Paternal kinship among adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)Anja WiddigII1231.4 1.2.53.64.782.9 1.102.113.121314154.5.166.17187.19208.21229.23242627283.29Introduction301.2.313.Results1.32333435363738519#2042.39488#202403.4142430#261Discussion43444546Summary4.47Introduction1.482.3.49504.5.51Results1.5354552.5657583.5960614.63Discussion646566676869707172Summary 735.74Introduction75 Results761.772.783.794.80614#43681612#220Discussion828384 Summary856.86Introduction878889Results1.902.9192933.95964.9798991005.101380#219102380#219380#219103Discussion 104105106107108380#243109Summary1107.111 1.1122.1133.1144.115116 References117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135 Acknowledgements136137138 Publications142143144 Appendix 1: Study group 145577#887146 Appendix 2: Ethogram147148149150 Appendix 3: Paternity results151152 Erklärung153enTable of contentsHelp References Alberts, S.C. 1999. Paternal kin discrimination in wild baboons. Proceedings of the Royal Society

London

B 266 : 1501-1506. Alberts, S.C. & Altmann, J. 1995 . Balancing costs and opportunities: dispersal in male baboons. The American Naturalist 145 : 279-306. Alberts, S.C., Heather, E.W. & Altmann, J . 2002. Queuing and queue-jumping: long term patterns of dominance rank and mating success in male savannah baboons . Manuscript under review. Alcock, J. 1984 . Animal Behavior.

Sunderland, Massachusetts

, Sinauer . 3rd ed. Alexander, R.D. 1974. The evolution of social behavior . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5 : 325-383. Allainé, D. 2000 . Sociality, mating system and reproductive skew in marmots: evidence and hypotheses. Behavioural Processes 51 : 21-34. Altmann, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior sampling methods. Behaviour 49 : 227-267. Altmann, J. 1979. Age cohorts as paternal sibships. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61 : 61-164. Altmann, J., Alberts, S.C., Haines, S.A., Dubach, J., Muruthi, P., Coote, T., Geffen, E., Cheesman, D.J., Mututua, R.S., Saiyalel, S.N., Wayne, R.K., Lacy, R.C. & Bruford, M.W. 1996 . Behavior predicts genetic structure in a wild primate group. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 93 : 5797-5801. Altmann, S.A . 1962. A field study of the sociobiology of rhesus monkeys. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 102: 338-435. Altmann, S.A. 1979. Altruistic behaviour: the fallacy of kin development. Animal Behaviour 27 : 958-962. Arnold, K. E . 2000. Kin recognition in rainbowfish (Melanotaenia eachamensis): sex, sibs and shoaling. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48 : 385-391. Axelrod, R. 1984. The evolution of cooperation.

New York

, Basic Books. Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W.D. 1981. The evolution of cooperation. Science 211: 1390-1396. Barnard, C.J. & Aldhous, P . 1991. Kinship, kin discrimination and mate choice. In: Hepper, P.G. (ed.). Kin recognition , Cambridge University Press

, Cambridge

, pp . 125-147. Bateman, A.J . 1948. Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity 2 : 349-368. Bateson, P . 1982. Preferences for cousins in Japanese quail. Nature 295: 236-237. Bauers, K.A. & Hearn, J.P. 1994 . Patterns of paternity in relation to male social rank in the stumptailed macaque, Macaca arctoides . Behaviour 129 : 149-176. Beckerman Glick, B., Eaton, G.G., Johnson, D.F. & Worlein, J.M. 1986. Social behavior of infant and mother Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): Effects of kinship, partner sex, and infant sex. International Journal of Primatology 7 : 139-155. Beecher, M.D . 1991 . Successes and failures of parent-offspring recognition in animals. In : Hepper, P.G. (ed.). Kin recognition , Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge

, pp. 94-124. Belisle, P. & Chapais, B. 2001. Tolerated co-feeding in relation to degree of kinship in Japanese macaques. Behaviour 138 : 487-509. Berard, J.D. 1990. Life history patterns of male rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oregon. Berard, J.D. 1999. A four-year study of the association between male dominance rank, residency status, and reproductive activity in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Primates 40 : 159-175. Berard, J.D., Nürnberg, P, Epplen, J.T. & Schmidtke, J. 1994. Alternative reproductive tactics and reproductive success in male rhesus macaques. Behaviour 129 : 177-201. Berard, J.D., Nürnberg, P., Epplen, J.T.& Schmidtke, J. 1993. Male rank, reproductive behavior, and reproductive success in free-ranging rhesus macaques . Primates 34 : 481-489. Bercovitch, F.B. 1986. Male rank and reproductive activity in Savanna Baboons. International Journal of Primatology 7 : 533-550. Bercovitch, F.B . 1988. Coalitions, cooperation and reproductive tactics among adult male baboons. Animal Behaviour 36 : 1198-1209. Bercovitch, F.B. 1991. Mate selection, consortship formation, and reproductive tactics in adult female savanna baboons. Primates 32 : 437-452. Bercovitch, F.B. 1992. Sperm competition, reproductive tactics, and paternity in savanna baboons and rhesus macaques. In : Martin, R.D., Dixson, A.F. & Wickings, E.J. (eds.). Paternity in Primates: Genetic tests and theories . Karger

, Basel

, pp . 225-237. Bercovitch, F.B. 1997 . Reproductive strategies of rhesus macaques. Primates 38 : 247-263. Bercovitch, F.B. & Berard, J.D. 1993. Life history costs and consequences of apid reproductive maturation in female rhesus macaques . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 32 : 103-109. Bercovitch, F.B. & Goy, R.W. 1990. The socioendocrinology of reproductive development and reproductive success in macaques. In Ziegler, T.E. & Bercovitch, F.B. (eds). Socioendocrinology of primate reproduction.

New York

, Wiley Liss , pp . 59-93. Bercovitch, F.B. & Nürnberg, P. 1996. Socioendocrine and morphological correlates of paternity in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 107: 59-68. Bercovitch, F.B., Widdig, A. & Nürnberg, P . 2000. Maternal investment in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): reproductive costs and consequences of raising sons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48 : 1-11. Berman, C.M. 1980. Early agonistic experience and rank acquisition among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys . International Journal of Primatology 1 : 153-170. Berman, C.M. 1982. The ontogeny of social relationships with group companions among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys I. Social networks and differentiation. Animal Behaviour 30 : 149-162. Berman, C.M. & Kapsalis, E. 1999. Development of kin bias among rhesus monkeys: maternal transmission or individual learning? Animal Behaviour 58 : 883-894. Bernstein, I.S. 1991. The correlation between kinship and behaviour in non-human primates. In: Hepper, P.G. (ed .). Kin recognition , Cambridge University Press

, Cambridge

, pp. 6-29. Bernstein, I.S. & Ehardt, C.L. 1985a. Agonistic aiding: kinship, rank, age and sex influences. American Journal of Primatology 8 : 37-52. Bernstein, I.S. & Ehardt, C.L. 1985b. Intragroup agonistic behavior in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta ). International Journal of Primatology 6 : 209-226. Bernstein, I.S. & Ehardt, C.L. 1986a. The influence of kinship and socialization on aggressive behaviour in rhesus monkeys (Macaques mulatta). Animal Behaviour 34: 739-747. Bernstein, I.S. & Ehardt, C.L . 1986b. Selective interference in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) intragroup agonistic episodes by age-sex class. Journal of Comparative Psychology 100: 380-384. Blaustein, A.R. & O’Hara, R.K. 1981. Genetic control for sibling recognition? Nature 290 : 246-248. Blaustein, A.R. & O’Hara, R.K. 1982 . Kin recognition in Rana cascadae tadpoles: maternal and paternal effects . Animal Behaviour 30: 1151-1157. Blaustein, A.R., Bekoff, M. & Daniels, T.J. 1987a. Kin recognition in vertebrates (excluding primates): empirical evidence. In: Fletcher, D.J.C.& Michener, C.D. (eds .). Kin recognition in animals.

