<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">Untersuchungen zur Apoptoseinduktion in lymphoblastoiden Zellen von Patienten mit Nijmegen-Breakage-Syndrom</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Nadja  Thierfelder</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="_Toc135752651" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700681" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc99700681" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10052" part="chapter1" ref="N10052" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752653" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752653" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1005C" part="chapter1" ref="N1005C" type="citenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700682" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc99700682" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752654" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752654" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10077" part="chapter1" ref="N10077" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1007E" part="chapter1" ref="N1007E" type="citenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10091" part="chapter1" ref="N10091" type="mm">422#365</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref101580146" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref101580146" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref97354229" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref97354229" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100A6" part="chapter1" ref="N100A6" type="citenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref93202080" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref93202080" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref93202131" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref93202131" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700683" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc99700683" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100C8" part="chapter1" ref="N100C8" type="subsection">1.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752655" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752655" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N100DC" part="chapter1" ref="N100DC" type="citenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700684" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc99700684" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752656" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752656" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10103" part="chapter1" ref="N10103" type="subsection">1.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1010A" part="chapter1" ref="N1010A" type="citenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1011E" part="chapter1" ref="N1011E" type="citenumber">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10121" part="chapter1" ref="N10121" type="mm">273#201</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref98734684" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref98734684" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10141" part="chapter1" ref="N10141" type="citenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10144" part="chapter1" ref="N10144" type="mm">505#176</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref98735258" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref98735258" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1015D" part="chapter1" ref="N1015D" type="mm">491#183</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref103662889" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref103662889" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1016F" part="chapter1" ref="N1016F" type="citenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101B2" part="chapter1" ref="N101B2" type="citenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101B5" part="chapter1" ref="N101B5" type="mm">581#400</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref98056824" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref98056824" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101580010" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref101580010" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101580156" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref101580156" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N101F8" part="chapter1" ref="N101F8" type="citenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700685" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc99700685" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752657" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752657" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1020A" part="chapter1" ref="N1020A" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1021B" part="chapter1" ref="N1021B" type="citenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10239" part="chapter1" ref="N10239" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref135752343" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref135752343" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104B1" part="chapter1" ref="N104B1" type="citenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700686" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc99700686" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101777300" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref101777300" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104C1" part="chapter1" ref="N104C1" type="subsection">1.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752658" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752658" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104D9" part="chapter1" ref="N104D9" type="citenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104DC" part="chapter1" ref="N104DC" type="mm">374#241</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104F9" part="chapter1" ref="N104F9" type="citenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104FC" part="chapter1" ref="N104FC" type="mm">605#366</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10520" part="chapter1" ref="N10520" type="citenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752659" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752659" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1053A" part="chapter1" ref="N1053A" type="subsection">1.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700687" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc99700687" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752660" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752660" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1056E" part="chapter1" ref="N1056E" type="subsection">1.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10573" part="chapter1" ref="N10573" type="block">1.3.3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1057A" part="chapter1" ref="N1057A" type="citenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10584" part="chapter1" ref="N10584" type="mm">612#243</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref98739127" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref98739127" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101581984" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref101581984" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N105AA" part="chapter1" ref="N105AA" type="citenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105C2" part="chapter1" ref="N105C2" type="block">1.3.3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N105DE" part="chapter1" ref="N105DE" type="citenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref98742759" part="chapter1" ref="_Ref98742759" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N105FF" part="chapter1" ref="N105FF" type="block">1.3.3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10606" part="chapter1" ref="N10606" type="citenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10660" part="chapter1" ref="N10660" type="citenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752661" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752661" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1069B" part="chapter1" ref="N1069B" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106AD" part="chapter1" ref="N106AD" type="citenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106CD" part="chapter1" ref="N106CD" type="citenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc17091534" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc17091534" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700689" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc99700689" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752662" part="chapter1" ref="_Toc135752662" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N106E7" part="chapter2" ref="N106E7" type="helpercitenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700690" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc99700690" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101605798" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref101605798" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N106F6" part="chapter2" ref="N106F6" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752663" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752663" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10703" part="chapter2" ref="N10703" type="citenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10706" part="chapter2" ref="N10706" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N107D2" part="chapter2" ref="N107D2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10831" part="chapter2" ref="N10831" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700691" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc99700691" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752664" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752664" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N108B0" part="chapter2" ref="N108B0" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108B7" part="chapter2" ref="N108B7" type="citenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108BA" part="chapter2" ref="N108BA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700692" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc99700692" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752665" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752665" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1093B" part="chapter2" ref="N1093B" type="section">2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10942" part="chapter2" ref="N10942" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700693" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc99700693" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752666" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752666" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A69" part="chapter2" ref="N10A69" type="citenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A6C" part="chapter2" ref="N10A6C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10B05" part="chapter2" ref="N10B05" type="section">2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B0C" part="chapter2" ref="N10B0C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700695" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc99700695" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752667" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752667" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10BA2" part="chapter2" ref="N10BA2" type="section">2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BA9" part="chapter2" ref="N10BA9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700697" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc99700697" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752668" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752668" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10D08" part="chapter2" ref="N10D08" type="section">2.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D0F" part="chapter2" ref="N10D0F" type="citenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D12" part="chapter2" ref="N10D12" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700698" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc99700698" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752669" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752669" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10EFB" part="chapter2" ref="N10EFB" type="section">2.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F02" part="chapter2" ref="N10F02" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700699" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc99700699" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752670" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752670" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10FAD" part="chapter2" ref="N10FAD" type="section">2.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10FB4" part="chapter2" ref="N10FB4" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752671" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752671" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N110C2" part="chapter2" ref="N110C2" type="section">2.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110C9" part="chapter2" ref="N110C9" type="citenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N110CC" part="chapter2" ref="N110CC" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700701" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc99700701" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752672" part="chapter2" ref="_Toc135752672" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1116B" part="chapter3" ref="N1116B" type="helpercitenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11170" part="chapter3" ref="N11170" type="citenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700702" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700702" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1117D" part="chapter3" ref="N1117D" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752673" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752673" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1118A" part="chapter3" ref="N1118A" type="citenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111AE" part="chapter3" ref="N111AE" type="citenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref92076683" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref92076683" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700703" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700703" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752674" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752674" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N111E3" part="chapter3" ref="N111E3" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N111ED" part="chapter3" ref="N111ED" type="citenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700704" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700704" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752675" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752675" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N111FB" part="chapter3" ref="N111FB" type="section">3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1120B" part="chapter3" ref="N1120B" type="citenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1121A" part="chapter3" ref="N1121A" type="citenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref97431191" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref97431191" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700705" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700705" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752676" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752676" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11234" part="chapter3" ref="N11234" type="section">3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref74474624" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref74474624" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700706" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700706" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752677" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752677" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1124F" part="chapter3" ref="N1124F" type="section">3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11259" part="chapter3" ref="N11259" type="citenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700707" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700707" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11263" part="chapter3" ref="N11263" type="subsection">3.5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752678" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752678" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11279" part="chapter3" ref="N11279" type="citenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1128F" part="chapter3" ref="N1128F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700708" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700708" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101603206" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref101603206" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101603269" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref101603269" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752679" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752679" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11362" part="chapter3" ref="N11362" type="subsection">3.5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11369" part="chapter3" ref="N11369" type="citenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11375" part="chapter3" ref="N11375" type="citenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700709" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700709" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752680" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752680" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11383" part="chapter3" ref="N11383" type="subsection">3.5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11390" part="chapter3" ref="N11390" type="citenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1139C" part="chapter3" ref="N1139C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref74474648" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref74474648" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700710" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700710" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752681" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752681" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1147A" part="chapter3" ref="N1147A" type="section">3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11481" part="chapter3" ref="N11481" type="citenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1148D" part="chapter3" ref="N1148D" type="subsection">3.6.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752682" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752682" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752683" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752683" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N114AC" part="chapter3" ref="N114AC" type="subsection">3.6.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114B3" part="chapter3" ref="N114B3" type="citenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N114B9" part="chapter3" ref="N114B9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11515" part="chapter3" ref="N11515" type="citenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11518" part="chapter3" ref="N11518" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700711" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700711" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref103157832" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref103157832" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref103425464" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref103425464" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref103427355" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref103427355" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752684" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752684" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N115A8" part="chapter3" ref="N115A8" type="section">3.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115AF" part="chapter3" ref="N115AF" type="citenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115BE" part="chapter3" ref="N115BE" type="citenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700712" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700712" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752685" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752685" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N115D8" part="chapter3" ref="N115D8" type="section">3.8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700713" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700713" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N115E6" part="chapter3" ref="N115E6" type="subsection">3.8.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752686" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752686" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N115F0" part="chapter3" ref="N115F0" type="citenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11606" part="chapter3" ref="N11606" type="citenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700714" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700714" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752687" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752687" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11617" part="chapter3" ref="N11617" type="subsection">3.8.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11628" part="chapter3" ref="N11628" type="citenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700715" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700715" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752688" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752688" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1163C" part="chapter3" ref="N1163C" type="subsection">3.8.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700716" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700716" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752689" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752689" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11658" part="chapter3" ref="N11658" type="section">3.9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1165F" part="chapter3" ref="N1165F" type="citenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref103742248" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref103742248" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752690" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752690" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1167D" part="chapter3" ref="N1167D" type="section">3.10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1168A" part="chapter3" ref="N1168A" type="citenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref74046037" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref74046037" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700718" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700718" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1169A" part="chapter3" ref="N1169A" type="subsection">3.10.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752691" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752691" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N116B6" part="chapter3" ref="N116B6" type="citenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref90190757" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref90190757" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700719" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700719" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752692" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752692" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N116CD" part="chapter3" ref="N116CD" type="subsection">3.10.