fishing trips vary between 1 to 4-5 days depending on the weather and money for gasoline. But even the one day trips go outside the bay to Hon Cha La Island. The mainly catch Ca liet, Ca ho, Ca thoc, Ca dong, Muc ong and Muc nang.

44:4 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

The mother, sometimes assisted by her daughter, sells the fish to traders at the beach, mainly from Nha Trang.

44:5 Codes: [Government regulations/Taxation on fish sales]

They have to pay 5 000 VND per day to the xa (tax) possibly some port handling fee.

44:6 Codes: [Local perception of livelihoods/pessimistic] [Local perception of livelihoods/Poverty has increased]

She considers her life poor, even 5 or 10 years ago there was no change compared with today.

44:7 Codes: [Access to higher education restricted]

2 children go to high school in Nha Trang. Altogether she has 8 children, between 3 and 25 years old. The daughter helps building nets.

44:8 Codes: [Loans and banking]

She got a credit for 50 million VND from the bank. Every month she repays about 1 to 2 million.

44:9 Codes: [Fishing regulations/illegal fishing methods]

The don´t go fishing inside the bay, because if the police catch them they have to pay 4-5 million VND.

44:10

“Other boats go fishing inside the bay, because if the sea is rough they can´t go outside the bay.”

44:11 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net] [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

In the village they only use drag nets, no other net type is used. The size of the drag net varies according to the size of the boat.

44:12 Codes: [Lack of alternative income]

There is little job opportunities in the village.

44:13

“I hate people that use dynamite or cyanide for fishing.”

44:14 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

Many people go to work in Nha Trang.

44:15 Codes: [Devolution of land management/ownership]

The house and land belong to them.

44:16 Codes: [Out-migration respectively in-migration due to lack of alternative income]

There is some in migration from Phu Yen Province.

45:1 Codes: [Government structure/district level]

It controls the UBND on the xa level.

45:2 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

In General: the HDND (Hoi Dong Nhan Dan) or peoples´council makes the law and the UBND enforces it.

45:3 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

UBND Agriculture and Fishery Department

45:4 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

Government Structure (Fishery)

National:Bo Thuy San, Ministry of Fisheries (Mofi)

Cuc Bao ve Nguon loi Thuy San

Province:So Thuy San, Fisheries Department

Chi Cuc BVNLTS, Fisheries Resources Conservation Department

District:UBND, Peopel's Council

46:1 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

Institute of Oceanography

46:2 Codes: [Polyculture/Crabs and shrimp]

Polyculture of shrimp and lobster together with green mussel to reduce pollution.

47:1 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/coral block]

They catch lobster fry in drilled corals hanging from wooden constructions in the sea.

47:2 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

The main season lasts from November to February.

47:3 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

They catch about 1 small lobster per day on average. There are about 200 to 300 fishermen like them in the bay. They sell the fry to middleman who re-sell to the fishermen who farm the lobster to a bigger size. They just make enough money to live.

47:4 Codes: [Income]

Maybe 500-700 000 VND per month.

47:5 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

One lobster sells for about 60-130 000 VND depending on the market.

47:6 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

They have to few lobsters to sell to other fishermen, so middlemen are the buyers.

47:7 Codes: [Low quality of lobster fry caught by light]

The middlemen mix their good lobsters with the weaker ones caught by strong light fishing.

47:8 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

Their construction covers about 40 sqm and is enough to live of. Material cost is about 1,5-2 million VND and together with labor costs totals around about 3 million VND.

47:9 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

Overall catches have stayed stable

47:10 Codes: [Low quality of lobster fry caught by light]

but there is a strong competition, because fishermen catch lobster fry with strong light and also sell on the same market. Those cost 10 000 VND less.

47:11 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

In the future they rather have big boats and go off-shore fishing.

47:12 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Land allocation for aquaculture]

the other alternative they favor is to grow out lobster on there own.

47:13 Codes: [Agriculture]

Some families, wives also do agriculture and make about 30-40 000 VND per day like that. This applies for two of the six fishermen. So there income is more stable.

47:14 Codes: [Income] [Seasonal fishing techniques]

The others makes the main money in the short four month season and earn maybe 8-9 million VND.

47:15 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/coral block]

6 lobster fry fishermen from Van Dang (meet at the road side)

48:1 Codes: [Lobster culture]

There are about 100 lobster farmers in the area.

48:2 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

They catch or purchase lobster juveniles with about 2 cm (70 000 VND) and ongrow them to 10 cm (140-150 000 VND).

48:3

Then they sell them to lobster farmers from Cam Ranh and Van Ninh. They do this, because the area is not suitable for lobster fattening, because of the many rivers entering Dam Nha Phu and reducing its salinity. Lobster fattening takes 18 months.

48:4 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

The only season when lobsters can be cultured in the area is from November to February (4 months). The rest of the time they repair equipment and have leisure time.

48:5 Codes: [Local perception of livelihoods/Lives have improved]

The lobster nursing has improved lives a lot.

48:6 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

Many people have jobs now related to the lobster culturing.

48:7 Codes: [Social structures are eroding (local competition and envy)]

10 years ago everybody was poor but they had strong social ties.

48:8 Codes: [Local perception of livelihoods/Lives have improved] [Social structures are eroding (local competition and envy)]

The lobster culture has the advantage that it makes the people richer but the disadvantage that social structures between people are disappearing more and more.

48:9

“People are no longer working together.”

48:10

“People hate each other for high income and possessions.”

48:11 Codes: [Social structures are eroding (local competition and envy)]

Only people culturing close to each other might care and look after each other but people further away they don’t care about any more.

49:1 Codes: [Babylon snail culture]

He mentions that Babylon snail (Oc huong) is more profitable than lobster rearing. Currently 6 families culture Babylon, 140 000 VND/kg.

49:2 Codes: [Grouper culture]

One family cultures ca muh (grouper) for 80 000 VND/kg.

50:1 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

3 are shrimp farmers

50:2 Codes: [Fishermen]

1 is fishermen (shrimp and crabs with light)

50:3 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

Most of the ponds were constructed around 1980, although for example the shrimp pond from the village leader has been around for much longer, before 1975.

50:4 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

There were about 200 to 250 ha of mangroves before, in which they went fishing.

50:5 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

The fishermen are catching less nowadays.

50:6 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Electric fishing, which started about 3 to 4 years ago, has destroyed a lot of resources.

50:7 Codes: [New fish trap]

Since 3 months there is the new fishing trap, which catches everything, even the eggs of fish.

50:8 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

Mostly people from Than Thuy, Tan Dao and Ngoc Diem engage in this methods, electric fishing and traps.

50:9 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

The drag net fishing is another problem, which has been around for a long time.

50:10 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

Especially drag net and electric fishing are done at night and they stop their activity when police approaches.

50:11 Codes: [Government fails to keep up with new developments]

But the trap catches 24/7.

50:12

“These three fishing methods make the fishery resources rare.”

50:13 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

They just got an announcement from the Chi cuc to solve the “trap problem”.

50:14 Codes: [Positive externalities of fish trap structures]

Looking at catch rates doesn’t allow accurate comparison. The problem is that before the traps were constructed, drag net and electric fishing was common, now only the traps remain.

50:15 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Net size]

The traps catches also the eggs, because its fine netting quickly clogs up and so catches even smallest objects.

50:16 Codes: [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level]

Responsible on the commune level is the president from the UBND from xa Ninh Loc, Mr. …, Mr. Nguyen … …from the Bi thu and the vice Bi thu, Mr. Phan …. …….

50:17

“I could have a strong voice and talk to the Chi cuc and the So Thuy san, as well as to the commune levels authority named above.”

51:1 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/coral block]

At the moment the village is very busy and everyone is trying to catch lobsters however possible.

51:2 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

The 4 month season lasts from 20. October to March and it will be very difficult to find some time for resource mapping. In this time the fishing activity nearly stops completely, because of the significant higher income from lobster fry fishing.

51:3 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/Lift net & light]

The main method is through using a manh. This fishing technique is made up by a triangular shaped net, which is anchored to the ground and at two ends is lifted to the surface by buoys. On this end a strong light is used to attract the small lobsters and after some time the other end of the net is lifted from the bottom and the lobsters trapped.

51:4 Codes: [Low quality of lobster fry caught by light]

The lobsters caught this way seem to be less healthy, because they suffer some damage from the strong light they use.

51:5

“They know about this and don’t care, because they are not the ones raising them.”

51:6 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

The price is also just insignificant lower than if they were caught in coral holes, only 5-7 000 VND cheaper.

51:7

“Tan Than is the strongest fishing village in Dam Nha Phu and in Huyen Ninh Hoa.” “Xa Vinh Luong is stronger in off-shore fishing.”

52:1 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources] [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

In 1997 green mussel was wiped out completely and then was reestablished by RIA 3.

52:2 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation]

He only cultures green mussel and sells about 20 to 30 kg a day for about 7-8 000 VND/kg.

52:3 Codes: [Increasing fishing pressure] [New fish trap]

In about two months, 100 traps were built by villagers in Tan Thuy.

52:4 Codes: [Income]

About 70-200 000 VND can be made by trap per day.

52:5 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

The construction costs are about 3 million VND.

52:6 Codes: [New fish trap]

Rich and poor people equally engage in the trap fishing.