Chichester

, John Wiley and Sons , pp. 287-331. Blaustein, A.R., Bekoff, M. & Daniels, T.J. 1987b. Kin recognition in vertebrates (excluding primates): mechanisms, functions, and future research. In : Fletcher, D.J.C.& Michener, C.D. (eds .). Kin recognition in animals

, Chichester

, John Wiley and Sons , pp . 333-357. Bolig, R., Price, C.S., O’Neill, P.L. & Suomi, S.J. 1992 . Subjective assessment of reactivity level and personality of rhesus monkeys. International Journal of Primatology 13 : 287-306. Bond, J.R. & Vinacke, W.E. 1961. Coalitions in mixed-sex triads. Sociometry 24: 61-75. Borries, C., Launhardt, K., Epplen, C., Epplen, J.T. & Winkler, P. 1999. Males as infant protectors in Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) living in multimale groups- defence pattern, paternity and sexual behaviour. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46: 350-356. Bourke, A.F.G. & Ratnieks, F.L.W . 1999. Kin conflict over caste determination in social Hymenoptera. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46 : 287-297. Breed, M.D. & Bennett, B. 1987. Kin recognition in highly eusocial insects. In : Fletcher, D.J.C.& Michener, C.D. (eds .). Kin recognition in animals

, Chichester

, John Wiley and Sons , pp . 243-285. Brown, J.L . 1983. Cooperation a biologist’s dilemma. Advances in the study of behavior 13: 1-37. Bulger, J.B. 1993. Dominance rank and access to estrous females in male savanna baboons. Behaviour 127 : 67-103. Byers, J.A. & Bekoff, M . 1986. What does kin recognition mean? Ethology 72: 342-345. Cant, M.A. 1998 . A model for the evolution of reproductive skew without reproductive suppression. Animal Behaviour 55: 163-169. Capitanio, J.P . 1999. Personality dimensions in adult male rhesus macaques: prediction of behaviors across time and situation. American Journal of Primatology 47 : 299-320. Carpenter, C.R. 1942. Sexual behavior of free ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). I. Specimens procedures and behavioral characteristics of estrus. II. Periodicity of estrus, homosexual, autoerotic and nonconformist behavior . Journal of Comparative Psychology 32: 113-162. Chapais, B. 1983. Reproductive activity in relation to male dominance and likelihood of ovulation in rhesus monkeys . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12: 215-228. Chapais, B. 1988a. Experimental matrilineal inheritance of rank in female Japanese macaques. Animal Behaviour 36 : 1025-1037. Chapais, B. 1988b. Rank maintenance in female Japanese macaques: experimental evidence for social dependency . Behaviour 104 : 41-59. Chapais, B. 1992. The role of alliances in social inheritance of rank among female primates. In Harcourt, A.H. & de Waal, F.B.M. (eds .). Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals.

Oxford,

Oxford University Press , pp . 29-59. Chapais, B . 1995 . Alliances as a means of competition in primates: evolutionary, developmental, and cognitive aspects. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 38 : 115-136. Chapais, B. 2001. Primate nepotism: what is the explanatory value of kin selection? International Journal of Primatology 22: 203-229. Chapais, B. & Schulman, S.R. 1980. An Evolutionary model of female domiance relations in primates. Journal of Theoretical Biology 82: 47-89. Chapais, B., Gauthier, C. & Prud'homme, J. 1995. Dominance competition through affiliation and support in Japenese Macaques: An experimaental study. Internationl Journal of Primatology 16: 521-536. Chapais, B., Gauthier, C., Prud’homme, J. & Vasey, P. 1997. Relatedness threshold for nepotism in Japanese macaques. Animal Behaviour 53: 1089-1101. Chapais, B., Girad, M. & Primi, G. 1991. Non-kin alliances, and the stability of matrilineal dominance relations in Japanese macaques. Animal Behaviour 41 : 481-491. Chapais, B., Prud'homme, J. & Teijeiro, S. 1994 . Dominance competition among siblings in Japanese macaques: constraints on nepotism. Animal Behaviour 48: 1335-1347. Chapais, B., Savard, L. & Gauthier, C. 2001 . Kin selection and the distribution of altruism in relation to degree of kinship in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 49 : 493-502. Cheney, D.L. & Seyfarth, R.M. 1990. How monkeys see the world.

