<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry ref="N10009" type="pagenumber">1</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="_Ref38094826" type="link"/><cms:entry type="title">Untersuchungen zu Störungen von Lungenfunktion, Gasaustausch und kardiopulmonaler Leistungsfähigkeit bei Langzeitüberlebenden nach Lebertransplantation</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Klaus Walldorf
			</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N1003D" type="pagenumber">2</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10059" type="pagenumber">3</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N10081" type="pagenumber">4</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N100A1" type="dedication">meinen Eltern gewidmet</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N100A6" type="pagenumber">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100B2" part="chapter1" ref="N100B2" type="pagenumber">8</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100B7" part="chapter1" ref="N100B7" type="section">1.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100CC" part="chapter1" ref="N100CC" type="section">1.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100D0" part="chapter1" ref="N100D0" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100F4" part="chapter1" ref="N100F4" type="section">1.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100F8" part="chapter1" ref="N100F8" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1013E" part="chapter1" ref="N1013E" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10156" part="chapter1" ref="N10156" type="section">1.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10168" part="chapter1" ref="N10168" type="section">1.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1016C" part="chapter1" ref="N1016C" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10192" part="chapter1" ref="N10192" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref477589700" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref477589700" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N101A9" part="chapter2" ref="N101A9" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101AE" part="chapter2" ref="N101AE" type="section">2.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101B8" part="chapter2" ref="N101B8" type="mm">736#375</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101C3" part="chapter2" ref="N101C3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref2338574" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref2338574" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref477589732" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref477589732" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N101D0" part="chapter2" ref="N101D0" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref525211754" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref525211754" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10454" part="chapter2" ref="N10454" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10819" part="chapter2" ref="N10819" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref2341202" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref2341202" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83981015" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref83981015" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83981025" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref83981025" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10A0E" part="chapter2" ref="N10A0E" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10A15" part="chapter2" ref="N10A15" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10B4B" part="chapter2" ref="N10B4B" type="section">2.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B4F" part="chapter2" ref="N10B4F" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref529197036" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref529197036" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10B65" part="chapter2" ref="N10B65" type="mm">728#405</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B70" part="chapter2" ref="N10B70" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B86" part="chapter2" ref="N10B86" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B98" part="chapter2" ref="N10B98" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N10B9F" part="chapter2" ref="N10B9F" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N10BA6" part="chapter2" ref="N10BA6" type="mm">140#50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BAD" part="chapter2" ref="N10BAD" type="mm">86#26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BBA" part="chapter2" ref="N10BBA" type="mm">125#50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BC1" part="chapter2" ref="N10BC1" type="mm">129#55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BCE" part="chapter2" ref="N10BCE" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10BD5" part="chapter2" ref="N10BD5" type="mm">197#54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C04" part="chapter2" ref="N10C04" type="mm">96#76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C17" part="chapter2" ref="N10C17" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C21" part="chapter2" ref="N10C21" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10C40" part="chapter2" ref="N10C40" type="mm">275#55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C7B" part="chapter2" ref="N10C7B" type="mm">116#51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10C94" part="chapter2" ref="N10C94" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CA7" part="chapter2" ref="N10CA7" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N10CB1" part="chapter2" ref="N10CB1" type="mm">254#55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CB8" part="chapter2" ref="N10CB8" type="mm">55#50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CBF" part="chapter2" ref="N10CBF" type="mm">39#50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CC6" part="chapter2" ref="N10CC6" type="mm">125#55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CCD" part="chapter2" ref="N10CCD" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CD4" part="chapter2" ref="N10CD4" type="mm">182#54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CED" part="chapter2" ref="N10CED" type="mm">39#50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CF4" part="chapter2" ref="N10CF4" type="mm">55#50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10CF8" part="chapter2" ref="N10CF8" type="mm">130#99</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D02" part="chapter2" ref="N10D02" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D0F" part="chapter2" ref="N10D0F" type="mm">737#296</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D1A" part="chapter2" ref="N10D1A" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D26" part="chapter2" ref="N10D26" type="section">2.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D36" part="chapter2" ref="N10D36" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D3A" part="chapter2" ref="N10D3A" type="mm">733#404</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10D66" part="chapter2" ref="N10D66" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DB2" part="chapter2" ref="N10DB2" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref536526673" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref536526673" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10DD5" part="chapter2" ref="N10DD5" type="mm">737#364</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981133" part="chapter2" ref="_Ref83981133" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10E0E" part="chapter2" ref="N10E0E" type="section">2.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E12" part="chapter2" ref="N10E12" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E49" part="chapter2" ref="N10E49" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10E50" part="chapter2" ref="N10E50" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10F16" part="chapter2" ref="N10F16" type="section">2.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F1F" part="chapter2" ref="N10F1F" type="section">2.