Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Prof. Dr. Christoph Markschies

• 1 General Introduction and Overview

  • 1.1  Natural Resources and the Need for Management

  • 1.2 Scope of the Study

  • 1.3 Thesis Structure

• 2 New Paradigms in Research for Development: Towards Integrated Natural Resources Management

  • 2.1  Addressing Poverty and Environmental Sustainability

    • 2.1.1  Introduction

    • 2.1.2 The Transfer of Technology Model

    • 2.1.3 Farmer First

    • 2.1.4 Participatory Learning and Action Research

  • 2.2 Shortcomings of Conventional Research Approaches

    • 2.2.1  Linear Research and One-way Thinking

    • 2.2.2 Rhetoric Research Development

    • 2.2.3 Neglecting the Diversity of Agro-ecosystems and its Socioeconomic Environment

    • 2.2.4 Limitations of Objective Research: Staying ‘Outside’

  • 2.3 Evolution of Integrated Natural Resources Management Research

    • 2.3.1  An Introduction to Integrated Natural Resources Management

    • 2.3.2 The Constructivist Paradigm: Multiple Realities

    • 2.3.3 Increasing Capacity for Adaptive Management

    • 2.3.4 Addressing People through Participatory Action Research

    • 2.3.5 Understanding Complexity: Becoming Focused System Thinkers

  • 2.4 Definitions of Terms and Concepts in Integrated Natural Resources Management

    • 2.4.1  Natural Resources

    • 2.4.2 Natural Resources Management

    • 2.4.3 Integration of Diverse Elements

    • 2.4.4 The Sustainable Livelihoods Concept

    • 2.4.5 Participatory Action Research

    • 2.4.6 Interdisciplinarity: Blending “Hard” and “Soft” Science

    • 2.4.7 Concepts of Vertical and Horizontal Scaling

    • 2.4.8 A Conceptual Research Framework

• 3 Methods of Integrated Natural Resources Management

  • 3.1  Research Design: From Concept to Practice

    • 3.1.1  Model of the Research Process

    • 3.1.2 An Operational Framework Emerging

    • 3.1.3 Choice of Methods

    • 3.1.4 Data Collection and Quality

    • 3.1.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis

• 4 Global Fisheries

  • 4.1  Overview

  • 4.2 Status of Fishery Resources and Overfishing

  • 4.3 Managing Fishery Resources

• 5 A Case Study: Integrated Natural Resources Management of Coastal Fisheries

  • 5.1  Introduction

    • 5.1.1  Vietnam Country Profile

    • 5.1.2 Natural Environment of Nha Phu Lagoon

  • 5.2 ‘From Communism to Capitalism’

    • 5.2.1  Political and Economic Change

    • 5.2.2 Values and Belief Systems

  • 5.3 Vietnam’s Fishery Sector Overview

    • 5.3.1  Fishery’s Catch and Trends

    • 5.3.2 Policies and Guidelines

    • 5.3.3 Institutional Structure: Existing Laws and Regulations

    • 5.3.4 Organizations and Structures

    • 5.3.5 Management of Fishery Resources

  • 5.4 Natural Resources of Nha Phu Lagoon: Management, Trends, and Users

    • 5.4.1  Agro-ecosystems and Socioeconomics

    • 5.4.2 Coastal Livelihoods: Utilization of Natural Resources

    • 5.4.3 Organization of the Fishery Sector: Processing and Marketing

    • 5.4.4 Financial Institutions Providing Credit to the Fishery Sector

    • 5.4.5 Decision-making Structures and Processes: Actors and Goals

    • 5.4.6 Trends and Consequences: Sociological, Ecological, and Economical

  • 5.5 Problems of Maintaining Coastal Livelihoods

    • 5.5.1  Illegal Fishing

    • 5.5.2 Shrimp farming: ‘Riding the Tiger’

    • 5.5.3 Lobster cage culture

    • 5.5.4 Devolution of Natural Resources Management: Community Action to Protect Fishery Resources

• 6 Managing Complexity Through Integrated Natural Resources Management

  • 6.1  Critical Assessment of Integrated Natural Resources Management

    • 6.1.1  The Context in Goal-Oriented Research

    • 6.1.2 Impacts of Applied Research Methods in Integrated Natural Resources Management

    • 6.1.3 Specific Lessons Learned

  • 6.2 Limitations of Fishery Management: Discussion and Further Implications

  • 6.3 Discussion of the Case Study

    • 6.3.1  Analyzing the Fishery Sector

    • 6.3.2 Lessons from Nha Phu Lagoon

    • 6.3.3 Livelihood Strategies and their Externalities

  • 6.4 ‘People Planning their Future’

    • 6.4.1  Developing New Management Forms and Ideas

    • 6.4.2 Guidelines and Recommendations for the Reorganization of Institutions and Organizations

  • 6.5 Organizational Implications

• 7 Summary of Conclusions

• Acknowledgements

• Glossary

• References

• Annex

  • Institutions and Organizations

    • A-5.3.2 Institutional Structure: Existing Laws and Regulations

    • A-5.3.3 Organizations and Structures

  • Pictures

  • Data Sources

    • Questionnaire

    • Resource Maps

    • Quotation ID’s

• Table 1. Research paradigms compared.

• Table 2. Contextual variables and their attributes, field data collection techniques and the required researchers.

• Table 3. Distribution of respondents.

• Table 4. Fish stock and total allowable catch in Vietnam’s marine waters.

• Table 5. Number of fishing boats by engine capacity groups.

• Table 6. Type of fishing gear and minimum mesh size.