Chicago

, University Press. Cheney, D.L. & Seyfarth, R.M . 1999. Recognition of other individuals' social relationships by female baboons . Animal Behaviour 58 : 67-75. Chepko-Sade, B.D. & Sade, D.S. 1979. Patterns of group splitting within matrilineal kinship groups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5 : 67-86. Clarke, A.S. & Boinski, S. 1995. Temperament in nonhuman primates. American Journal of Primatology 37 : 103-125. Clarke, A.S., Kammerer, C.M., George, K.P., Kupfer, D.J., McKinney, W.T., Spence, M.A. & Kraemer, G.D. 1995 . Evidence for heritability of biogenic amine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys . Biological Psychiatry 38 : 572-577. Clutton-Brock, T., Brotherton, P.N.M., O'Riani, M.J., Griffin, A.S., Gaynor, D., Kansky, R., Sharpe, L. & McIlrath, G.M. 2001. Contributions to cooperative rearing in meerkats. Animal Behaviour 61: 705-710. Clutton-Brock, T.H . 1998 . Reproductive skew, concessions and limited control. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13 : 288-292. Colvin, J. 1983. Rank influences rhesus male peer relationship. In Hinde, R.A. (ed .). Primate social relationship, An integrated approach.

Oxford

, Blackwell , pp . 57-64. Colvin, J. & Tissier, G . 1985 . Affiliation and reciprocity in sibling and peer relationships among free-ranging immature rhesus monkeys. Animal Behaviour 33: 959-977. Colvin, J.D. 1986. Proximate causes of male emigration at puberty in rhesus macaques. In Rawlins, R.G. & Kessler, M.J.(eds .). The Cayo Santiago macaques. History, behavior and biology.

Albany

, State University of New Vork Press , pp.131-157. Converse, L.J., Carlson, A.A., Ziegler, T.E. & Snowdon, C.T. 1995. Commuication of ovulatory state to mates by female pygmy marmosets, Cebuella pygmaea. Animal Behaviour 49 : 615-621. Cooney, R. & Bennett, N.C . 2000. Inbreeding avoidance and reproductive skew in a cooperative mammal . Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 267 : 801-806. Cowlishaw, G. & Dunbar, R.I.M. 1991. Dominance rank and mating success in male primates. Animal Behaviour 41 : 1045-56. Cowlishaw, G. & Dunbar, R.I.M. 1992 . Dominance rank and mating success in male primates: a reply to Barton & Simpson. Animal Behaviour 44 : 1162-1163. D'Amato, F.R., Troisi, A., Scucchi, S. & Fuccillo, R. 1982 . Mating season influence on allogrooming in a confined group of Japanese macaques: a quantitative analysis . Primates 23 : 220-232. Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle of life.

London

, John Murray. Darwin, C. 1871. The descent of man and, selection in relation to sex

. London

, John Murray. Dasser, V. 1988 . A social concept in Java monkeys? Animal Behaviour 36 : 225-230. Datta, S.B. 1983a. Relative power and acquisition of rank. In Hinde, R.A. (ed .). Primate social relationship, An integrated approach

. Oxford

, Blackwell , pp . 93-103. Datta, S.B. 1983b. Relative power and the maintenance of dominance. In Hinde, R.A. (ed.). Primate social relationship, An integrated approach

. Oxford

, Blackwell , pp. 103-112. Datta, S.B. 1988. The acquisition of dominance among free-raniging rhesus monkey siblings. Animal Behaviour 36: 754-772. Dawkins, R. 1982. The extended phenotype.