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116F2" part="chapter3" ref="N116F2" type="citenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref74045969" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref74045969" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700720" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700720" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752693" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752693" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11714" part="chapter3" ref="N11714" type="subsection">3.10.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11722" part="chapter3" ref="N11722" type="citenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1173A" part="chapter3" ref="N1173A" type="citenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700721" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700721" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref102967607" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref102967607" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752694" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752694" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11752" part="chapter3" ref="N11752" type="section">3.11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700722" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700722" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11760" part="chapter3" ref="N11760" type="subsection">3.11.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752695" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752695" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1176D" part="chapter3" ref="N1176D" type="citenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700723" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700723" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752696" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752696" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11786" part="chapter3" ref="N11786" type="subsection">3.11.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11793" part="chapter3" ref="N11793" type="citenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc17091535" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc17091535" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N117A2" part="chapter3" ref="N117A2" type="citenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752697" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752697" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N117AE" part="chapter3" ref="N117AE" type="section">3.12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700724" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc99700724" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752698" part="chapter3" ref="_Toc135752698" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117C9" part="chapter4" ref="N117C9" type="helpercitenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700725" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc99700725" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref103158220" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref103158220" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N117DC" part="chapter4" ref="N117DC" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752699" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752699" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N117E6" part="chapter4" ref="N117E6" type="citenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117FB" part="chapter4" ref="N117FB" type="mm">626#414</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref103149416" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref103149416" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref97431719" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref97431719" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1180C" part="chapter4" ref="N1180C" type="citenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700727" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc99700727" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752700" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752700" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11821" part="chapter4" ref="N11821" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11829" part="chapter4" ref="N11829" type="subsection">4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752701" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752701" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1183A" part="chapter4" ref="N1183A" type="citenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1184D" part="chapter4" ref="N1184D" type="mm">394#316</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref101609805" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref101609805" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752702" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752702" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11866" part="chapter4" ref="N11866" type="subsection">4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11870" part="chapter4" ref="N11870" type="citenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1188B" part="chapter4" ref="N1188B" type="mm">403#521</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref91997392" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref91997392" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N118A3" part="chapter4" ref="N118A3" type="citenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref74045431" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref74045431" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref74045848" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref74045848" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700728" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc99700728" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752703" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752703" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N118C4" part="chapter4" ref="N118C4" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118CE" part="chapter4" ref="N118CE" type="citenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N118E3" part="chapter4" ref="N118E3" type="mm">417#427</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref101606451" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref101606451" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N118F1" part="chapter4" ref="N118F1" type="citenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11900" part="chapter4" ref="N11900" type="mm">417#421</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1190B" part="chapter4" ref="N1190B" type="citenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11917" part="chapter4" ref="N11917" type="mm">404#413</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref74050605" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref74050605" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref75518683" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref75518683" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref76100103" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref76100103" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700729" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc99700729" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752704" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752704" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1193F" part="chapter4" ref="N1193F" type="section">4.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref100119949" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref100119949" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1194A" part="chapter4" ref="N1194A" type="subsection">4.