• Table 7. Major characteristics of studied villages.

• Table 8. List of fish and invertebrate species exploited in Nha Phu Lagoon.

• Table 9. Fishing gear used in near and offshore conditions, seasonality, type of fish caught, and spatial distribution in Nha Phu Lagoon.

• Table 10. Selection of fishery products and their consumer prices.

• Table 11. Stakeholders and their relative influence (ranking 1 to 10) on the local coastal fishery sector determined by participants from three villages.

• Table 12. Reasons of declining catches, identified by fishermen  and ranked according to their relative importance.

• Table 13. Livelihood strategies violating government decrees/directives and their associated negative effects on the coastal environment and its inhabitants.

• Figure 1. The Transfer of Technology model.

• Figure 2. A simple action research spiral.

• Figure 3. Innovation as a social process where the influence of research on the users is highly complex and unpredictable.

• Figure 4. Integrated management deals with interacting nested systems. Subsystems contribute to viability and performance of component systems, which again contribute to the total system.

• Figure 5. Framework for adaptive management.

• Figure 6. Integration of diverse elements.

• Figure 7. The sustainable livelihoods framework.

• Figure 8. The cyclical process of action research

• Figure 9. Action research cycles.

• Figure 10. Changes in key characteristics of evolving approaches to involve people in natural resource management research and development.

• Figure 11. Research programs integrating (Program B) or excluding (Program A) participatory components to complement ‘hard’ technical components.

• Figure 12. Concepts of vertical and horizontal scaling.

• Figure 13. Reconciling top-down and bottom-up approaches.

• Figure 14. Operationalising integrated natural resources management.

• Figure 15. Components of integrated natural resources management.

• Figure 16. Implementation of the integrated natural resources management learning cycle.

• Figure 17. Schematic representation of an expanded framework for fisheries management.

• Figure 18. Operational research framework with sequence of process steps.

• Figure 19. Sample output of a Venn diagram.

• Figure 20. Integrating qualitative and quantitative analysis in the model of triangulation.

• Figure 21. Model of inductive category development.

• Figure 22. Qualitative analysis software (Atlas.ti^®) showing a group discussion write-up with coding stripes to the right of the screen, the code manager, a highlighted quotation, and two memos (ME).

• Figure 23. World capture fisheries production.

• Figure 24. Global fleet above 100 gross tonnage recorded in Lloyd’s Maritime Information Services database.

• Figure 25. Major marine fish stocks in various phases of fishery development.

• Figure 26. Level of exploitation of world’s main fish stocks.

• Figure 27. Fishing down marine food webs.

• Figure 28. The Schaefer model of the Philippine demersal fisheries.

• Figure 29. Map of Vietnam with indicated study area.

• Figure 30. Satellite image of study location Nha Phu Lagoon with bordering villages and indicated line of demarcation between the two capes (mui).

• Figure 31. Laborers in the fishery sector from 1990 until 2000.

• Figure 32. Total fishery’s production from 1990 until 2002 and latest figures from marine fishing.

• Figure 33. Total export value of Vietnam’s fishery sector from 1990 to 2002.

• Figure 34. Administrative levels in Vietnam (English/Vietnamese).

• Figure 35. Organization of the fishery sector jurisdiction and administrative levels with particular emphasis on the management of coastal fisheries resources.

• Figure 36. Organizations and structures in the fishery sector of Vietnam.

• Figure 37. Small-scale animal husbandry of pigs in Ha Lien.

• Figure 38. Various gear types and fishing techniques and the percentage of their use in Nha Phu Lagoon.

• Figure 39. Dragnet for nearshore fishing.

• Figure 40. Electric fisherman in Nha Phu Lagoon.

• Figure 41. Shallow stake trap with measurements according to the deep-water trap used in Nha Phu Lagoon.

• Figure 42. Traditional fish coral with fixed lift net at the end.

• Figure 43. Distribution of aquaculture activities in Nha Phu Lagoon and their frequency.

• Figure 44. View towards Nha Phu Lagoon with shrimp ponds in the foreground, Ninh Ich Municipality.

• Figure 45. Lobster cage.

• Figure 46. Resource map of Nha Phu Lagoon with indicated areas of fishing, aquaculture, resource distribution, and critical locations.

• Figure 47. Main marketing channels for fishery products.

• Figure 48. Organizational structures in the fishery sector of Nha Phu Lagoon.

• Figure 49. Venn diagram of Tan Dao Village representing stakeholder groups, their influence on the local coastal fishery and relationships between them.

• Figure 50. Venn diagram of Ha Lien Village representing stakeholder groups, their influence on the local coastal fishery and relationships between them.

• Figure 51. Venn diagram of Van Dang Village representing stakeholder groups, their influence on the local coastal fishery and relationships between them.

• Figure 52. Reasons for the failure of shrimp culture and impacts on the coastal environment.

• Figure 53. Lower middle-class house in Le Cam.

• Figure 54. Poultry production.

• Figure 55. Small, unmotorized fishing boats.

• Figure 56. Preparing crab traps with chopped eel.

• Figure 57. Boats prepared for lift net fishing with light.

• Figure 58. Wooden structures to catch lobster fry with drilled coral blocks.

• Figure 59. Big trawling boat for offshore fishing.

• Figure 60. Typicall dragnet landing with trash fish.

• Figure 61. Small-scale animal husbandry with cows.

• Figure 62. Informal market at Bon Bridge, Nha Trang.

• Figure 63. Informal market under poor hygienic conditions at Kai Bridge, Nha Trang.

• Figure 64. Trash fish landing.