San Francisco

, Freeman. de Ruiter J.R. & van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. 1993. Male dominance rank and reproductive success in primate groups. Primates 34: 513-523. de Ruiter, J.R. & Geffen, E. 1998. Relatedness of matrilines, dispersing males and social groups in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 265 : 79-87. de Ruiter, J.R., Scheffrahn, W., Trommelen, G.J.J.M., Uitterlinden, A.G. Martin, R.D. & van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. 1992. Male social rank and reproductive success in wild long-tailed macaques. Paternity exclusions by blood protein analysis and DNA-fingerprinting. In: Martin, R.D., Dixson, A.F. & Wickings, E.J. (eds.). Paternity in Primates: Genetic tests and theories.

Basel

, Karger , pp. 175-191. de Veer, M.W. & van den Bos, R. 1999. A critical review of methodology and interpretation of mirror self-recognition research in nonhuman primates. Animal Behaviour 58 : 459-468. de Vries, H. 1993. The row-wise correlation between two proximity matrices and the partial rowwise correlation. Psychometrika 58: 53-59. de Waal, F.B.M. 1978. Exploitative and familiarity-dependent support strategies in a colony of semi-free living chimpanzees. Behaviour 66 268-312. de Waal, F.B.M. 1982. Chimpanzee politics.

New York

, Harper and Row. de Waal, F.B.M. 1984. Sex differences in the formation of coalitions among chimpanzees. Ethology and Sociobiology 5: 239-255. de Waal, F.B.M. 1985. Coalitions in monkeys and apes. In Wilke, H.A.M. (ed.). Coalition formation.

Amsterdam

, Elsevier Science Publishers , pp . 1-27. de Waal, F.B.M. 1991 . Rank distance as a central feature of rhesus monkey social organization: a sociometric analysis. Animal Behaviour 41 : 383-395. de Waal, F.B.M. 1992 . Coalitions as part of reciprocal relations in the Arnhem chimpanzee colony. In Harcourt, A.H. & de Waal, F.B.M. (eds .). Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals.

Oxford

, Oxford University Press , pp . 233-257. de Waal, F.B.M. & Harcourt, A.H . 1992 . Coalitions and alliances: a history of ethological research. In Harcourt, A.H. & de Waal, F.B.M. (eds .). Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals.

Oxford,

Oxford University Press, pp . 1-19. de Waal, F.B.M. & Luttrell, L. M. 1988. Mechanisms of social reciprocity in three primate species: symmetrical relationship characteristics or cognition? Ethology and Sociobiology 9: 101-118. de Waal, F.B.M. & Luttrell, L. M. 1985. The formal hierachy of rhesus macaques: an investigation of the bared-teeth display. American Journal of Primatology : 9 : 73-85. de Waal, F.B.M. & Luttrell, L. M. 1986. The similarity principle underlying social bonding among female rhesus monkeys. Folia Primatologica 46 : 215-234. Dixson, A.F. 1998. Primate Sexuality. Comparative studies of prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings.

Oxford,

University Press. Drickamer, L.C. 1974. A ten-year summary of reproductive data for free-ranging Macaca mulatta. Folia Primatologica 21 : 61-80. Dugatkin, L.A. 1997. Cooperation among animals: an evolutionary perspective

. Oxford

, University Press. Dunbar, R.I.M. 1984. Reproductive decisions.

Princeton,

University Press. Edwards, A., Hammond, H.A., Jin, L., Caskey, C.T., Chakraborty, R. 1992. Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomics 12 : 241-253. Ehardt, C.L. & Bernstein, I.S . 1992. Conflict intervention behaviour by adult male macaquesstructural and functional aspects. In Harcourt, A.H. & de Waal, F.B.M. (eds .). Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals

. Oxford

, Oxford University Press , pp . 83-111. Emlen, S.T. 1995 . An evolutionary theory of the family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 92 : 8092-8099. Emlen, S.T. 1997 . Predicting family dynamics in social vertebrates. In: Krebs, J.R. & Davies, N.B. (eds .) Behavioural ecology. An evolutionary approach

. Oxford

, Blackwell Science , 4th ed., pp. 228-253. Engh, A.L., Funk, S.M., van Horn, R.C., Scribner, K.T., Bruford, M.W., Libants, S., Szykman, M., Smale, L. & Holekamp, K.E . 2002. Reproductive skew among males in a female-dominated mammalian society. Behavioral Ecology 13: 193-200. Epplen, J.T. 1992. The methodology of multilocus DNA fingerprinting using radioactive or non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes specific for simple repeat motifis. In Chrambach, A., Dunn, M.J.& Radola, B.J. (eds .) Advances in electrophoresis.