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F2E" part="chapter2" ref="N10F2E" type="section">2.7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F32" part="chapter2" ref="N10F32" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F53" part="chapter2" ref="N10F53" type="mm">47#3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10F5D" part="chapter2" ref="N10F5D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1105D" part="chapter3" ref="N1105D" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11062" part="chapter3" ref="N11062" type="section">3.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref5611004" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref5611004" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11077" part="chapter3" ref="N11077" type="mm">736#532</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981179" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981179" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11085" part="chapter3" ref="N11085" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1108F" part="chapter3" ref="N1108F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4325696" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4325696" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83981218" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981218" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11421" part="chapter3" ref="N11421" type="section">3.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11425" part="chapter3" ref="N11425" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref38089233" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref38089233" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11436" part="chapter3" ref="N11436" type="mm">560#397</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981273" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981273" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83981278" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981278" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1144B" part="chapter3" ref="N1144B" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11452" part="chapter3" ref="N11452" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4213907" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4213907" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N116DB" part="chapter3" ref="N116DB" type="mm">435#375</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981335" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981335" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N116E4" part="chapter3" ref="N116E4" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N116E7" part="chapter3" ref="N116E7" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N116EF" part="chapter3" ref="N116EF" type="pagenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref13553779" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref13553779" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N116F9" part="chapter3" ref="N116F9" type="mm">452#385</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981359" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981359" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11702" part="chapter3" ref="N11702" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N11705" part="chapter3" ref="N11705" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N11716" part="chapter3" ref="N11716" type="mm">24#26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11724" part="chapter3" ref="N11724" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4214003" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214003" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1172E" part="chapter3" ref="N1172E" type="mm">736#419</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981381" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981381" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11745" part="chapter3" ref="N11745" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4327136" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4327136" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11759" part="chapter3" ref="N11759" type="mm">736#371</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981413" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981413" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11766" part="chapter3" ref="N11766" type="section">3.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1176A" part="chapter3" ref="N1176A" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4214108" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214108" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1177F" part="chapter3" ref="N1177F" type="mm">736#509</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981508" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981508" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11791" part="chapter3" ref="N11791" type="pagenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11798" part="chapter3" ref="N11798" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4214167" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214167" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83981455" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981455" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11A67" part="chapter3" ref="N11A67" type="pagenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4214205" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214205" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11A71" part="chapter3" ref="N11A71" type="mm">636#400</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981597" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981597" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4214234" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214234" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11A82" part="chapter3" ref="N11A82" type="mm">637#391</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981616" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981616" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4214292" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214292" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11A93" part="chapter3" ref="N11A93" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11A97" part="chapter3" ref="N11A97" type="mm">762#453</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981642" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981642" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11AA0" part="chapter3" ref="N11AA0" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N11AA3" part="chapter3" ref="N11AA3" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N11AA6" part="chapter3" ref="N11AA6" type="im"/><cms:entry id="N11ABB" part="chapter3" ref="N11ABB" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4214351" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214351" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11ACC" part="chapter3" ref="N11ACC" type="mm">736#366</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981662" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981662" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11AE2" part="chapter3" ref="N11AE2" type="section">3.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11AE6" part="chapter3" ref="N11AE6" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4325974" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4325974" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11B04" part="chapter3" ref="N11B04" type="mm">736#212</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981678" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981678" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4214422" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214422" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11B15" part="chapter3" ref="N11B15" type="mm">736#373</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981696" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981696" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11B39" part="chapter3" ref="N11B39" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11B5E" part="chapter3" ref="N11B5E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11DC8" part="chapter3" ref="N11DC8" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11DF6" part="chapter3" ref="N11DF6" type="mm">736#369</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E13" part="chapter3" ref="N11E13" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4214480" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214480" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11E82" part="chapter3" ref="N11E82" type="pagenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11E86" part="chapter3" ref="N11E86" type="mm">601#301</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981762" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981762" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4214527" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214527" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11E9A" part="chapter3" ref="N11E9A" type="mm">600#298</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981783" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981783" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4214607" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4214607" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11EAB" part="chapter3" ref="N11EAB" type="mm">601#298</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83981802" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981802" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11EBF" part="chapter3" ref="N11EBF" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11ED2" part="chapter3" ref="N11ED2" type="mm">603#797</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4215281" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4215281" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83981977" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83981977" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N11EE2" part="chapter3" ref="N11EE2" type="section">3.5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EE6" part="chapter3" ref="N11EE6" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11EFA" part="chapter3" ref="N11EFA" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4215335" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref4215335" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83982003" part="chapter3" ref="_Ref83982003" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N120AC" part="chapter3" ref="N120AC" type="section">3.6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120B0" part="chapter3" ref="N120B0" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N120C3" part="chapter3" ref="N120C3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123A0" part="chapter4" ref="N123A0" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123A8" part="chapter4" ref="N123A8" type="section">4.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N123B9" part="chapter4" ref="N123B9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4215448" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref4215448" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83982028" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref83982028" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N125CC" part="chapter4" ref="N125CC" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4215487" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref4215487" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N125D6" part="chapter4" ref="N125D6" type="mm">602#978</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83982058" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref83982058" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N125E4" part="chapter4" ref="N125E4" type="pagenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref4215522" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref4215522" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N125F5" part="chapter4" ref="N125F5" type="mm">600#328</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83982089" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref83982089" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N12602" part="chapter4" ref="N12602" type="section">4.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12606" part="chapter4" ref="N12606" type="pagenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref38094864" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref38094864" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1261E" part="chapter4" ref="N1261E" type="mm">602#327</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83982156" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref83982156" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1262C" part="chapter4" ref="N1262C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref5690688" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref5690688" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83982121" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref83982121" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N127A7" part="chapter4" ref="N127A7" type="section">4.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127AB" part="chapter4" ref="N127AB" type="pagenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N127BF" part="chapter4" ref="N127BF" type="table"/><cms:entry id="_Ref4215601" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref4215601" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_Ref83982191" part="chapter4" ref="_Ref83982191" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N127CC" part="chapter4" ref="N127CC" type="pagenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12ED4" part="chapter5" ref="N12ED4" type="pagenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F13" part="chapter5" ref="N12F13" type="section">5.1</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F17" part="chapter5" ref="N12F17" type="pagenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F27" part="chapter5" ref="N12F27" type="pagenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F33" part="chapter5" ref="N12F33" type="section">5.2</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F37" part="chapter5" ref="N12F37" type="pagenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F44" part="chapter5" ref="N12F44" type="pagenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F4A" part="chapter5" ref="N12F4A" type="section">5.3</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F5D" part="chapter5" ref="N12F5D" type="pagenumber">63</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F6A" part="chapter5" ref="N12F6A" type="pagenumber">64</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F74" part="chapter5" ref="N12F74" type="pagenumber">65</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F81" part="chapter5" ref="N12F81" type="pagenumber">66</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F87" part="chapter5" ref="N12F87" type="section">5.4</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12F8B" part="chapter5" ref="N12F8B" type="pagenumber">67</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FA7" part="chapter5" ref="N12FA7" type="pagenumber">68</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FB7" part="chapter5" ref="N12FB7" type="pagenumber">69</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FCA" part="chapter5" ref="N12FCA" type="pagenumber">70</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FD7" part="chapter5" ref="N12FD7" type="pagenumber">71</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FE7" part="chapter5" ref="N12FE7" type="pagenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12FF7" part="chapter5" ref="N12FF7" type="pagenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1301C" part="chapter5" ref="N1301C" type="pagenumber">74</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref18160641" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref18160641" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N1303F" part="chapter5" ref="N1303F" type="pagenumber">75</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13046" part="chapter5" ref="N13046" type="mm">1038#701</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_Ref83982283" part="chapter5" ref="_Ref83982283" type="link"/><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13058" part="chapter6" ref="N13058" type="pagenumber">76</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1306B" part="chapter6" ref="N1306B" type="pagenumber">77</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N13081" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N13083" part="N13083" ref="N13083" type="abbreviation">
				Abkürzungsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13087" part="N13083" ref="N13087" type="pagenumber">7</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1308E" part="N13083" ref="N1308E" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N13581" part="N13581" ref="N13581" type="bibliography">
				Literaturverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13585" part="N13581" ref="N13585" type="pagenumber">78</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N136EA" part="N13581" ref="N136EA" type="pagenumber">79</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1387A" part="N13581" ref="N1387A" type="pagenumber">80</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13A01" part="N13581" ref="N13A01" type="pagenumber">81</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13B71" part="N13581" ref="N13B71" type="pagenumber">82</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13CE7" part="N13581" ref="N13CE7" type="pagenumber">83</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13E3F" part="N13581" ref="N13E3F" type="pagenumber">84</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N13FA1" part="N13581" ref="N13FA1" type="pagenumber">85</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14140" part="N13581" ref="N14140" type="pagenumber">86</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N142BE" part="N13581" ref="N142BE" type="pagenumber">87</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14413" part="N13581" ref="N14413" type="pagenumber">88</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14580" part="N13581" ref="N14580" type="pagenumber">89</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1463D" part="N1463D" ref="N1463D" type="acknowledgement">
				Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14641" part="N1463D" ref="N14641" type="pagenumber">90</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1464D" part="N1464D" ref="N1464D" type="declaration">
				Erklärung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14651" part="N1464D" ref="N14651" type="pagenumber">91</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1465D" part="N1465D" ref="N1465D" type="vita">
				Lebenslauf</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14661" part="N1465D" ref="N14661" type="pagenumber">92</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14668" part="N1465D" ref="N14668" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N146F2" part="N1465D" ref="N146F2" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N14876" part="N14876" ref="N14876" type="appendix">
				Veröffentlichungen</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N14878" part="N14876" ref="N14878" type="head"/><cms:entry id="N1487A" part="N14876" ref="N1487A" type="pagenumber">93</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1487F" part="N14876" ref="N1487F" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14882" part="N14876" ref="N14882" type="p"/><cms:entry id="N14885" part="N14876" ref="N14885" type="p"/><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><p>
			<pagenumber id="N10009" label="1" numbering="arabic" start="1"/>
		</p><p>
			<link id="_Ref38094826"/>
		</p><school>Aus der medizinischen Klinik für<br/>Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie <br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin<br/>Charité Campus Mitte</school><submission>Dissertation</submission><title>Untersuchungen zu Störungen von Lungenfunktion, Gasaustausch und kardiopulmonaler Leistungsfähigkeit bei Langzeitüberlebenden nach Lebertransplantation</title><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades <br/>Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité,<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</major><author>von<br/>Herrn <given>Klaus</given>
			<surname>Walldorf
			</surname>
			<suffix>aus Aurich</suffix>
		</author><p>
			<pagenumber id="N1003D" label="2" numbering="arabic" start="2"/>
		</p><dean>Prof. Dr. Joachim W. Dudenhausen</dean><approvals>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. J. Hauss</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. P. Neuhaus</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. med. M. Plauth</name>
		</approvals><date>Datum der Promotion: 27.07.2004</date><abstract lang="de">
			<head>
				<pagenumber id="N10059" label="3" numbering="arabic" start="3"/>Lungenfunktion, Gasaustausch und kardiopulmonaler Leistungsfähigkeit bei Langzeitüberlebenden nach orthotoper Lebertransplantation (OLT)</head>
			<p>Einleitung: Bei Langzeitüberlebenden nach OLT findet sich eine Reduktion der Diffusionskapazität ohne Veränderungen des Lungeninterstitiums (nachweisbar in der high resolution Computertomographie HR-CT) und eine Reduktion der Muskelmasse. Wir untersuchten daher den Pathomechanismus der Diffusionsstörung, den zeitlichen Verlauf der Diffusionskapazität und die Auswirkungen der Lungen- und Atemfunktion auf die kardiopulmonale Belastbarkeit.</p>
			<p>Methoden: Bei 38 Lebertransplantierten (67.7Mon. nach OLT) wurden Diffusionskapazität, Membranfaktor, Kapillarvolumen, Atemantrieb, maximaler inspiratorischer Druck (PImax), die maximale O<sub>2</sub>-Aufnahme (VO2max) und Atemeffizienz bestimmt und ein HR-CT der Lunge sowie eine Echokardiographie durchgeführt.</p>
			<p>Ergebnisse: Diffusionsstörungen bestanden bei 21% der Patienten. Der Diffusionskoeffizient war gegenüber der Voruntersuchung um 4% angestiegen 4% (p&lt;0.05). Der Anteil des alveolokapillaren Membranwiderstands am pulmonalen Gesamtwiderstand war bei Patienten mit Diffusionsstörung gegenüber Patienten ohne Diffusionsstörungen erhöht (61% vs. 56%; p&lt;0.05). VO2max war bei 41 % der Patienten vermindert. Diese zeigten eine reduzierte Atemeffizienz, welche positiv mit PImax korrelierte.</p>
			<p>Schlussfolgerung: Ursächlich für die Diffusionseinschränkung sind vorwiegend Veränderungen der alveolokapillaren Membran. Diese sind jedoch nicht im HR-CT nachweisbar. Die Diffusionsstörung ist im Verlauf rückläufig. Die kardiopulmonale Belastbarkeit ist durch eine reduzierte Atemeffizienz beschränkt, welche durch eine verminderte Atemmuskulatur mit veränderter Atemmechanik und Übergewichtigkeit bedingt ist.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="de"><keyword>Lebertransplantation</keyword>		<keyword>Lungenfunktion</keyword>
		<keyword>Diffusion</keyword>
		<keyword>kardiopulmonale Belastbarkeit</keyword></keywords><abstract lang="en">
			<head>
				<pagenumber id="N10081" label="4" numbering="arabic" start="4"/>Pulmonary function, pulmonary gas exchange and cardiopulmonary exercise capacity (VO2max) in long-term survivors after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)</head>
			<p>Introduction: In long-term survivors after OLT, a reduction of the diffusion capacity (TLCO) may be noticed in absence of interstitial pulmonary changes (as observed in high resolution computertomography HR-CT). Also a diminution of the body muscle mass may be seen together with an increase in body fat mass. We tried to identify the origin of the pulmonary diffusion impairment as an alteration of the membrane factor or the capillary volume. We analysed the progression of the impairment in the course time and the effects of cardiac and respiratory function on VO2max.</p>
			<p>Methods: In 38 patients (67.7 month after OLT) we determined TLCO, membrane factor, capillary volume, ventilatory drive, maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax), maximal O2-uptake on exercise and breathing efficiency. Also HR-CT and echocardiography have been performed.</p>
			<p>Results: Diffusion impairment has been found in 21% of the patients. In the course of 3 years the diffusion coefficient has increased by 4% (p&lt;0.05). In patients with an impaired TLCO the resistance caused by the alveolocapillary membrane had a greater portion of total diffusion resistance than in patients with a regular TLCO (61% vs. 56%; p&lt;0.05). VO2max was reduced in 41 % of the patients. These patients had a lower breathing efficiency, which correlated positively to PImax.</p>
			<p>Conclusion: The reduction of pulmonary diffusion impairment is mainly caused by alterations of the alveolocapillary membrane. These alterations can not be detected in HR-CT. The diffusion impairment has shown to be regressive in the course of time. The limitation of VO2max is caused by a reduced breathing capacity, which is the result of impairment of respiratory muscles -leading to an altered breathing pattern- and obesity.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="en"><keyword>lliver transplantation</keyword>
		<keyword>pulmonary function</keyword>
		<keyword>diffusion</keyword>
		<keyword>cardiopulmonary exercise</keyword></keywords><dedication id="N100A1">
	<head>meinen Eltern gewidmet</head>
				<pagenumber id="N100A6" label="5" numbering="arabic" start="5"/>
			