52:7 Codes: [Crab fishing]

Most people in Tan Thuy go fishing for crabs and catch about 4 to 10 kg of crabs each. About 100 fishermen catch 400 to 500 kg of mud crabs daily.

52:8 Codes: [Population and households]

There are 250 households in Tan Thuy of which 50 are doing trading and 200 are involved in fishing.

52:9 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

50 are doing trading

52:10 Codes: [Fishermen]

200 are involved in fishing.

52:11 Codes: [Fishing as last resort]

On average one person per household goes fishing.

52:12 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

Big crabs are about 30-40 000 VND/kg the smaller ones are used for lobster feed.

52:13 Codes: [New fish trap]

The NO is a good technique to catch the Land shrimp but also needs a lot of labor to clean the net weekly.

52:14 Codes: [New fish trap]

In the No one can catch about 4 kg of Land shrimp daily.

53:1 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation]

He also cultures green mussel

53:2 Codes: [New fish trap]

but also owns two No. The trap catches mainly Land shrimp (2 kg/day), a few fish (Ca bong, Ca son/together 40) of which he throws back the small ones and keeps the bigger ones for his family. He catches no small crabs every now and then he catches a big one. He also doesn’t see any small eggs or larvae being caught.

53:3 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Net size]

The only illegal thing is mainly the use of the small net size of 4 mm compared to the legal 1.8 cm.

53:4 Codes: [Public awareness building by individuals]

He is willing to do some research work and also he has sent some letters to the Chi cuc and So Thuy san to justify the use of the No.

53:5 Codes: [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level]

He had people visiting him from the Chi cuc and RIA 3 and look at his trap and his catch.

53:6

He also doesn’t see any small eggs or larvae being caught.

He had people visiting him from the Chi cuc and RIA 3 and look at his trap and his catch. He doesn’t think it’s anything bad and harms the environment or resources. He is willing to do some research work and also he has sent some letters to the Chi cuc and So Thuy san to justify the use of the No. The only illegal thing is mainly the use of the small net size of 4 mm compared to the legal 1.8 cm.

53:7 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

Anyhow, the number of No is decreasing again, because many people don’t have the money to pay for the maintenance costs. After 3 months the wooden polls need to be exchanged. Even he has only 1 trap left, because he makes too little money to pay for the maintenance cost.

53:8 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fishing area] [Government fails to keep up with new developments]

He thinks the ones in the waterways will be destroyed soon, because they cause problems for the boat traffic,

53:9

Some are set up in areas where they catch only little, so don’t pay off after all. He thinks the number will stabilize itself.

Other reasons is that the crab fishermen are making more money then the tray fishermen nowadays, because former crab fishermen now use the No so they don’t go catch crabs any more, so the other fishermen catch more crabs.

53:10 Codes: [Positive externalities of fish trap structures]

Also the fishermen using cast nets catch a lot of fish that hide and live close to the wooden pools of the trap.

53:11 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

About 10 people in Tan Thuy go electric fishing. He thinks electric fishing is the most serious problem, much bigger then the No, because it kills eggs and larvae when used.

53:12 Codes: [Social structures are eroding (local competition and envy)] [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

There is some conflict within the village, because they disagree with electric fishing.

53:13 Codes: [Income]

The electric fishermen can make 80-100 000 VND per day, which is the main reason they engage in it.

53:14 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management] [Low entry costs into illegal fishing activities/electric fishing]

They are becoming nervous because enforcement is getting stronger and they don’t just take away the equipment (400 000 VND) but also the boat (1 million VND).

53:15 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

And when they meet other fishermen those will start arguing and fighting with the electric fishermen.

53:16 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

Electric fishing only works in water which isn’t deeper than the chest and so fish according to the tides.

54:1 Codes: [Fishermen] [Income]

The fishermen catches crab, shrimp and fish, about 2 kg per day, worth 30-40 000 VND. The small fish he keeps for his family.

54:2 Codes: [Fishing regulations/net size]

He uses small nets with the requested net diameter of 1,8 cm, which last for one year.

54:3 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

The nets are only set for about 1 to 1.5 hours. He uses a small rowing boat for one person. The area he fishes is about 1 square kilometer.

54:4 Codes: [Collect shells]

His wife and son go and collect shells during low tide during her free time she repairs the nets.

54:5 Codes: [Lack of alternative income]

They have no other income.

54:6 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

The shell they collect is used as lobster feed and called Phi. They can collect about 5-6 kg daily and then sell to a middleman who buys all the shells for 3 500 VND/kg. He also sells all his crabs to a middlemen.

54:7 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

Prices range from 70 000 VND to 20 000 VND/kg.

54:8 Codes: [Population and households]

He has three kids and was borne in Ha Lien (50).

54:9 Codes: [Local perception of livelihoods/Lives have improved]

The life is getting better, income raises and kids go to school nowadays.

54:10 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Increase of aquaculture activities]

There used to be about 40 ha of mangroves but they destroyed all to construct the shrimp ponds 20 years ago.

54:11 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

The fishery resources have been destroyed by 60-70% in the last 30 years.

54:12 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

He used to be able to catch enough to feed a 10 head family easily but now he has trouble feeding his.

54:13 Codes: [Local perception of coastal habitats/Mangroves] [Seasonal fishing techniques]

When a storm came they could always continue to fish in the mangroves, because it was sheltered, now they have to wait.

54:14 Codes: [Destruction of mangroves for shrimp pond development as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

The main reason for the decrease of the fishery is the destruction of mangroves.

54:15

“Replanting would be very important to restore the environment for many generations later.”

54:16 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Mangrove replanting] [Local perception of coastal habitats/Mangroves]

He says any replanting effort would be good, because the mangrove create a good environment for fish.

54:17 Codes: [Replanting of mangroves difficult due to lack of knowledge and organization]

They would like to replant mangroves together but they lack organization and knowledge.

54:18 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Mangrove replanting]

He replanted a small area himself and produced about 1000 trees.

54:19 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

One year ago there was a lot of electric fishing, now it has almost disappeared completely. They now have the right to punish anyone and stopped many people like this. Violators come mainly from Le Cam (Xa Ninh Phu).

54:20 Codes: [Local perception of coastal habitats/Mangroves]

The main breeding area are the mangroves, they are vital for the fish population.

54:21 Codes: [Replanting of mangroves difficult due to land scarcity]

There is only 1-2 ha left which are suitable for replanting.

54:22 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Mangrove replanting]

Most of the shrimp pond owners here have replanted mangroves to protect the banks of their ponds from wind and waves.

54:23 Codes: [New fish trap]

The No doesn´t effect the fishers resources, its only a hindrance, because its in the way of the fishing boats. They are badly marked, so at high tide its difficult to see the construction and avoid bumping into it.

55:1 Codes: [Income] [Traditional gill net fishing]

He catches shrimp (Black Tiger) and fish (Ca doi - mullet, Ca la) 1 kg per day for about 40 000 VND.

55:2 Codes: [Collect shells]

If flood they collect shells.

55:3 Codes: [Fishing regulations/illegal fishing methods]

He never done electric fishing, because the Chi cuc forbids. (Chi cuc in Luong Son)

55:4 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

If they hear of electric fishing going on they go there as a group and take away the equipment. The fishery group (TO bao ve) in Ha Lien is very special in this area and even has been on KTV. There are 19 group members and two leaders that go out to punish people doing electric fishing.

55:5 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level] [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

There has been some fighting when they take away the equipment from the electric fishermen.

55:6 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

They formed the group, because electric fishing went out of control when it was first introduced to the area some years ago.

55:7 Codes: [Decline of traditional fishing methods/gear net]

From the 200 households in Ha Lien about 50 engaged in electric fishing at that time.

55:8 Codes: [Social structures are eroding (local competition and envy)] [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

There was a strong social conflict within the village between the electric fishermen and the traditional. The village leader could not move freely in the village anymore, because there were disputes everywhere and between many families.

55:9 Codes: [Public awareness building by individuals]

The biggest success was to solve this conflict and now they work closely together again.

55:10 Codes: [Local organization and decision-making]

The final decision to establish the group was made by all of the villagers and that is the reason for the success of it.

55:11 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

All the fishermen around Dam Nha Phu have to know about the fishery and put back the small ones and also apply the right fishing methods.

55:12 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

They need to keep the environment clean.

55:13

“The net size also needs to be right, so it catches the fish with the right size. Now they use any technique to catch fish of any size.”

55:14 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)] [Social structures are eroding (local competition and envy)]

The shrimp farmer farm at different times so that if they have problems with diseases, they release the water and other take it to freshly fill their ponds.

55:15 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

They should all start farming at the same time.

55:16 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

There have even been some meetings on this issue and some agreement but the owners decide differently when they start farming.

55:17

They formed the group, because electric fishing went out of control when it was first introduced to the area some years ago. From the 200 households in Ha Lien about 50 engaged in electric fishing at that time. There was a strong social conflict within the village between the electric fishermen and the traditional. The village leader could not move freely in the village anymore, because there were disputes everywhere and between many families.

The biggest success was to solve this conflict and now they work closely together again.

The final decision to establish the group was made by all of the villagers and that is the reason for the success of it.

All the fishermen around Dam Nha Phu have to know about the fishery and put back the small ones and also apply the right fishing methods. They need to keep the environment clean.

“The net size also needs to be right, so it catches the fish with the right size. Now they use any technique to catch fish of any size.”