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752705" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752705" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1196F" part="chapter4" ref="N1196F" type="citenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11975" part="chapter4" ref="N11975" type="mm">623#352</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref97449183" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref97449183" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1198A" part="chapter4" ref="N1198A" type="citenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc74384832" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc74384832" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1199A" part="chapter4" ref="N1199A" type="mm">621#300</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref97449422" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref97449422" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref90464075" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref90464075" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc74384833" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc74384833" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N119AE" part="chapter4" ref="N119AE" type="citenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref74099003" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref74099003" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752706" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752706" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N119C6" part="chapter4" ref="N119C6" type="subsection">4.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119D4" part="chapter4" ref="N119D4" type="citenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N119E0" part="chapter4" ref="N119E0" type="mm">620#313</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref91239336" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref91239336" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref91239251" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref91239251" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N119FA" part="chapter4" ref="N119FA" type="citenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A0D" part="chapter4" ref="N11A0D" type="mm">621#404</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref92090239" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref92090239" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11A1B" part="chapter4" ref="N11A1B" type="citenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A27" part="chapter4" ref="N11A27" type="citenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A2D" part="chapter4" ref="N11A2D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref74099382" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref74099382" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref90637158" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref90637158" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752707" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752707" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D07" part="chapter4" ref="N11D07" type="subsection">4.4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D1E" part="chapter4" ref="N11D1E" type="citenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D27" part="chapter4" ref="N11D27" type="mm">661#273</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref101598143" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref101598143" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref97101466" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref97101466" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc74384838" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc74384838" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D3B" part="chapter4" ref="N11D3B" type="citenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D56" part="chapter4" ref="N11D56" type="mm">621#404</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref91239340" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref91239340" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref91239259" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref91239259" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11D67" part="chapter4" ref="N11D67" type="citenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D80" part="chapter4" ref="N11D80" type="citenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11D8C" part="chapter4" ref="N11D8C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101608428" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref101608428" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700730" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc99700730" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752708" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752708" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1229B" part="chapter4" ref="N1229B" type="section">4.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122A2" part="chapter4" ref="N122A2" type="citenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N122AE" part="chapter4" ref="N122AE" type="citenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref93135033" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref93135033" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref94949932" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref94949932" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N122BA" part="chapter4" ref="N122BA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700731" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc99700731" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752709" part="chapter4" ref="_Toc135752709" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N125B3" part="chapter5" ref="N125B3" type="helpercitenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700732" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc99700732" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101612525" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref101612525" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref103683149" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref103683149" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N125C5" part="chapter5" ref="N125C5" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752710" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc135752710" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N125EE" part="chapter5" ref="N125EE" type="citenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1260A" part="chapter5" ref="N1260A" type="citenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref98751803" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref98751803" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref98816812" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref98816812" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700734" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc99700734" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752711" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc135752711" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12627" part="chapter5" ref="N12627" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12660" part="chapter5" ref="N12660" type="citenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12683" part="chapter5" ref="N12683" type="citenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N126AE" part="chapter5" ref="N126AE" type="citenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700735" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc99700735" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752712" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc135752712" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N126BF" part="chapter5" ref="N126BF" type="section">5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N126F1" part="chapter5" ref="N126F1" type="citenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1271D" part="chapter5" ref="N1271D" type="citenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700736" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc99700736" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752713" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc135752713" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12742" part="chapter5" ref="N12742" type="section">5.