Weinheim

, VCH , pp . 59-114. Erhart, E.M., Coelho, A.M.& Bramblett, C.A . 1997. Kin recognition by paternal half-siblings in captive Papio cynocephalus. American Journal of Primatology 43: 147-157. Fredrickson, W.T. & Sackett, G.P. 1984. Kin preferences in primates (Macaca nemestrina): Relatedness or familiarity? Journal of Comparative Psychology 98 : 29-34. Gallup, G.G., Jr . 1997. On the rise and fall of self-conception in primates. In Snodgrass, J.G. & Thompson, R.L.(eds.].The Self across Psychology: Self-recognition, Self-purposeness, and the Self Concept.

New York

, Academy of Sciences , pp . 73-82. Gerloff, U., Hartung, B., Fruth, B., Gottfried, H. & Tautz, D. 1999. Intracommunity relationships, dispersal pattern and paternity success in a wild living community of Bonobos (Pan paniscus) deterined from DNA analysis of faecal samples. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 266 : 1189-1195. Goodall, J . 1968. The behavior of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs 1: 165-311. Gouzoules, S. 1984. Primate mating systems, kin associations, and cooperative behavior: evidence for kin recognition? Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 27 : 99-134. Gouzoules, S. & Gouzoules, H . 1987. Kinship. In Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W. & Struhsaker, T.T. (eds.). Primate societies.

Chicago

, University of Chicago Press , pp . 299-305. Grafen, A. 1990. Do animals really recognize kin? Animal Behaviour 39 : 42-54. Grau, H.J. 1982. Kin recognition in white-footed deermice (Peromysus leucopus). Animal Behaviour 30: 497-505. Griffiths, S.W. & Armstrong, J.D. 2001. The benefits of genetic diversity outweigh those of kin association in a territorial animal. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 268 : 1293-1296. Gust, D.A., McCaster, T., Gordon, T.P., Gergits, W.F., Casna, N.J. & McClure, H.M. 1998 . Paternity in sooty mangabeys. International Journal of Primatology 19 : 83-94. Gyapay, G., Morissette, J., Vignal, A., Dib, C., Fizames, C., Millasseau, P., Marc, S., Bernardi, G., Lathrop, M. & Weissenbach, J. 1994. The 1993-94 Genethon human genetic linkage map. Nature Genetics 7: 246-339. Hamilton, W.D. 1963. The evolution of altruistic behavior. The American Naturalist 97 : 354-356. Hamilton, W.D . 1964. The genetical evolution of social behaviour I/II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 : 1-52. Hamilton, W.D. 1967. Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156: 477-488. Hamilton, W.D . 1987. Discriminating nepotism: expectable, common, overlooked. In : Fletcher, D.J.C.& Michener, C.D. (eds .). Kin recognition in animals

. Chichester

, John Wiley and Sons , pp . 417-437. Hatchwell, B.J., Ross, D.J., Fowlie, M.K. & McGowan, A. 2001. Kin discrimination in cooperatively breeding long-tailed tits. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 268 : 885-890. Hauser, M.D. 1996. The Evolution of Communication.

Cambridge, Massachusetts

, MIT Press. Hauser, M.D., Miller, C.T., Liu, K. & Gupta, R . 2001. Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) fail to show mirror-guided self-exploration. American Journal of Primatology 53 : 131-137. Hausfater, G. 1975. Dominance and reproduction in Baboons (Papio cynocephalus). A quantitative analysis. Contributions to Primatology 7 .