The shrimp farmer farm at different times so that if they have problems with diseases, they release the water and other take it to freshly fill their ponds. They should all start farming at the same time. There have even been some meetings on this issue and some agreement but the owners decide differently when they start farming.

56:1 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

He goes electric fishing since 2 to 3 years.

56:2 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

Before he went fishing for crabs but decided to change, because he can make about 20 000 VND more per day with electric fishing.

56:3

He catches mainly land shrimp; black tiger shrimp jump out of the water when using electric fishing equipment and escape the net. In his opinion the electricity only stun fish for a short time but doesn’t kill them. He catches some baby fish (1-2 cm) about 40-50, which he sells and they are used to feed ducks or pigs.

56:4 Codes: [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)]

He catches some baby fish (1-2 cm) about 40-50, which he sells and they are used to feed ducks or pigs.

56:5 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Net size]

The net he uses has a mesh size of about 4mm.

56:6 Codes: [Social structures are eroding (local competition and envy)] [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

The relationship with the neighbor is not good, because they disagree with electric fishing. For this reason he goes mainly fishing at night.

56:7 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

Also he only goes fishing about 3 to 4 months of the year to supplement his usually crab fishing efforts.

56:8 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

His wife works as a middleman buying and selling fish on the market.

56:9 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

He also works as a construction worker sometimes building houses when the fishing season is bad.

56:10 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

He catches about 2-3 kg of land shrimp and sells them for about 10 000 VND/kg.

56:11 Codes: [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)]

The reason for the low price is the small size of the shrimp he catches, about 2-3 cm.

56:12 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

If he would be catching shells he would spend 8 hours working but using electric fishing methods he only works for 4 hours. In his free time he stays at home and does house work, while his wife is selling fish.

56:13 Codes: [Animal husbandry as alternative income]

He would like to raise chicken or ducks instead.

56:14

He goes electric fishing since 2 to 3 years. Before he went fishing for crabs but decided to change, because he can make about 20 000 VND more per day with electric fishing. He catches mainly Land shrimp; Black Tiger shrimp jump out of the water when using electric fishing equipment and escape the net. In his opinion the electricity only stun fish for a short time but doesn’t kill them. He catches some baby fish (1-2 cm) about 40-50, which he sells and they are used to feed ducks or pigs.

The net he uses has a mesh size of about 4mm.

The relationship with the neighbor is not good, because they disagree with electric fishing. For this reason he goes mainly fishing at night. Also he only goes fishing about 3 to 4 months of the year to supplement his usually crab fishing efforts. His wife works as a middleman buying and selling fish on the market. He also works as a construction worker sometimes building houses when the fishing season is bad. He catches about 2-3 kg of land shrimp and sells them for about 10 000 VND/kg. The reason for the low price is the small size of the shrimp he catches, about 2-3 cm. The ones caught by No are bigger. If the tide is high he sometimes catches double the amount named above.

If he would be catching shells he would spend 8 hours working but using electric fishing methods he only works for 4 hours. In his free time he stays at home and does house work, while his wife is selling fish.

He would like to stop electric fishing, because he is 40 now and doesn’t want to stand in the water anymore. He would like to raise chicken or ducks instead. According to him the UBND leader Mr. … doesn’t do his job well. They meet once a year to talk about the electric fishing problem but don’t act. There is even a program to give out credit to the fishermen who stop but none of this has been implemented.

Since 7 years electric fishing is going on but the fishery resource have not really decreased in this time (Land shrimp). He thinks it is really no problem and the small shrimp would die anyhow very soon, if he doesn’t catch them.

56:15 Codes: [Discontent over authorities]

According to him the UBND leader Mr. … doesn’t do his job well.

56:16 Codes: [Insufficient implementation of policies and resolutions]

There is even a program to give out credit to the fishermen who stop but none of this has been implemented.

56:17 Codes: [Insufficient implementation of policies and resolutions]

They meet once a year to talk about the electric fishing problem but don’t act

56:18 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

Since 7 years electric fishing is going on but the fishery resource have not really decreased in this time (land shrimp).

56:19 Codes: [Local perception of electric fishing]

He thinks it is really no problem and the small shrimp would die anyhow very soon, if he doesn’t catch them.

57:1 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

Chi cuc Bao ve Nguon loi Thuy san

Fishery Resources Conversation Department

57:2 Codes: [Government restocking efforts show no effect]

The Chi cuc restocks 1 million Black Tiger shrimp yearly.

57:3 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)] [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level]

It’s the same story I heard from fishermen where they were making jokes about the fish feeding they do with the shrimp fry, because they release in deep water area.

57:4

The story about the vem xanh and how it was wipped out completely due to over fishing and reestablished by RIA 3 could also be a nice example for my thesis.

57:5 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

He would like to change the drag net and electric fishing careers of people through funding.

57:6 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fines]

The fine for illegal drag net fishing is between 2 to 5 million VND.

57:7 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

In recent years drag net fishing has declined.

57:8 Codes: [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level]

The xa leader is responsible for the enforcement of fishing laws. The next responsible person is the leader of the UBND on huyen level. If the fine for illegal fishing activities exceeds 500 000 VND the xa leader has to report to the huyen level and it is not his responsibility anymore.

57:9 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fines] [Government failure to enforce laws and regulations]

If the fine for illegal fishing activities exceeds 500 000 VND the xa leader has to report to the huyen level and it is not his responsibility anymore.

57:10 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

There is a small branch of the Chi cuc in Tan Than, Xa Ninh Ich run by Mr. Nguyen … …, who will soon be replaced by Mr. …..

58:1 Codes: [Government structure/district level]

They work together with the Chi cuc to catch fishermen using drag net in Dam Nha Phu.

58:2 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fishing area] [Illegal fishing/Drag net] [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

The drag net fishermen go fishing off-shore but if the weather is bad they go fishing in the bay, which is strictly forbidden.

58:3 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

This happens especially in the winter season.

58:4 Codes: [Conflicts between fishermen and authorities] [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

They had some conflicts with fishermen, because they didn´t want to give up their catch nor their gear.

58:5 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

They also don´t understand why it is illegal.

58:6 Codes: [Conflicts between fishermen and authorities] [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations] [Increasing participation and awareness building between the government and the public]

5 years ago the conflict was very strong, now its decreasing, because they talk a lot to the fishermen and inform them about their illegal action.

58:7 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

The government also encourages aquaculture.

58:8 Codes: [Loans and banking] [Women]

There are women credit groups (Qui cua hoi phu nu…) in each village that hand out small credits to households. There are also credits available from the bank for 20 million VND.

58:9 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fines]

The maximum fine for drag net fishing is 20 million VND but it was never imposed.

58:10 Codes: [Increasing participation and awareness building between the government and the public] [Insufficient implementation of policies and resolutions]

In general he talks to drag net fishermen, if he sees them the first time and informs them of their illegal action.

58:11 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

Only the second time he will punish them.

58:12 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

So far there have been only few fishermen he has caught twice. This year 4 cases and he has confiscated 5-8 nets.

58:13 Codes: [Corruption]

The action he takes depends on how poor they are.

58:14 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations] [Insufficient implementation of policies and resolutions]

He writes down the number of the boat and the people from Tan Thanh who don’t have numbers, he all knows by heart.

58:15 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Some of the smaller boats also use other fishing techniques besides drag net.

58:16 Codes: [Income] [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

The drag net fishermen can make maybe 200 000 VND a day but have lots of expenses; if they catch lobster they can make the same money.

58:17 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Illegal fishing/Net size]

They use small net sizes, so catch everything

58:18 Codes: [Illegal drag net fishing destroys the sea floor through dredging]

It scrapes the sea bed and destroys the Tao (Algae)

58:19 Codes: [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)]

They catch very small fish, only 25% are of big size, the other 75% are very small and used as animal feed.

58:20 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Increasing fishing pressure]

They effect the fishery in DNP strongly, because they catch a lot

58:21 Codes: [Fishing regulations/illegal fishing methods]

In the spawning season drag net can be illegal by special government decisions.

- Key role is played by the Chi cuc in Tan Thanh

58:22

“If illegal fishing can be controlled it will increase the fishery in DNP again.”

58:23

The enforcement also depends a lot on the financial resources they have. He would never impose the maximum fine of 20 million VND and drive people against the wall.

58:24 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

He would never impose the maximum fine of 20 million VND and drive people against the wall.

58:25 Codes: [Corruption]

The enforcement also depends a lot on the financial resources they have.

59:1 Codes: [Lobster culture]

From August to November the Giang River brings lots of fresh water, which changes the salinity in the bay. They have tried to culture lobster but they grow slowly and at the end they are much lighter than lobsters grown elsewhere.

59:2 Codes: [Low quality of lobster fry caught by light]

Mixing lobster seed is a big problem and the survival rate of the ones caught by light is very low, maybe 6 from 10 die.

59:3 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

There are only 3 middlemen and nothing can be changed.

59:4 Codes: [Culture and values] [Poor marketing and distribution channels]

The idea of a quality lobster fry from Cat Loi, which sells for a higher price, cannot be realized, because they say Vietnamese are very deceitful. It is the Asian culture to not trust each other.

60:1 Codes: [Farmer group] [Government structure/village level]

He is member of the farmers group (Hoi nong dan), which is the most powerful group in the villages. It exists on every level: Thon, Xa, Huyen, T.P., Tinh. The other groups have to report to the farmers group or ask for assistance in problem solving.