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref103682554" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref103682554" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref103682601" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref103682601" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12753" part="chapter5" ref="N12753" type="subsection">5.4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752714" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc135752714" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1275D" part="chapter5" ref="N1275D" type="citenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12784" part="chapter5" ref="N12784" type="citenumber">85</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752715" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc135752715" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N127AF" part="chapter5" ref="N127AF" type="subsection">5.4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127BD" part="chapter5" ref="N127BD" type="citenumber">86</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127F2" part="chapter5" ref="N127F2" type="block">5.4.2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127F9" part="chapter5" ref="N127F9" type="citenumber">87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12812" part="chapter5" ref="N12812" type="mm">220#312</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref103681802" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref103681802" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12824" part="chapter5" ref="N12824" type="citenumber">88</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12854" part="chapter5" ref="N12854" type="mm">500#311</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref92770020" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref92770020" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref101612049" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref101612049" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1286E" part="chapter5" ref="N1286E" type="block">5.4.2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12875" part="chapter5" ref="N12875" type="citenumber">89</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128D1" part="chapter5" ref="N128D1" type="citenumber">90</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N128D4" part="chapter5" ref="N128D4" type="mm">463#109</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1290D" part="chapter5" ref="N1290D" type="citenumber">91</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12926" part="chapter5" ref="N12926" type="mm">573#145</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref99333006" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref99333006" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12934" part="chapter5" ref="N12934" type="citenumber">92</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12974" part="chapter5" ref="N12974" type="citenumber">93</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12977" part="chapter5" ref="N12977" type="mm">295#513</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12988" part="chapter5" ref="N12988" type="citenumber">94</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129B0" part="chapter5" ref="N129B0" type="citenumber">95</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref101779806" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref101779806" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N129CA" part="chapter5" ref="N129CA" type="block">5.4.2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N129EC" part="chapter5" ref="N129EC" type="citenumber">96</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12A63" part="chapter5" ref="N12A63" type="citenumber">97</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12A6F" part="chapter5" ref="N12A6F" type="block">5.4.2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12A89" part="chapter5" ref="N12A89" type="citenumber">98</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12AB8" part="chapter5" ref="N12AB8" type="citenumber">99</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700737" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc99700737" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752716" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc135752716" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12AEA" part="chapter5" ref="N12AEA" type="section">5.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12AF8" part="chapter5" ref="N12AF8" type="citenumber">100</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B2C" part="chapter5" ref="N12B2C" type="citenumber">101</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc17091537" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc17091537" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700738" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc99700738" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752717" part="chapter5" ref="_Toc135752717" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B4D" part="chapter6" ref="N12B4D" type="helpercitenumber">101</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B55" part="chapter6" ref="N12B55" type="citenumber">102</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B61" part="chapter6" ref="N12B61" type="citenumber">103</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B70" part="chapter6" ref="N12B70" type="citenumber">104</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc99700739" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc99700739" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752718" part="chapter6" ref="_Toc135752718" type="link"/><cms:entry ref="N12B88" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N12B8A" part="N12B8A" ref="N12B8A" type="abbreviation">Abkürzungsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12B91" part="N12B8A" ref="N12B91" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Toc99700680" part="N12B8A" ref="_Toc99700680" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Toc135752652" part="N12B8A" ref="_Toc135752652" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N13050" part="N13050" 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type="link"/><cms:entry id="N145A2" part="N145A2" ref="N145A2" type="declaration">Erklärung an Eides Statt</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Toc135752720" part="N145A2" ref="_Toc135752720" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N145B7" part="N145B7" ref="N145B7" type="acknowledgement">Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><major>Aus dem Institut für Humangenetik<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité &#8211; Universitätsmedizin Berlin </major><submission>DISSERTATION</submission><title>Untersuchungen zur Apoptoseinduktion in lymphoblastoiden Zellen von Patienten mit Nijmegen-Breakage-Syndrom</title><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades <br/>Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät der Charité &#8211; <br/>Universitätsmedizin Berlin</major><author>von <br/>
			<given>Nadja </given>
			<surname>Thierfelder</surname>
			<br/>
			<suffix>aus Bremen</suffix>
		</author><dean>Prof. Dr. med. Martin Paul</dean><approvals>
			<name>Prof. Dr. M. Digweed</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. D. Schindler</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. B. Kaina </name>
		</approvals><date>Datum der Promotion: 28.04.2006 </date><p>
			<link id="_Toc135752651"/>
		</p><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> Einleitung<ul><li><p><link ref="N10052">1.1</link> 