Basel,

Karger. Heinzi, S.P. & Barrett, L. 1999. The value of grooming to female primates. Primates: 40 : 47-59. Hemelrijk, C.K. 1990a. Models of, and tests for, reciprocity, unidirectionality and other social interaction patterns at a group level . Animal Behaviour 39: 1013-1029. Hemelrijk, C.K. 1990b. A matrix partial correlation test used in investigations of reciprocity and other social interaction patterns at group level. Journal of Theoretical Biology 143: 405-420. Hemelrijk, C.K. 1994. Support for being groomed in long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. Animal Behaviour 48 : 479-481. Hemelrijk, C.K.& Ek, A . 1991 . Reciprocity and interchange of grooming and ‘support’ in captive chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour 41 : 923-935. Heth, G., Todrank, J. & Johnston, R.E. 1998. Kin recognition in golden hamsters: evidence for phenotype matching. Animal Behaviour 56 : 409-417. Higley, J.D., Suomi, S.J. & Linnoila, M. 1996. A nonhuman primate model of type II excessive alcohol consumption? I. Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations and diminished social competence correlate with excessive alcohol consumption. Alcoholism: Clinical and experimental research 20 : 629-642. Higley, J.D., Thompson, W.W., Champoux, M., Goldman, D., Hasert, M.F., Kraemer, G.W., Scanlan, J.M., Suomi, S.J. & Linnoila, M. 1993. Paternal and maternal genetic and enviromental contributions to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Archives of General Psychiatry 50 : 615-623. Hill, D.A . 1986. Sesaonal differences in the spatial relations of adult male rhesus macaques. In Rawlins, R.G. & Kessler, M.J. (eds.). The Cayo Santiago macaques. History, behavior and biology.

Albany

, State University of New Vork Press , pp.159-172. Hill, D.A. 1987. Social relationships between adult male and female rhesus macaques: 1. Sexual consortship. Primates 28: 439-456. Hinde, R.A. & Rowell, T.E. 1962. Communication by postures and facial expressions in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 138 : 1-21. Holmes, W.G. 1986a. Kin recognition by phenotype matching in female Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi. Animal Behaviour 34: 38-47. Holmes, W.G. 1986b. Identification of paternal half-siblings by captive Belding's ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 34: 321-327. Holmes, W.G. & Sherman, P.W. 1982. The ontogeny of kin recognition in two species of ground squirrels. American Zoologist 22: 491-517. Holmes, W.G. & Sherman, P.W. 1983. Kin recognition in animals. The American Scientist 71 : 46-55. Hrdy, S.B . 1981. The woman that never evolved.

Cambridge,

Harvard, Univeristy Press. Huffman, M.A. 1991. Mate selection and partner preferences in female Japanese macaques. In Fedigan, L.M. & Asquith, P.J. (eds.). The monkeys of Arashiyama. Thirty-five years of research in Japan and the West.

New York

, University Press. Hunte, W. & Horrocks, J.A. 1987 . Kin and non-kin interventions in the aggressive disputes of vervet monkeys. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 20: 257-263. Inoue, M. & Takenaka, O . 1993. Japanese macaque microsatellite PCR Primers for paternity testing. Primates 34: 37-45. Inoue, M., Mitsunaga, F., Nozaki, M., Ohsawa, H., Takenaka, A., Sugiyama, Y., Shimizu, K. & Takenaka, O. 1993. Male dominance rank and reproductive success in an enclosed group of Japanese macaques: with special reference to post-conception mating . Primates 34 : 503-511. Inoue, M., Mitsunaga, F., Ohsawa, H., Takenaka, A., Sugiyama, Y., Soumah, A.G., Takenaka, O. 1991. Male mating behavior and paternity discrimiantion by DNA-fingerprinting in a Japanese macaque group. Folia Primatologica 56 : 202-210. Janus, M. 1991. Aggression in interactions of immature rhesus monkeys: components, context and relation to affilation level. Animal Behaviour 41 : 121-134. Janus, M. 1992. Interplay between various aspects in social relationships of young rhesus monkeys: dominance, agonistic help, and affiliation. American Journal of Primatology 26 : 291-308. Jolly, A. 1999. Lucy’s legacy.