60:2 Codes: [Women group]

The next powerful is the women group.

60:3 Codes: [Fishery group]

The fishery group (Chi hoi nghe ca) is like a branch of the farmers group. The head of the fishery group in Xa Vinh Luong is Mr. …... They share experience, e.g. how to feed lobster.

61:1 Codes: [Fishermen] [Population and households]

55% of the people in Xa Vinh Luong depend on fishing.

61:2 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations] [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

They cannot enforce strictly, because many lives are so poor

61:3 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

They cannot enforce strictly, because many lives are so poor and they cannot borrow any money from the bank.

61:4 Codes: [Population and households]

All together there are 31 poor families (what a joke!) in Xa Vinh Luong.

61:5 Codes: [Rural development is inequitable]

They are working together closer with Bien Phong and Chi cuc to solve the problem.

61:6 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities]

He thinks there should be more aquaculture.

61:7

"We can’t enforce strictly, because it will drive poor people against the wall."

61:8 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

50% of the labor force finds jobs at the 6 big companies in VL. People from Nha Trang supply the rest of the jobs, because they need skilled workers.

61:9 Codes: [Culture and values]

The drag net fishing has been around for 100 years, it takes long to change the habits.

61:10 Codes: [Animal husbandry as alternative income] [Farmer group] [Women group]

The most important project at the moment is to lend some money through the farmers/woman group to change the job to farming or trading.

61:11 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

As I understand the money that is handed out is very little.

61:12 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

And of course the incentive to change the job is low.

61:13 Codes: [New developments brought in by outsiders] [Tourism as future markets]

In the future, 2010 a huge tourist resort will be constructed on Dam Nha Phu, covering 200 ha. It will lie on the peninsula of Xa Vinh Luong. He thinks there will be great changes in fishing because of this but also he admits maybe not.

61:14

Things can only changed slowly step by step, from generation to generation. Confiscating gear doesn’t solve the problem it has no long-term effect. Education is the right method!

62:1 Codes: [Fishery group]

The fishery group exchanges ideas amongst the group members. They advice the small boat owners to change to a bigger boat but firstly it is hard to get credit from the bank and secondly the government also doesn’t want to buy any small boats anymore.

62:2 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

They advice the small boat owners to change to a bigger boat but firstly it is hard to get credit from the bank and secondly the government also doesn’t want to buy any small boats anymore.

62:3 Codes: [Fishing regulations formulated by fishermen/village level]

The government should give money for bigger boats and the Chi cuc should allow bigger engines.

62:4 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

100 use standard nets

62:5 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

200 small boats go fishing in DNP. 100 use standard nets, the other go drag net fishing

62:6 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

General the gill net fishing is more strenuous and less economic; 10 days fishing = 1 day drag net fishing.

62:7 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

These 100 boats go fishing, because they don’t have to worry about the Bien Phong or Chi cuc, as the do legal fishing.

62:8 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

There is some conflict between gill net fishing and drag net fishing, i.e. between Xa Vinh Luong and the other Xa on DNP for a long time, especially between the village leaders, because they take the stand of their fishermen.

62:9

“Generally the knowledge of fishermen is really low and they just go fishing in DNP without thinking.”

62:10

“If you want to try to understand something, try to change it.”

63:1 Codes: [Population and households]

- 650 households and 3398 inhabitants

- 200 households are in fishing

- 300 households engage in trading, small businesses and services

- 150 households are farmers

63:2 Codes: [Fishermen]

- 200 households are in fishing

63:3 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

- 300 households engage in trading, small businesses and services

63:4 Codes: [Agriculture]

- 150 households are farmers

63:5 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

The main occupation amongst fishers is drag net fishing (60 big boats) and

63:6 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

- 140 small boats with engine go gill net fishing

63:7 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Hook and line]

- fishing with hook and line

63:8 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/Lift net & light]

- light fishing for lobster fry.

64:1 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

Drag net fishermen and family: His main fishing area is around Hon Ca La, it takes him 1 hour to get there.

64:2 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

He catches 70 kg of fish per trip and about 2-3 kg of shrimp. 50 kg are trash fish, because of their small size and are used for shrimp and lobster feed (3 000 VND/kg). Only the small rest is for human consumption.

64:3 Codes: [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)] [Trash fish]

50 kg are trash fish, because of their small size and are used for shrimp and lobster feed (3 000 VND/kg).

64:4 Codes: [Fishing history] [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

He goes drag net fishing since 40 years. Drag net fishing has been around for 70 years.

64:5 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

They catch 50% less than before, since 5 years.

64:6 Codes: [Weather changes as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

- Reasons: 1. Weather

64:7 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources] [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)]

- 2. Drag net use, because it catches small and big fish alike.

64:8

“He says they can’t grow up any more and can’t lay eggs.”

64:9 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

Depending on the weather they catch more or less.

64:10

“He says the fishing resources will decrease further to zero and then he will have to change the job.”

64:11 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

There are 300 big boats

64:12 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

100 small boats in xa Vinh Luong. All the small boats go drag net fishing in DNP. You need about 30 HP to pull a drag net. About 100-150 of the small boats have that.

65:1 Codes: [Fishermen]

6-7 fishermen at the beach

65:2

“All the boats have drag nets here.”

65:3 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

They have too small boats to go outside the bay (100 boats). They all go fishing in Dam Nha Phu.

65:4 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

They maybe make 150 000 VND a night but spend 110 000 VND on gas and oil.

65:5 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

They don’t dare to go in the bay past Hon Cu Lao (monkey island), because of villagers from Ngoc Diem and Tan Dao and the Chi cuc.

65:6 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fines]

One man was just caught by the Chi cuc and fined 1 million VND. It is the second time in a row for him.

65:7 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

It is difficult to make 1 million a month; they need to borrow money from middleman.

65:8 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations] [Government fails to keep up with new developments]

The Chi cuc comes about every 10 days from the port in Nha Trang to control fishing activities. The boats warn each other using radio. “Every boat has radio onboard.” Usually the Chi cuc comes at night between 11 and 3 P:M.

65:9

“Every boat has radio onboard.”

65:10 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

They mostly have conflicts with Ngoc Diem and fear the rage of the people there.

65:11 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

They would like to have money from the government to run bigger boats. They believe the fishery resources offshore is immense.

65:12 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Aquaculture development]

As another alternative they see culturing lobster or Babylon snail.

65:13 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

They maybe make 150 000 VND a night

65:14 Codes: [Fishing history] [Fishing regulations/fishing area]

In 1998 the law was introduced that prohibits drag net fishing inside Nha Phu Lagoon.

65:15 Codes: [Increasing participation and awareness building between the government and the public]

When caught the Chi cuc gives them advise to change to another job but they don’t specify.

65:16 Codes: [Access to higher education restricted] [Local perception of livelihoods/pessimistic]

He sees only little future for the children.

65:17 Codes: [Boat sales difficult (government program stoped) reorganization of the fishery sector impeded]

He tries to sell his boat, just like all of the other small boats are on sale but nobody wants to buy it.

65:18 Codes: [Local perception of livelihoods/Poverty has increased]

Since this law was introduced they have become poorer and poorer.

65:19 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

What needs to be done: 1. Buy boats

65:20 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Create alternative incomes]

2. Provide small jobs

65:21 Codes: [Fishermen]

- 50% are fisher

65:22 Codes: [Agriculture]

- 50% are farmers in Vo Thanh.

65:23 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fishing area] [Fishing regulations/illegal fishing methods]

Drag net fishing is forbidden nation wide and in every lagoon.

65:24 Codes: [Boat sales difficult (government program stopped) reorganization of the fishery sector impeded]

That also means that it is hard to sell their boat anywhere, because he thinks everywhere they go drag net fishing and try to change to bigger boats. It is also risky to sell the boat, driving somewhere and maybe not finding a buyer.

65:25 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development] [Increase of aquaculture activities] [Local INRM approaches/Aquaculture development]

If he could sell his boat he would take the money and invest in lobster culture on the other side of the bay, basically where there is still some of the best coral left! He would keep back some money to supply his family for the period in which he has no income yet.

66:1 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

2 drag net fishermen

66:2 Codes: [Shrimp pond effluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Insecticides and shrimp medicine kill fish and one reason for the degradation of resources.

66:3 Codes: [Environmental pollution as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Every time it rains the insecticides from the fields are washed into the bay.

66:4 Codes: [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)]

Drag net catches many undersized fish.

66:5 Codes: [Boat sales difficult (government program stopped) reorganization of the fishery sector impeded] [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

If fishery resources should be restored all the small boats will have to be destroyed, compensating them and giving them big boats so they can go off shore fishing.

66:6 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources] [Local perception of livelihoods/Lives have improved]

He owns 1 boat and his son another three, 200 million VND each. Over the last 20 years he has made so much money through fishing that he has been able to buy a bigger boat every 5 years.

66:7 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources] [Increasing fishing pressure]

Now the resources are degraded and with his 4 boats it will take him 5 years to be able to buy a bigger boat. (Increased effort per unit catch)

66:8 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

He goes fishing in about 200 to 300 m depth of water.

66:9 Codes: [Loans and banking]

The Agriculture Bank, Dung De gives credits from 50 to 150 million VND.