					Entstehung von DNA-Schäden</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10077">1.2</link> Konsequenzen von DNA-Schäden und Störungen in deren Reparatur<ul><li><p><link ref="N100C8">1.2.1</link> 
						DNA-Doppelstrangbruch-Reparatur</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10103">1.2.2</link> Zellzykluskontrolle und Apoptose</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1020A">1.3</link> Das Nijmegen-Breakage-Syndrom <ul><li><p><link ref="N104C1">1.3.1</link> 
						Klinisches Bild des Nijmegen-Breakage-Syndroms</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1053A">1.3.2</link> Zellulärer NBS-Phänotyp</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1056E">1.3.3</link> Molekulare Grundlagen<ul><li><p><link ref="N10573">1.3.3.1</link> Das Nbs1-Gen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N105C2">1.3.3.2</link> Nbs1 und DNA-Reparatur </p></li><li><p><link ref="N105FF">1.3.3.3</link> Funktionen von Nbs1 bei der Zellzykluskontrolle und Apoptose</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1069B">1.4</link> Zielsetzung der Arbeit</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> Material <ul><li><p><link ref="N106F6">2.1</link> 
					Zelllinien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N108B0">2.2</link> Zellkulturmedien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1093B">2.3</link> Chemikalien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B05">2.4</link> Enzyme</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10BA2">2.5</link> Lösungen und Puffer</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D08">2.6</link> Geräte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EFB">2.7</link> Fertige Kits</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10FAD">2.8</link> Verbrauchsmaterialien</p></li><li><p><link ref="N110C2">2.9</link> Computeranwendungen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> Methoden <ul><li><p><link ref="N1117D">3.1</link> 
					Kultivieren und Passagieren von Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N111E3">3.2</link> Zellzahlbestimmung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N111FB">3.3</link> Chromosomenanalyse</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11234">3.4</link> DNA-Extraktion aus lymphoblastoiden Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1124F">3.5</link> Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR)<ul><li><p><link ref="N11263">3.5.1</link> 
						Nachweis der Zellgleichheit </p></li><li><p><link ref="N11362">3.5.2</link> Gelelektrophorese der PCR-Produkte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11383">3.5.3</link> Mycoplasmentest</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1147A">3.6</link> Mutationsnachweis durch Sequenzierung<ul><li><p><link ref="N1148D">3.6.1</link> 
						Reinigung der PCR-Produkte</p></li><li><p><link ref="N114AC">3.6.2</link> Ansatz der Sequenzierreaktion</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N115A8">3.7</link> Wachstumsexperimente</p></li><li><p><link ref="N115D8">3.8</link> Mutagene<ul><li><p><link ref="N115E6">3.8.1</link> 
						Bleomycin</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11617">3.8.2</link> Cyclophosphamid</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1163C">3.8.3</link> Methotrexat </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11658">3.9</link> Wachstumsinhibitions-Experimente</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1167D">3.10</link> Induktion der Apoptose in NBS-Zellen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1169A">3.10.1</link> 
						Bleomycinbehandlung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N116CD">3.10.2</link> Apoptosenachweis mit der sub-G<sub>1</sub>-peak-Methode</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11714">3.10.3</link> Apoptosenachweis mittels Annexin-V-Färbung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11752">3.11</link> Grundlagen der Durchflusszytometrie<ul><li><p><link ref="N11760">3.11.1</link> 
						Aufbau und Funktionsweise des Durchflusszytometers</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11786">3.11.2</link> Probenmessung und Datenauswertung </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N117AE">3.12</link> Statistik</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> Ergebnisse<ul><li><p><link ref="N117DC">4.1</link> 
					Mutationsnachweis durch Sequenzierung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11821">4.2</link> Wachstumscharakteristika von NBS-Zellen<ul><li><p><link ref="N11829">4.2.1</link> 
						Ermittlung der Ausgangszellzahl für die Apoptoseversuche</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11866">4.2.2</link> Wachstum von NBS-Zellen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N118C4">4.3</link> Wachstumsinhibition von NBS-Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1193F">4.4</link> Induktion der Apoptose in NBS-Zellen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1194A">4.4.1</link> 
						Etablierung der Standardbedingungen für die Apoptoseversuche</p></li><li><p><link ref="N119C6">4.4.2</link> Apoptosenachweis mit der sub-G1-Peak-Methode</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D07">4.4.3</link> Apoptosenachweis mit der Annexin-V-Färbung</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1229B">4.5</link> Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5</link> Diskussion<ul><li><p><link ref="N125C5">5.1</link> 
					In-vitro Untersuchungen an Patientenzellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12627">5.2</link> Wachstum von NBS-Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N126BF">5.3</link> Wachstumsinhibition von NBS-Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12742">5.4</link> Apoptoseinduktion in NBS-Zellen<ul><li><p><link ref="N12753">5.4.1</link> 
						Nachweisverfahren</p></li><li><p><link ref="N127AF">5.4.2</link> Apoptosefähigkeit von NBS-Zellen<ul><li><p><link ref="N127F2">5.4.2.1</link> p53 und Apoptose</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1286E">5.4.2.2</link> Nbs1 und p53</p></li><li><p><link ref="N129CA">5.4.2.3</link> AT und Apoptose</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12A6F">5.4.2.4</link> Methodik bei Untersuchungen zur Apoptose</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12AEA">5.5</link> Die Rolle von Nbs1</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6</link> Zusammenfassung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12B8A">Abkürzungsverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13050">Literaturverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N145A2">Erklärung an Eides Statt</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N145B7">Danksagung</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10239">
							Tab. 1: Klinische und zelluläre Merkmale von Nijmegen-Breakage-Syndrom (NBS) und Ataxia teleangiectasia (AT).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A2D">Tab. 2: Mit der sub-G1-peak-Methode gemessene Apoptoseraten nach Inkubation mit 10 und 30 µg Bleomycin/ml. Angegeben ist der Mittelwert von Tripelwerten inklusive Standardabweichung. Signifikanz bezieht sich auf den Unterschied der Messwerte der NBS- bzw. AT-Zelllinien zum Mittelwert der Kontrollzelllinien. Als Signifikanzniveau wurde p&lt;0,01 angenommen.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D8C">Tab. 3: Mit der Annexin-V-Methode gemessene Apoptoseraten nach Inkubation mit 10 und 30 µg Bleomycin/ml. Angegeben ist der Mittelwert von Tripelwerten inklusive Standardabweichung. Signifikanz bezieht sich auf den Unterschied der Messwerte der NBS- bzw. AT-Zelllinien zum Mittelwert der  Kontrollzelllinien. Als Signifikanzniveau wurde p&lt;0,01 angenommen.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N122BA">Tab. 4: Zusammenfassung der experimentellen Ergebnisse. Die Daten zur Apoptose wurden aus den spezifischeren Annexin-Versuchen bezogen. Klinische Daten zu Neoplasien sind ergänzt. </link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10091">
							