			

		</dedication><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1</link> 
				Einleitung<ul><li><p><link ref="N100B7">1.1</link> Allgemeine Einleitung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100CC">1.2</link> 
					Pulmonale Veränderungen bei chronisch Leberkranken</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100F4">1.3</link> 
					Einflüsse auf die Lungenfunktion durch orthotope Lebertransplantation</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10156">1.4</link> 
					<em>Kardiopulmonale Belastbarkeit bei chronisch Leberkranken und Lebertransplantierten</em>
				</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10168">1.5</link> 
					
					<em>Ziele der Studie</em>
				</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2</link> 
				
				Patienten und Methoden<ul><li><p><link ref="N101AE">2.1</link> Patienten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B4B">2.2</link> 
					Lungenfunktion </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D26">2.3</link> Kardiopulmonaler Belastungstest</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E0E">2.4</link> 
					HR-Computertomographie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F16">2.5</link> Echokardiographie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F1F">2.6</link> Blutgasanalyse</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10F2E">2.7</link> 
					Datenverarbeitung und Statistik</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3</link> 
				Ergebnisse der Querschnittsuntersuchung<ul><li><p><link ref="N11062">3.1</link> Lungenfunktion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11421">3.2</link> 
					Diffusion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11766">3.3</link> 
					Inspiratorische Drücke</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11AE2">3.4</link> 
					Kardiopulmonaler Belastungstest</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EE2">3.5</link> 
					HR-Computertomographie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N120AC">3.6</link> 
					Herzfunktion</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4</link> 
				Ergebnisse der Längsschnittuntersuchung<ul><li><p><link ref="N123A8">4.1</link> Lungenfunktion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12602">4.2</link> 
					Diffusion</p></li><li><p><link ref="N127A7">4.3</link> 
					HRCT</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5</link> 
				Diskussion<ul><li><p><link ref="N12F13">5.1</link> 
					Spirometrische Parameter bei Langzeitlebertransplantierten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F33">5.2</link> 
					Diffusionsparameter bei Langzeitlebertransplantierten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F4A">5.3</link> Pathomechanismus der Diffusionsstörung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N12F87">5.4</link> 
					Kardiopulmonale Belastbarkeit</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6</link> 
				Zusammenfassung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N13083">
				Abkürzungsverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13581">
				Literaturverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1463D">
				Danksagung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1464D">
				Erklärung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1465D">
				Lebenslauf</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N14876">
				Veröffentlichungen</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N101C3">
							