Also the Foreign Trade Bank hands out credits.

67:1 Codes: [Loans and banking]

BIDV Bank of Investment and Development in Vietnam

67:2 Codes: [Fishing history] [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

He himself comes from Van Dang and remembers Dam Nha Phu as a very rich bay about 20 years ago. They also only used small rowing boats at that time in xa Vinh Luong. When he went swimming he would see many crabs and fish.

67:3 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

They also only used small rowing boats at that time in xa Vinh Luong.

67:4 Codes: [Loans and banking]

If someone has 1 billion VND worth of property, they will allow a 500 million VND loan. The maximum duration of the loan is 5 years. The interest rate is 0.85% per month.

67:6 Codes: [Bureaucratic hurdle to obtain legal land rights]

Usually you will need the “red paper” So Do to apply for credit. To get the So Do you need to go to your UBND at the xa and then get in contact with the So Dia Chinh (Department of Land).

67:7 Codes: [Loans and banking]

They have fishermen that have credits at their bank.

68:1 Codes: [Loans and banking]

Agribank

80% of your capital asset value can be borrowed, if you have So Do.

If I have a boat for 100 million VND but no So Do they will loan me 50%.

68:3 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained] [Loans and banking]

Without any assets it is possible to get a credit up to 20 million VND, for max. 5 years and at 1.1% interest/month. But they will check my business plan very thoroughly especially for the repayment time or the capital recovery rate.

68:4 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained] [Bureaucratic hurdle to obtain legal land rights] [Loans and banking]

But without So Do I have to:

1. Lived in Khanh Hoa for a long time

2. Have a good business idea, a plan and low risk

3. Have property, preferred with So Do

68:5 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained] [Farmer group]

The farmers group can also borrow money easily but only up to 10 million VND.

69:1 Codes: [Devolution of land management/ownership]

About 90% of the households have a So Do.

69:2 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

Their neighbor has a So Do and wants to borrow money but can’t. After all he doesn’t have any investment plan but needs the money for food and his family.

69:3 Codes: [Access to credit is constrained]

Another one has borrowed 8 million repayed and wants to borrow another 10 million but until today his credit hasn’t been approved.

69:4 Codes: [Fishing as last resort] [Local perception of livelihoods/pessimistic]

Offshore fishing has no future many fishermen are unsuccessful and poor… no they are unsuccessful, because they are young and inexperienced.

69:5 Codes: [Fishing history]

Offshore fishing has no future many fishermen are unsuccessful and poor… no they are unsuccessful, because they are young and inexperienced. The other ones catch a lot of fish.

69:6 Codes: [Fishing regulations/net size]

If the 1.8cm ban would be imposed they will loose their job.

69:7 Codes: [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

The richest people in Luong Son are offshore fishermen.

69:8 Codes: [Loans and banking]

Nobody helps with business plans!

70:1 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fines]

They have been caught 3 times by the Chi cuc and have paid 12 million VND fine altogether (fine = 4 million VND).

70:2 Codes: [Boat sales difficult (government program stopped) reorganization of the fishery sector impeded]

She has tried to sell their boat to the government but unsuccessful.

70:3 Codes: [Loans and banking] [Off shore fishing/Drag net]

They borrowed 50 million VND at the bank and had 50 million themselves to build a bigger boat to go off shore fishing but unsuccessful.

70:4

They don’t have their own labor force (family) to run the boat and still had the smaller boat. The man decided to go fishing with the small boat like before and turned over the bigger boat to a friend. This “friend” ran the boat very bad and because it was not theirs they didn’t care much about how much they caught or not. After some time they soled the big boat off and ended up in depth.

70:5 Codes: [Fishing regulations/illegal fishing methods]

The man has been chased many times by the chi cuc. Once he abandoned his boat and took his family and fled to the mountain but they took his boat. Another time he was beaten with a stick.

70:6 Codes: [Fishing regulations/fishing area]

He was caught one time when he was fishing the border of the restricted area, his favorite fishing area and although it is a buffer zone the Chi cuc also fined him.

70:7 Codes: [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

The man has been chased many times by the chi cuc. Once he abandoned his boat and took his family and fled to the mountain but they took his boat. Another time he was beaten with a stick. He was caught one time when he was fishing the border of the restricted area, his favorite fishing area and although it is a buffer zone the Chi cuc also fined him.

70:8 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

His boat is worth maybe 50 million VND.

70:9 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Off shore fishing development]

He thinks it would be best if the government bought all small boats. He would buy a bigger boat and go offshore fishing, maybe consider lobster culture.

70:10 Codes: [Lobster culture]

There is an area across from Luong Son designated for lobster culture for people from xa Vinh Luong. There are about 100 people there.

70:11

“A boat for offshore fishing costs minimum 200 million VND.”

70:12 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Drag net]

He goes fishing mainly between the two capes.

70:13 Codes: [Illegal drag net fishing destroys the sea floor through dredging] [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

“The maintenance cost are quite high, because the drag net often gets damaged on the coral.”

70:14 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

He catches mainly Ca du, which are about 5 cm big. Other fish are Ca bong, Ca son (Goby, Cardinal), Ca muh (Grouper), Ca chim (Butterfish), Tom su (Black Tiger shrimp), Tom yam, Tom tith and crabs.

Crabs grow very fast in this area.

70:15 Codes: [High potential of coastal fishery resources]

”Even the fishing pressure is very high and the fishery resources have declined, Dam Nha Phu still maintains a large fishery.”

70:16 Codes: [Loans and banking]

Credits from the bank have to be repayed on a quarterly basis, which is too much for them.

70:17 Codes: [Shrimp hatcheries]

Somebody is carrying a bag with two very big Black Tiger shrimps (broodstock) along the beach. They are soled to the hatcheries and they can get between 5 and 10 million VND for one!

70:18 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales] [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

A drag net catch is landed. It is worth 300 000 VND. Fishing time was about 4-5 hours, probably offshore.

70:19 Codes: [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)] [Market structures/Fish sales] [Trash fish]

There are 10 plastic bags, each 3-4 kg and they contain the trash fish. Mostly undersized crabs, shrimp and fish. One bag is 9 000 VND.

70:20 Codes: [Trash fish]

I buy one bag and try to count half of the bag:

- Tom thich: 200

- Other shrimp: 200

- Crabs: 250

- Fish: 15 (eels, puff fish, flounders,…)

I estimate 1200 undersized crabs, shrimp and fish per plastic bag and this when counting careless! (added 08.09. 2004: bigger drag nets fished with two boats catch around 100 of these plastic bags)

70:21 Codes: [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)]

I estimate 1200 undersized crabs, shrimp and fish per plastic bag and this when counting careless!

71:1 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

They use small boats (not capable of pulling a drag net) and small boats but the same as in Vo Thanh and Luong Son. But they use small nets to catch fish, shrimp and crabs. They catch mainly Ca mai, Ca trich (Herring) and many types of shrimp.

The main fishing area is mainly between the cape Ke Ga and the lobster culture area from Xa Vinh Luong.

71:2 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

Todays catches are only 40% of what they caught 5 years ago.

71:3 Codes: [Increasing fishing pressure]

One main reason is that today more people go fishing then than before.

71:4 Codes: [Fishing offers high income (drag net)] [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

Fishing also makes more money than alternative jobs.

71:5 Codes: [Fishing offers high income (drag net)]

Going fishing they can make more money than from agriculture, sometimes they can make 1 million VND a day.

71:6 Codes: [Culture and values]

They inherit their jobs from their parents.

71:7 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

Also they only go 3 hours of fishing a day.

71:8 Codes: [Fishing regulations/illegal fishing methods] [Traditional gill net fishing]

In Van Dang most people with small boats use a gill net (luoi mai with 1-layer and luoi cuoc with 3-layers), because they don´t want to be caught by the Chi cuc. They prefer going fishing everywhere they choose with a good feeling.

71:9 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

Maybe in the other villages they don´t want to change their jobs (drag net) to traditional fishing, because they would make little or less money.

71:10 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

He goes fishing every day and makes about 80 000 VND/day. They usually set 20 to 25 nets, each over 0.6 km long and 2 m wide. They are set for 20 minutes and then hauled back in.

Interestingly these gill nets are not known in Vo Thanh and Luong Son. In Van Dang about 40 to 50 people use them.

72:1 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

They say the biggest problem is the drag net fishing and the electric fishing.

72:2 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation] [Lobster fry catching/coral block]

They culture Green mussel and catch lobster fry in the same construction. The poles are used to culture Green mussel and in between they hang drilled coral blocks.

72:3 Codes: [Grouper culture]

There are also 4-5 families culturing Grouper.

72:4 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

Middlemen own most small boats and the fishermen who use them have to sell their catch to them. The catch (shrimp and crabs) is then brought to Nha Trang; they believe it ends up in Factory 17. Most fishermen are dependent on the middlemen here.

72:5 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

We meet a fisherman who just comes back from fishing. He was out for 6 hours and has caught crab and shrimp worth 45 000 VND, which he sells to the middlemen. He also keeps back a small portion of the catch, mainly fish and some shrimp. These he sells for another 30-40 000 VND, so he totals 80 000 VND a day.

72:6 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

He was out for 6 hours and has caught crab and shrimp worth 45 000 VND, which he sells to the middlemen. He also keeps back a small portion of the catch, mainly fish and some shrimp. These he sells for another 30-40 000 VND

72:7 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits] [Shrimp culture]

Across from Ngoc Diem there are shrimp ponds, which are accessed by foot and by boat during harvest time. Middlemen have constructed them and they have re-rented their ponds to some people.

73:1 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

He used to be a fisherman but now owns shrimp ponds.

73:2 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

Since three years he had a lot of diseases and used a lot of medicine but made only little money from shrimp farming. The main reasons are:

1. Pollution from other ponds (diseases)

2. Weak shrimp fry, because according to him the female shrimp are forced to spawn early

73:3 Codes: [Lack of specific knowledge]

He has rented out one pond to a man who has been always successful. This is because this man prepares the pond carefully. He lets it dry thoroughly and never rushes but takes his time. He then buys his shrimp from his relatives and they are very healthy.

73:4 Codes: [Culture and values]

Since two years his son has established a business connection to the shrimp fry supplier and gives them presents when he is successfully. So far he had two good runs.

73:5 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

The fishery resources have decreased in Dam Nha Phu, because many people go electric fishing.

73:6 Codes: [Poverty as reason for breaking laws and regulations]

Many people in Tan Dao go electric fishing, because they are so poor.

73:7 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

They have had much trouble with the chi cuc and nowadays they go fishing in other areas where they have conflicts. (Ha Lien)

73:8 Codes: [Population increase as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

The second man mentions the main reason for declining resources is:

- Population increase (more people going fishing)

73:9 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

His catch consists of ca liet and ca lat about 8 kg, which he sells for 4 000 VND/kg.

73:10 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

His wife also goes working so they have a double income.

73:11 Codes: [Fishing as last resort] [Lack of specific knowledge]

He says the electric fishermen also have no other profession, because there are no jobs and when they go fishing they cannot catch anything, because they do not have the knowledge.

73:12 Codes: [Lack of specific knowledge]

Fishing needs a lot of knowledge. Electric fishing was introduced 5-6 years ago.

74:1 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

This first lady is new in the business, so she does not know to well about everything. She buys from about 10-20 fishermen and sells to Mr. Trang and Mr Quang who again sell to Factory 17 in Nha Trang.

There are 2 middlemen for crabs, >10 for tom bac and 2 for lobster fry.

75:1 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

She has been in this business for 13 years. Her business is based on family labor, her husband and her two sons.

75:2 Codes: [Grouper culture]

She not only acts as a buyer but also raises grouper near Nua Island.

75:3 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits] [Poor marketing and distribution channels]

She cannot sell directly to Factory 17, because there are middlemen, like Mr. ….. and another man, who are the only ones allowed to sell to the factory. They stand at the gate and let knowbody in. Also the factory could only pay her once a month but she needs to get payed right away, because she needs the money. Mr. ….. is paid only monthly by the factory but pays her right away.

75:4 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

She trades:

- So long 100kg/day (trading like green mussel)

- Ngheu 300kg/month (private middlemen who store them and resell to restaurants)

- Crabs 70kg/day (Factory 17)

- Green mussel 50kg/day (Dam Market, other markets and the mollusk lady at Bon Bridge)

75:5 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

During the SEA Game season the grouper price was 90 000 VND/kg but usually it is around 60 000 VND.

75:6 Codes: [Grouper culture]

The seed can be bought for 1 000 VND each but maybe only 2 or 3 a day.

75:7 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources]

7 years ago she could buy 70 a day.

75:8 Codes: [Shrimp pond effluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

She says grouper culture is very suitable for Dam nha Phu, although she had problems with shrimp pond effluence that killed all her fish.

75:9 Codes: [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster, blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

1994 the price for crab was 24 000 VND/kg and today it is 40 000 VND/kg.

75:10 Codes: [Decline of coastal fishery resources] [Decline of traditional fishing methods/gear net] [Increasing fishing pressure]

At that time you could catch a lot with a 1-layer net but nowadays you need 3-layers.

75:11 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

The main reason are electric fishing and drag net fishing.

75:12 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

She “supports” poor fishermen and gives them small loans worth 500-800 000 VND. They need not pay back the money but have to sell their catch to her. She buys only the crabs from them, for 32 000 VND/kg and resells for 40 000 VND/kg. The fish and especially high value tom dac (60 000 VND/kg) they can sell to others. Like this she has about 50-80 fishermen working for her.

75:13 Codes: [Government restocking efforts show no effect]

The so Thuy San restocks grouper and shrimp seed every years but they see no effect.

75:14 Codes: [Public awareness building by individuals]

“Electric fishing cannot be controlled but only the minds of the people changed through telling them how bad it is.”

75:15 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

There are about 10-15 families in Ngoc Diem who go electric fishing.

75:16 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

The villagers once got angry at one and threw stones at his house. He then went to the UBND and they fined the people who threw the stones.

75:17 Codes: [Conflicts between fishermen and authorities]

On another occasion a policeman got injured from on of the boats doing electric fishing. Since then the police has been very vigorous in catching and stopping this fishing method with great success.

75:18 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Training and extension]

- You need to give the people knowledge

75:19 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Create alternative incomes]

credit and assist them to change to another job

75:20 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/strictly enforce existing laws]

strictly enforce electric fishing, especially the possession of equipment

76:1 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

There are about 40 electric fishermen in Tan Te.

76:2 Codes: [Government structures and organization] [Insufficient implementation of policies and resolutions] [Lack of public awareness building and extension]

This year the fishery department had a 1-2 hour training course on the negative effects of electric fishing, which most of the fishermen attended. After the training course electric fishing stopped for maybe 1 1/2 months but after that time returned to its current level.

76:3 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

In addition, when the village leader reports to the fishery department, they will tell the marine police to go around and the activities stop but 4-5 days later everything returns to normal.

76:4 Codes: [Corruption]

When the marine police controls illegal fishing, they never impose the maximum fine, e.g. 10 million VND but instead maybe 2 million, which they put in their own pocket and report back that everything was quiet today and no activities could be observed.

76:5 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/strictly enforce existing laws]

Strict enforcement could work if the marine police would have the right, responsibility and administrative power.

76:6 Codes: [Government failure to enforce laws and regulations] [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level] [Social exclusion/marginalisation through village elites]

The different government administrative structures, like the fishery department, fishery resource protection department and the marine police prevent effective action.

And because it would make some people poorer in the villages that vote for the representatives, village and xa leaders are not very interested in strict enforcement.

77:1 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

The fisherman catches Ca dia, doi, liet and la. He can make about 60 000 VND/day. But he works 14 hours.

77:2 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

Electric fishing you can make the same money but in about 2 hours.

77:3 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

They spend little time electric fishing, because it is an illegal activity. If it would be legal they would fish much longer and catch more to make more money.

77:4 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/clear responsibilities and restructuring of the departments]

The marine police should have all the power to control and stop any illegal fishing activity, without being dependent on the fishery department or the fishery resource protection department. Like this they could quickly stop all illegal fishing activities.

78:1 Codes: [New fish trap]

Their owners have already abandoned 30% of the No.

78:2 Codes: [Positive externalities of fish trap structures]

The new fish trap (No) does not prevent drag net fishing, because the water is not very deep in the first place.

78:3 Codes: [Village conflicts over fishery resources]

There was a battle in front of Ha Lien village between the traditional and the electric fishermen. They went to the court of Khanh Hoa to solve this problem and after that most electric fishing stopped in Ha Lien. Today there are only 2 families left.

78:4 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

60% of the population has a shrimp pond and was farming shrimp at some time sooner or later. Nowadays they all are in depth by the bank, between 10-100 million VND. Many have returned to their original job, fishing and catching shell so they say their profession is fishing. They keep on farming shrimp but very unprofessional not as before.

78:5 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

Nowadays they all are in depth by the bank, between 10-100 million VND.

78:6 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

Renting out the pond is no option, because nobody wants to take the risk to loose money. This year they have been successful but they all invested little so the return is little.

78:7 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

They work about 6 months in the shrimp ponds (February-July).

78:8 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

60% own a shrimp pond

78:9 Codes: [Fishermen]

20% go fishing

78:10 Codes: [Laborer and trading]

20% do trading or work as middleman.

78:11 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development]

They would need low input technologies to utilize their ponds.

78:12 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

He believes the main reason for failure is the weak shrimp fry they purchase. Another but smaller problem, is polluted water from neighboring ponds.

78:13 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Compulsory shrimp pond effluence]

His idea is they should all agree to take in water at the same time and announce to each other when they release polluted water.

78:14 Codes: [Culture and values]

But if one is unsuccessful and looses his shrimp he does not want to see any other to be successful.

78:15 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/form shrimp farm groups]

His idea is that they should form a government shrimp farmer group and everybody who joins has to follow good rules of practice.

78:16 Codes: [Shrimp pond effluence as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

He believes that all the “medicine” they use builds up in the shrimp pond bottom and walls and contaminates the water years later.

78:17

They used to feed shrimp by fish but others said: “oh, you have to change to shrimp food, because otherwise you need to clean them better when selling and you waste a lot of time for feeding.”

78:18

Mr. ..: “if you want to stop illegal fishing, you need to involve xa leader, thon leader and all agree at the same time.”

78:19

"If you sit on the back of the Tiger you have to follow him."

79:1 Codes: [Illegal fishing/drag net equipped with electric gear]

He has been doing electric drag net fishing and has stopped, because the enforcement has gotten strong.