							Abb. 1: DNA-Reparatur, Apoptose und Krebsentstehung. Defekte Caretakers führen zur Anhäufung von Mutationen. Solange die Gatekeeper-Gene noch intakt sind, können die Mutationen erkannt und die mutierte Zelle unschädlich gemacht werden. Sind jedoch auch die Gatekeepers defekt, kann sich die veränderte Zelle ungesteuert teilen [Abb. modifiziert nachKinzler und Vogelstein, 1997].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10121">
								Abb. 2: Die Phasen des Zellzyklus. Der Übergang von einer Phase in die folgende wird an mindestens drei Checkpoints kontrolliert. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10144">
								Abb. 3: Morphologischer Verlauf der Apoptose [Abb. modifiziert nacho.V., 2004, Roche Applied Science].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1015D">
								Abb. 4: Morphologischer Verlauf der Nekrose  [Abb. modifiziert nacho.V., 2004, Roche Applied Science].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N101B5">
								
								<em>Apaf 1: Apoptotic protease activating factor, Chk2: Checkpoint-Kinase 2, CytC: Cytochrom C, FADD: Fas-associated death domain protein, FasL: Fas-Ligand, Nur77: Nuclear Hormone Receptor TR53.</em>
								
								Abb. 5: Zwei Wege der Apoptoseinduktion sind bekannt: Beim Todesrezeptorweg (<em>extrazellulär)</em> wird der Oberflächenrezeptor Fas durch Bindung entsprechender Liganden (FasL) aktiviert. Dies führt zur Ausbildung eines membrangebundenen Death Inducing Signalling Complex (DISC), bestehend aus FADD, Fas und Procaspase 8. Der DISC aktiviert 'Downstream'-Caspasen, die die Zelle zerlegen. Der mitochondriale Weg wird durch <em>intrazelluläre</em>  Stimuli wie z. B. DNA-Schädigung ausgelöst und p53-abhängig oder -unabhängig an die Mitochondrien übermittelt. Über Freisetzung von CytC kommt es zur Ausbildung des Apoptosoms, das wiederum die Procaspase 3, das gemeinsame Endmolekül beider Apoptosewege, aktiviert [Abb. modifiziert nachHengartner, 2000].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N104DC">Abb. 6: Geschwisterpaar mit Nijmegen-Breakage-Syndrom. Das Bild wurde freundlicherweise von Prof. Dr. E. Seemanova (Prag) zur Verfügung gestellt.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N104FC">Abb. 7: Kopfumfang und Längenwachstum zweier männlicher NBS-Patienten. Abbildung der Daten mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Prof. Dr. E. Seemanova (Prag).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10584">
									
									<em>AS: Aminosäuren, BP: Basenpaare, BRCT: breast cancer carboxy terminal, FHA: fork-head-associated, Ser: Serinrest </em>
									Abb. 8: Das Nbs1-Gen und sein Genprodukt, das Nibrin. Mutationen im Nbs1-Gen führen zum klinischen Bild des Nijmegen-Breakage-Syndroms. Bisher sind 9 verschiedene Mutationen bekannt. Die 657del5-Mutation ist mit über 90% bei NBS-Patienten am häufigsten. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N117FB">
							
							Abb. 9: Nachweis der 657del5-Mutation in Exon 6 des Nbs1-Gens der NBS-Zelllinie JaCe. Die 5 fehlenden Basen sind bei der Kontrollzelllinie vorhanden.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1184D">Abb. 10: Wachstum lymphoblastoider NBS-Zellen unter Versuchsbedingungen (Apoptoseversuche). Abgebildet ist das Zellwachstum bei einer Ausgangszelldichte von 5x10<sup>5</sup> Zellen/ml. Die Fehlerbalken geben die intraexperimentellen Variationen (Doppelwerte) an.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1188B">
								Abb. 11: Wachstum von fünf NBS- und zwei Kontrollzelllinien über sieben Tage bei einer Ausgangszelldichte von 0,7x10<sup>5</sup> Zellen/ml. Die Fehlerbalken geben die intraexperimentellen Variationen (Doppelwerte) an.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N118E3">
							Abb. 12: Überlebensraten von drei NBS- und zwei Kontrollzelllinien nach der Inkubation mit ansteigenden Bleomycinkonzentrationen. Die Fehlerbalken geben die intraexperi-mentellen Variationen (Doppelwerte) an. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11900">Abb. 13: Überlebensraten von drei NBS- und zwei Kontrollzelllinien bei Inkubation mit ansteigenden Methotrexatkonzentrationen. Die Fehlerbalken geben die intraexperi-mentellen Variationen (Doppelwerte) an. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11917">Abb. 14: Überlebensraten von zwei NBS- und zwei Kontrollzelllinien bei Inkubation mit ansteigenden Cyclophosphamidkonzentrationen. Die Fehlerbalken geben die intra-experimentellen Variationen (Doppelwerte) an. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11975">
								Abb. 15: Anteile vitaler (schwarz), apoptotischer (hellgrau) und nekrotischer (dunkelgrau) Zellen bei unbehandelten (a) im Vergleich zu mit 30 µg Bleomycin/ml inkubierten Zellen (b) über fünf Tage (Zelllinie: Kontrollzelllinie C520).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1199A">
								
								
								Abb. 16: Durchflusszytometrisch ermittelte Apoptoseraten einer Kontrollzelllinie und der NBS-Linie JaCe bei fünftägiger Inkubation mit 10 µg (a) und 30 µg (b) Bleomycin/ml. Der schwarze Balken stellt den Anteil apoptotischer Kontrollzellen, der graue Balken den Anteil apoptotischer NBS-Zellen dar. Als apoptotisch gelten alle Annexin-V-positiven Zellen (Ax+/PI- und Ax+/PI+ - Zellen).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N119E0">
								
								Abb. 17: Apoptosenachweis mit der sub-G<sub>1</sub>-peak-Methode. Unbehandelte Zellen (a) zeigen keinen sub-G<sub>1</sub>-peak. Bei mit Bleomycin behandelten Zellen (b) findet sich ein breiter sub-G<sub>1</sub>-peak, der die apoptotischen Zellkerne repräsentiert.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A0D">
								Abb. 18: Hypodiploider DNA-Gehalt (%) nach 72 h Inkubation mit 10 und 30 µg Bleomycin/ml. 7 NBS-, zwei AT- und zwei Kontrollzelllinien wurden untersucht. Die Fehlerbalken geben die intraexperimentellen Variationen (Tripelwerte) an.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D27">
								
								
								Abb. 19: Durchflusszytometrische Analyse Annexin-V/PI-gefärbter Zellen nach Inkubation mit 0, 10 und 30 µg Bleomycin/ml für 72 h. Annexin-V ist durch FITC markiert. Der linke untere Quadrant zeigt vitale, der rechte untere apoptotische und der rechte obere Quadrant spätapoptotische/nekrotische Zellen (%).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11D56">
								
								Abb. 20: Ax+/PI- und Ax+/PI+ -Zellen nach 72 h Inkubation mit 10 und 30 µg Bleomycin/ml. 7 NBS- zwei AT- und zwei Kontrollzelllinien wurden untersucht. Die Fehlerbalken geben die intraexperimentellen Variationen (Tripelwerte) an.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12812">
									Abb. 21: Das Tumorsuppressorgen p53 induziert nach einer DNA-Schädigung in der Zelle entweder einen Zellzyklusarrest, um eine DNA-Reparatur zu ermöglichen, oder es leitet, wenn der Schaden irreparabel ist, die Apoptose ein [Abb. modifiziert nachHirao, et al., 2002].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12854">
									
									<em>Apaf 1: Apoptotic protease activating factor, BAX: bcl-2-associated X Protein, bcl-2: B-Cell-Lymphoma 2, MDM 2: Mouse double minute 2 homolog, Noxa: Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1, PUMA: p53-upregulated modulator of Apoptosis</em>Abb. 22: Nach einer DNA-Schädigung wird p53 aktiviert. Daraufhin induziert es eine Vielzahl an Genen der Apoptoseregulation. Über p21 bewirkt es zudem einen Zellzyklusarrest [Abb. modifiziert nachNorbury und Zhivotovsky, 2004].</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12926">
									Abb. 24: Nbs1 spielt für eine Vielzahl ATM-vermittelter Signaltransduktionen nach DNA-Schädigung eine wichtige Rolle. Es erleichtert die ATM-abhänigige Phosphorylierung von p53 und Chk2. Außerdem scheint es eine Funktion für die Aktivierung von ATM zu haben. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12977">Abb. 25: Einteilung der NBS-Zelllinien nach ihren Apoptoseeigenschaften in zwei Gruppen: eine Gruppe mit tendenziell erniedrigter aber noch im Normalbereich liegender (n = 3), die zweite Gruppe mit signifikant verminderter Apoptoseinduktion (n = 4) nach Bleomycinbehandlung. </link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>