							
							Tabelle 1: Ätiologie der Lebererkrankung vor Lebertransplantation </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10454">Tabelle 2: Demographische Patientendaten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10819">
							
							
							Tabelle 3: Laborchemische Parameter der Gesamtgruppe</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10A15">Tabelle 4: Immunsuppressive Therapie </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10E50">Tabelle 5: Technische Daten HRCT</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1108F">
							
							Tabelle 6: Ergebnisse der spirometrischen Untersuchungen von 38 Patienten</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11452">Tabelle 7: Ergebnisse für die Diffusionsparameter</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11798">
							
							Tabelle 8: Ergebnisse der inspiratorischen Druckmessung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11B5E">Tabelle 9: Ergebnisse der Spiroergometrie </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EFA">
							
							Tabelle 10: Lokalisation und Form interstitieller und nicht interstitieller Lungenbefunde</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N120C3">Tabelle 11: Statistische Maßzahlen der Echokardiographie</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N123B9">
							
							Tabelle 12: Verlauf der spirometrischen Parameter 3 und 5,6 Jahre post OLT</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1262C">
							
							Tabelle 13: Verlauf der Diffusionsparameter zwischen 3 und 5,6 Jahren post-OLT</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N127BF">
							
							
							Tabelle 14: pathologische CT-Befunde 3 und 5,6 Jahre nach OLT</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N101B8">Abbildung 1: Durchgeführte Untersuchungen 3 und 5,6 Jahre nach OLT</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B65">Abbildung 2: statische und dynamische Lungenparameter</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D0F">Abbildung 3: schematische Darstellung des Mundverschlußdruckes in Ruheatmung P0.1, des maximalen Mundverschlußdruckes P0.1max und maximalen Inspirationsdruckes PImax bei forcierter Inspiration</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10D3A">Abbildung 4: Modifiziertes Naughton Protokoll </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DD5">
							Abbildung 5: Exemplarische Darstellung zweier verschiedener VE/VCO2-Plotts mit unterschiedlicher Steigung (&#8222;Slope&#8220;).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11077">
							Abbildung 6: Spirometrische Parameter mit Mittelwert (Balken) und Standardabweichung. Dargestellt sind % der Referenzwerte, einzelne Patientenwerten (X), signifikante Abweichungen vom Referenzwert und pathologischer Bereich (grau unterlegt).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11436">
							