79:2 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

He could make many hundred thousand Dongs a night but now has maybe half of the income than before.

79:3 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Nowadays he goes gill net fishing with a 3-layer gill net. Basically he goes fishing everywhere in the bay.

79:4 Codes: [Lobster fry catching/coral block]

Besides that he goes fishing for lobster fry with drilled coral blocks.

79:5 Codes: [Lobster culture]

If he wanted to start to rear lobster until 10 cm, he will need about 100 million VDN investment. They would do it together as one always has to watch over the lobster and you need some labor. Also each could borrow maybe 20 million VDN and put it together. If they wanted to farm lobster until the big size the initial investment would have to be much bigger. About 200 million for the big cage alone.

79:6 Codes: [Loans and banking]

Also each could borrow maybe 20 million VDN and put it together.

79:7 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development]

If he wanted to start to rear lobster until 10 cm, he will need about 100 million VDN investment.

79:8 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development]

If they wanted to farm lobster until the big size the initial investment would have to be much bigger. About 200 million for the big cage alone.

79:9 Codes: [Illegal drag net fishing destroys the sea floor through dredging]

He says drag net fishing is good because it stirs up the bottom of the bay like the farmer preparing his field and fertilizing the water body.

79:10 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

He mentions illegal fishing as the biggest problem

79:11 Codes: [Population increase as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

followed by population increase.

79:12 Codes: [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations] [Illegal fishing/drag net equiped with electric gear]

The chi cuc is not very serious about illegal drag net fishing, as they were with illegal electric drag net fishing, so he and others assume, drag net fishing is not so bad after all.

79:13 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

One reason why he probably follows gill net fishing, is his good knowledge and education.

80:1 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

As one reason for declining catches, he names cyanide fishing. The area where cyanide is used is not occupied any more by fish.

80:2 Codes: [Diving] [Government fails to enforce fishing regulations]

Today he, respectively his son still uses cyanide.

80:3 Codes: [Government failure to enforce laws and regulations] [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

Nowadays it has got difficult to buy it but he is supplied by his middlemen.

80:4 Codes: [Diving]

his son still dives

80:5 Codes: [Lobster culture]

today aquaculture

80:6 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales] [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster,blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

From May to July the grouper move from the open ocean to the inshore reefs. At this time middlemen demand large quantities of live grouper (200 000 VND/kg), dead only 100 000 VND/kg.

80:7 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

The middlemen supply the divers at this time with cyanide. It can only be bought in one Province in the north nowadays.

80:8 Codes: [Diving]

He does not use dynamite for fishing. When he used to much cyanide, he feels like drunk for a short time.

The fish he spears have a minimum size of 0.5 kg.

80:9 Codes: [Lobster culture]

He just bought some tom thich (10 000 VND/kg) to feed his 10 cm lobsters. It will be enough for 400 lobsters.

He sells directly lobsters at all sizes to markets in Cam Ranh and Van Phong Bay. For the money he feeds up some of his lobsters to market size.

81:1 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

When he sees a lot of fish he calls the others over radio to share the fish.

They have self-organized groups, depending on the engine size, for example the 8 d group or the 15 d group. They go fishing at the same time and search for the fish swarms together.

81:2 Codes: [Responsibility for fishery resources is at district level]

There is no government To bao ve (fishery group), because the Bien Phong takes care of the resource protection issues.

81:3 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Fishermen from Nha Trang (Bon Bridge or Dung De) listen to the same radio frequency and also report frequently over the occurrence of fish or shrimp schools and then gather together to catch. “The fish are for everyone.”

81:4

“The fish are for everyone.”

81:5

“Many small boats (18-20 d engine) go fishing with drag net inside the bay.”

81:6

“They can´t go outside the bay and mainly participate in drag net fishing, because it makes a lot of money.”

81:7

“If I had the money and a big boat I would do the same.”

81:8 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

“If I had the same boat I would continuo my fishing, because with a drag net I can only earn little more per day.”

81:9 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

The drag net might make 300 000 VND/day but spend 200 000 VND on gasoline. He makes 150-200 000 VND/day but only spends 50 000 VND on gas.

81:10 Codes: [Devolution of land management/ownership]

Most people in Van Danh have a So Do (red paper).

81:11 Codes: [Bureaucratic hurdle to obtain legal land rights]

Last year the paper cost 120 000 VND per paper, this year it cost about 5 million VND per paper. A reason was mainly, because many people let their house register at the same time, instead of doing it independently.

81:12 Codes: [Corruption]

Costs include measuring of the house and garden but especially bribes for government officials.

81:13 Codes: [Corruption]

If a new resident wants to buy land he will need a So Do right away to proof his possession. He will have to pay a sort of middlemen to help him organize the document and this person will pay the “right” people money to get the paper quickly. The amount of money you will have to spend depends on how rich I am, between 2-5 million VND. Trying to get the document on himself it would be much cheaper but the process might take one year or longer.

81:14 Codes: [Bureaucratic hurdle to obtain legal land rights]

Trying to get the document on himself it would be much cheaper but the process might take one year or longer.

82:1 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

He buys feed for lobsters from middleman, like everybody in Cat Loi. The middlemen buy from the drag net fishermen in Xa Vinh Luong and Vang Gia (Xa Vah Ninh). Mainly it comes from Luong Son.

82:2 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

The mortality is quite high, about 20%. He buys in most of his lobster fry for 70 000 VND and sells for 150 000 VND at about 10 cm size. Each year he has about 20 million VND repair cost.

82:3 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

In the 8 months of the year not culturing lobster, he maintains his equipment.

82:5 Codes: [Lobster culture]

He can only culture lobster for about 4 months, because the area in front of Cat Loi is very shallow and there is not enough water movement and too little oxygen in the summer to culture lobster all the way to market size.

82:6 Codes: [Low quality of lobster fry caught by light]

Reasons for high mortality is one the one side fry caught buy light fishing and then fry that comes from different Provinces and is weakened by the transport.

82:7 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

He has to buy from middlemen and cannot purchase directly, because the fishermen who catch lobster fry lend money from the middlemen and therefore have to sell their catch to the middlemen.

83:1 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

Electric fishing is still the biggest problem today.

83:2 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

On some days 100 people can be seen electric fishing just in front of the village. Most electric fishermen come from the villages in xa Ninh Phu.

83:3 Codes: [Juvenile fish and shrimp catches through (illegal) fishing (electric and drag net)]

According to his knowledge, small fish, egg and larvae is destroyed through electric fishing.

83:4 Codes: [Agriculture]

Most people who do agriculture grow cashew trees.

83:5 Codes: [Crab fishing]

All fishermen use crab traps about 60-70 a day.

84:1

“All boats in Tan Thanh even the biggest never leave the bay for drag net fishing.”

85:1

“When shrimp ponds are prepared, the next day nothing can be caught close to them.”

86:1 Codes: [Mud crab culturing]

Crab fishermen sell small mud crabs to shrimp pond owners, who culture crabs. Up to 1 kg a day, accounting for 25-30 juvenile crabs are soled via middlemen who come to the fishermen houses daily. The fisherman sells throughout the year. That means many pond owners culture crab all year around.

86:2 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

Up to 1 kg a day, accounting for 25-30 juvenile crabs are soled via middlemen who come to the fishermen houses daily.

86:3 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development]

Especially lack of money does not allow pond owners to invest in shrimp fry.

86:4 Codes: [Crab fishing]

In the crab trap, only swimming crabs are caught.

86:5 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

Small swimming crabs are sold to the middlemen for 6 000 VND/kg and probably resoled as lobster feed.

86:6 Codes: [Mud crab culturing]

The juvenile mud crabs used in the pond are caught with the net.

86:7 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales] [Mud crab fry catching]

Small mud crabs are paid by piece (1 000 VND/piece) and big ones by kg (15 crabs make 1 kg/ soled for 25 000 VND/kg).

87:1 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

Since 4 years he is unsuccessful.

87:2

“Everybody is one time successful and then again unsuccessful.”

87:3 Codes: [Increasing diseases and financial losses in shrimp culture (since 2000)]

Most people owning shrimp ponds in Tam Ich have depths at the bank.

87:4 Codes: [Polyculture/Crabs and shrimp]

He started shrimp farming in 1985. He cultures mud crabs all year around, with the main season from April-Nov (lunar calendar). In the other months it is difficult to purchase juvenile crabs. At first shrimp and crab are fed together. Later he starts feeding about 2-3 kg/fish per day. He buys continuously crabs for his pond and stocks it throughout the year.

He dries out his pond every 2 years. He wants to provide a good environment for the shrimp. The professional shrimp farmers dry out their ponds once a year.

87:5 Codes: [Shrimp culture]

He dries out his pond every 2 years. He wants to provide a good environment for the shrimp. The professional shrimp farmers dry out their ponds once a year.

88:1 Codes: [Fishermen] [Fishing as last resort]

He fishes with a head lamp wading in the water and catching crab and shrimp with his hands or with a hand net. There are many fishermen like him in Tam Ich.

88:2 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

He can catch between 5-50 juvenile mud crabs a night and maybe 1.5 kg big crabs.

88:3 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

Sometimes he sells his small crabs to a middleman other times directly pond owners.

88:4 Codes: [Market structures/Fish sales]

One small mud crab makes about 500-2 500 VND/crab.

88:5 Codes: [Seasonal fishing techniques]

The main season lasts from March to September (lunar calender) but he catches crabs all year around.

88:6 Codes: [Mud crab fry catching]

He makes most of his income through catching and selling small mud crabs.

89:1 Codes: [Women]

Fisherman (woman)

89:2 Codes: [New fish trap]

They go fishing with No. Last year they operated 4 No.

89:3 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Net size]

Since December it is illegal and the village leader ordered to take them away. This order was based on the fact that too small net is used for the construction of the No.

89:4 Codes: [Government fails to keep up with new developments]

Nowadays, they have one left. Little attention is paid to No fishing at the moment by the village leader.

90:1 Codes: [Traditional fish trap]

He fishes with the traditional fish trap (Giang). He operates 2 Giang. There are about 10-12 Giang in the area. They have been around for 50 years.

90:2 Codes: [Fishing history]

They have been around for 50 years.

91:1 Codes: [Fishing history]

The 3-layer net came to Dam Nha Phu about 10 years ago.

91:2 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

Before they used 1-layer nets and caught less.

91:3 Codes: [Fishing history]

The 3-layer net assures that bigger shrimp entangle themselves in the net.

91:4 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

He borrows money from the middleman and has to sell his catch to them. Next year he wants to repay his loan, because he earns more money nowadays by culturing green mussels. If the loan is repayed he can make more money by selling on the market. He has been repaying his loan little by little. On average he earns 40-50 000 VND/day from selling to the middleman. He could make about 5-10 000 VND more per day, if selling directly.

91:5 Codes: [Green mussel cultivation]

Next year he wants to repay his loan, because he earns more money nowadays by culturing green mussels.

91:6 Codes: [Income]

On average he earns 40-50 000 VND/day from selling to the middleman. He could make about 5-10 000 VND more per day, if selling directly.

92:1 Codes: [Traditional gill net fishing]

His crab net is 150 m long. The length of a crab net depends on the money of the fisherman. The bigger nets are about 500-700 m long and some reach 1 km.

92:2 Codes: [Increase of aquaculture activities] [New developments brought in by outsiders] [New market opportunities (shrimp, lobster,blood cockle, green mussel, grouper)]

He cultures a shell hau (oyster) since 6 months.

92:3 Codes: [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

He buys small ones for 3 000 VND/piece and sells them at 6 000 VND/piece.

92:4 Codes: [Loans and banking]

He tried to get a 15 million VND credit from the bank but was refused, because of lack of red paper.

92:5 Codes: [Intermediaries control fish sales and informal credits]

He found a partner who supplied the money and material to culture the oysters and they share the profit 50/50.

92:6 Codes: [Environmental pollution as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

He mentions urban pollution as a big problem, especially from the local processing factory. Sometimes when wading in the water doing electric fishing, he develops a skin rash, which he believes is caused by polluted water.

92:7 Codes: [Illegal fishing/Electric fishing]

Electric fisherman

93:1 Codes: [Animal husbandry as alternative income]

Their visions on improving livelihoods: Develop agriculture, especially animal husbandry cows and goat at Hon Quai.

93:2 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/Aquaculture development]

Develop aquaculture suitable to the environment in the area

93:3 Codes: [Stakeholders]

So Thuy SanMinistry of Fisheries

Chi cuc Bao ve nguon loi Thuy SanFisheries Resources Conservation Department

Bien PhongBorder Police

Chimh quyen ThonVillage authority

To bao ve nguon loi Thuy SanFisheries Resources Protection Group

Hoi phu nuWomen’s Group

Hoi nong danFarmer’s Group

Chi hoi nghe caFishermen’s Group

Trung tam khuyen nguFishery Promotion Center

Ngan HanhBank

Cong ty che bien Thuy SanFishery Processing Company

Nguoi trung gianMiddlemen

94:1 Codes: [Extension] [Increasing participation and awareness building between the government and the public]

They do training courses 3 times a year in the UBND in every xa. Especially on shrimp culture, green mussel or advise illegal fishermen to change to another job, e.g. diving for lobster fry.

94:2 Codes: [Extension]

In Tan Dao this concept has been successful when 10 electric fishermen were trained in green mussel culture and 7 abandoned electric fishing and culture green mussels nowadays.

94:3 Codes: [Extension]

Blood cockle and oyster culture would be suitable for Xa Ninh Ha.

94:4 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development]

The teach little about culturing crabs but a lot on shrimp and lobster culture.

94:5 Codes: [Government structures and organization]

The fishermen interested in culturing green mussel for example can ask their village leader to invite someone from the Fishery Extension Center.

94:6 Codes: [High entry costs into aquaculture prevent alternative income development] [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

They had a training course offer in Tan Te but nobody registered (Training on blood cockle).

95:1 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

There is a self formed Offshore Fishing Support Group (To ho tro danh bat xa bo).

The fishery group existed years ago but nowadays not any more.

95:2 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/artificial reef construction]

Visions to develop the fishery in Dam Nha Phu:

1.Construct artificial reefs

95:3 Codes: [Local INRM approaches/strictly enforce existing laws]

2.Stop drag net fishing

95:4 Codes: [Illegal fishing techniques as reason for the decline of coastal fishery resources]

The biggest problem are the small drag net boats.

95:5 Codes: [Low entry costs into illegal fishing activities/electric fishing]

They could change to traditional gill net fishing but the investment costs are much higher then for drag net fishing equipment.

95:6 Codes: [Fishing history]

In the past many of the small drag net fishermen were working on the big offshore dragnet fishing vessels but started there own business, i.e. dragnet fishing with small boats copying there employees.

95:7 Codes: [Low entry costs into illegal fishing activities/electric fishing] [Material and production costs (economics of aquaculture and fishing)]

A dragnet for a small boat only costs about 4-5 million VND.

For gill net fishing you need about 22-23 gill nets, which each costs about 600 000 VND. So the total investment cost is about 14 million VND. Per year repair cost is about 1.5 million VND.

95:8 Codes: [Loans and banking]

The biggest problem remains the availability of long term credits. Paying back a 10 million VND bank loan can only be done step by step. The gill net fishermen can set aside about 3 500 VND daily and can save about 110 000 VDN/month. That means about 1.4 million VND per year could be paid back to the bank.

95:9 Codes: [Incentives to engage in illegal fishing (higher income, less labor)]

One more problem is that you need more labor to run the gill net fishing.

Two fishermen are setting the nets and one man drives the boat.

But a single person can carry out drag net fishing.

96:1 Codes: [Stakeholders]

So Thuy San

Ministry of Fishery

8

Ngan hang

Bank

4

Hoi phu nu

Woman’s Group

8

Hoi nong dan

Farmer’s Group

8

Chi hoi nghe ca

Fishermen’s Group

8

Chimh quyen Thon

Village authority

7

UBND

People’s Committee

5

Chi cuc bao ve nguon loi Thuy San

Fishery Resources Conservation D.

3

Cong ty che bien Thuy San

Fishery processing company

6

Bien Phong

Border police

3

Nguoi Trung gian

Middleman

8

Trung tam khuyen ngu

Fishery Extension Center

9

96:2 Codes: [Extension] [Green mussel cultivation]

Special in Tan Dao is the Fishery Extension Center, which has trained electric fishermen in green mussel farming and from 10 families 7 changed to this new job.

97:1 Codes: [Stakeholders]

So Thuy San

Ministry of Fishery

9

Ngan hang

Bank

10

Hoi phu nu

Woman’s Group

5

Hoi nong dan

Farmer’s Group

8

Chimh quyen Thon

Village authority

10

UBND

People’s Committee

10

Chi cuc bao ve nguon loi Thuy San

Fishery Resources Conservation D.

2

Cong ty che bien Thuy San

Fishery processing company

5

Bien Phong

Border police

8

Nguoi Trung gian

Middleman

9

To bao ve nguon loi thuy san

Fishery Resources Protection Group

10

97:2 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

Special in Ha Lien is the self formed Fishery Resources Protection Group

97:3 Codes: [Extension]

On the other side the Fishery Extension Center plays no role just as the Fishery Group.

97:4 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

Interesting is the little influence of the Fishery Resources Conservation Department on the local fishery.

98:1 Codes: [Stakeholders]

So Thuy San

Ministry of Fishery

5

Ngan hang

Bank

8

Hoi phu nu

Woman’s Group

7

Hoi nong dan

Farmer’s Group

7

Chimh quyen Thon

Village authority

4

UBND

People’s Committee

10

Chi cuc bao ve nguon loi Thuy San

Fishery Resources Conservation D.

10

Cong ty che bien Thuy San

Fishery processing company

9

Bien Phong

Border police

7

Nguoi Trung gian

Middleman

6

Trung tam khuyen ngu

Fishery Extension Center

10

To ho tro danh bat xa bo

Offshore Fishing Boat Support Group

3

98:2 Codes: [Local organization and decision-making]

Special in Van Dang is the Offshore Fishing Boat Support Group. It is a self formed group and not really recognized by the government authorities.

98:3 Codes: [No participation in decision-making and policy formulation on village level (political disempowerment)]

Again the Fishermen’s Group plays no role in the local fishery and does not exist in this village.

98:4 Codes: [Community (self-help) organization to initiate natural resource management]

It is said that several of these groups exists but when questioned how many, nobody knows exactly how many.