							Abbildung 7: Diffusionskapazität TLCO und Diffusionskoeffizient KCO (Farben und Symbole siehe Abbildung 6)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N116DB">
							Abbildung 8: Signifikante Verminderung des Membranfaktors Dm bei Patienten mit Diffusionsstörungen (<im entity="Grafik29" file="Walldorf_html_m2ba20fff.gif" id="N116E4"/> ) gegenüber Patienten ohne Diffusionsstörungen (<im entity="Objekt2" file="Walldorf_html_5d31ac8a.gif" id="N116E7"/>).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N116F9">
							Abbildung 9: nicht signifikante Verminderung des Kapillarvolumens Qc bei Patienten mit Diffusionsstörungen (<im entity="Grafik31" file="Walldorf_html_7790a9e5.gif" id="N11702"/>) gegenüber Patienten ohne Diffusionsstörungen(<im entity="Grafik32" file="Walldorf_html_21aa0184.gif" id="N11705"/>)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1172E">
							Abbildung 10: erhöhter Anteil des alveolokapillaren Teilwiderstandes am pulmonalen Gesamtwiderstand bei Patienten mit reduzierter Diffusionskapazität (rechts).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11759">
							Abbildung 11: signifikante positive Korrelation zwischen Vitalkapazität VC und Diffusionskapazität TLCO</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1177F">
							Abbildung 12: a) signifikante Reduktion des Inspirationsdrucks (PImax) und b) signifikate Erhöhung des Mundverschlußdrucks in Ruhe (P0.1) (log. Skalierung der y-Achse, Farben und Symbole siehe Abbildung 6).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A71">
							Abbildung 13: Patientenwerte für Atemantrieb ausgedrückt als Quotient P0.1/ P0.1max in logarithmischer Darstellung. Obere Grenze des Normalbereiches = 0,05 = 5%.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A82">
							Abbildung 14: gesteigerter Atemantrieb P0.1/ P0.1max bei Frauen gegenüber Männern.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11A97">
							Abbildung 15: Steigerung des Atemantriebs dargestellt am inspiratorischen Ruhe Mundverschlußdruck P0.1 <im entity="Grafik40" file="Walldorf_html_m494b5351.gif" id="N11AA0"/> und Verminderung von maximalem Inspirationsdruck PImax <im entity="Grafik41" file="Walldorf_html_m68cd5b.gif" id="N11AA3"/> und maximalem Mundverschlußdruck P0.1max <im entity="Grafik42" file="Walldorf_html_m5ed9c15b.gif" id="N11AA6"/> aufgeschlüsselt nach Geschlecht (LTx=Lebertransplantierte).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11ACC">
							Abbildung 16: signifikante positive Korrelation zwischen Vitalkapazität VC und maximaler inspiratorischer Kraft PImax</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11B04">
							Abbildung 17: Abbruchursachen der Belastungsuntersuchung (n= Anzahl der Patienten)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11B15">
							Abbildung 18: verminderte maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme VO<sub>2</sub>max ( à verminderte cardiopulmonale Leistungsfähigkeit), anaerobe Schwelle VO<sub>2</sub>AT und erhöhte Steigung V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>(à verminderte Atemeffizienz), Farben und Symbole wie Abbildung 6
						</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11DF6">Abbildung 19: negative Korrelation zwischen Body-Mass-Index BMI und maximaler Sauerstoffaufnahme VO<sub>2</sub>max </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11E86">
							Abbildung 20: positive Korrelation zwischen Atemzugvolumen V<sub>T</sub>max und maximalem Inspirationsdruck PImax</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11E9A">
							Abbildung 21: negative Korrelation zwischen maximaler Atemfrequenz und PImax</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11EAB">
							Abbildung 22: negative Korrelation zwischen Steigung V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> und PImax</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11ED2">
							
							Abbildung 23: signifikante Einschränkung der Ventilationskenngrößen bei Patienten mit verminderter Leistungsfähigkeit der muskulären Atempumpe (reduzierter maximaler Inspirationsdruck PImax).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N125D6">
							Abbildung 24: Abnahme von Vitalkapazität (VC), forcierter Vitalkapazität (FVC) und forcierter Einsekundenkapazität (FEV1) im zeitlichen Verlauf, dargestellt als individueller Verlauf (blau) und Mittelwert mit Standardabweichung (rot).</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N125F5">
							Abbildung 25: zeitlicher Verlauf des Residualvolumens</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1261E">
							Abbildung 26: Anstieg des Diffusionskoeffizienten KCO im zeitlichen Verlauf</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N13046">
							Abbildung 27: Hypothetisches Modell der Prozesse, die an der Beeinträchtigung des Gasaustausches und der kardiopulmonalen Belastbarkeit bei Lebertransplantationen beteiligt sind</link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>