Cambridge, Harvard,

University Press. Kagan, J . 1994. Galen's Prophecy.

New York

, Basic Books. Kaplan, J.R. 1977. Patterns of fight interference in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 47 : 279-288. Kaplan, J.R. 1978. Fight interference and altruism in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 49: 241-250. Kapsalis, E. & Berman, C.M. 1996a. Models of affiliative relationships among free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). I. criteria for kinship. Behaviour 133: 1209-1234. Kapsalis, E. & Berman, C.M. 1996b. Models of affiliative relationships among free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). II. Testing predicitions for three hypothesized organizing principles. Behaviour 133 : 1235-1263. Kareem, A.M. & Barnard, C.J. 1982. The importance of kinship and familiarity in social interactions between mice. Animal Behaviour 30 : 594-601. Kawai, M. 1958 . On system of social ranks in a natural troop of Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) I. Basic rank and dependent rank. In Altmann, S.A. (ed.) Japanese monkeys. A collection of translation. Kayser, M., Nürnberg, P., Bercovitch, F., Nagy, M. & Roewer, L. 1995 . Increased microsatellite variability in Macaca mulatta compared to humans due to a large scale deletion/ insertion event during primate evolution. Electrophoresis 16 : 1607-1611. Kayser, M., Ritter, H., Bercovitch, F.B., Mrug, M, Roewer, L. & Nürnberg, P. 1996. Identification of highly polymorphic microsatellites in the rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta by cross-species amplification. Molecular Ecology 5 : 157-159. Keane, B. 1990. The effect of relatedness on reproductive success and mate choice in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. Animal Behaviour 39 : 264-273. Keane, B., Dittus, W. P. J. & Melnick, D. J. 1997. Paternity assessment in wild groups of toque macaques Macaca sinica at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka using molecular markers. Molecular Ecology 6 : 267-282. Keller, L. & Nonacs, P . 1993. The role of queen pheromones in social insects: queen control or queen signal? Animal Behaviour 45 : 787-794. Keller, L. & Reeve, H.K. 1994. Partitioning of reproduction in animal societies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9 : 98-102. Keller, L. & Ross, K.G. 1998. Selfish genes: a green beard in the red fire ant. Nature 394 : 573-575. Kessler, M.J. & Berard, J.D. 1989. A brief description of the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal 8 : 55-59. Knezevich, M. 1998. Geophagy as a therapeutic mediator of endoparasitism in a free-ranging group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). American Journal of Primatology 44 : 71- 82. Koenig, W.D. 1988. Reciprocal altruism in birds: a critical review. Ethology and Sociobiology 9: 73-84. Kokko, H., Mackenzie, A., Reynolds, J.D., Lindström, J. & Sutherland, W.J. 1999 . Measures of inequality are not equal. American Naturalist 154 : 358-382. Koyama, N. 1985. Playmate relationships among individuals of the Japanese monkey troop in Arahiyama. Primates 26 : 390-406. Koyama, N.F. 1967. On dominance rank and kinship of a wild Japanese macaque troop in Arashiyama. Primates 8 : 189-216. Krawczak, M. 1999. Statistical Inference from DNA evidence. In : Epplen, J.T. & Lubjuhn, T. (eds .) A laboratory guide to DNA fingerprinting/profiling

.

Basel

, Birkhäuser , pp . 229-244. Krawczak, M., Berard, J.D., Bercovitch, F., Schmidtke, J. & Nürnberg, P. 1993. Power and limits of DNA-profiling in Primate populations: Paternity assessment in rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago. Primates : 34 : 395-402. Krebs, J.R.& Davies, N.B. 1993 . An introduction to Behavioural Ecology

. Oxford

, Blackwell, 3rd ed. Kuester, J. & Paul, A. 1992 . Influence of male competition and female mate choice on male mating success in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Behaviour 120 : 192-217. Kuester, J., Paul, A. & Arnemann, J. 1994. Kinship, familiarity and mating avoidance in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Animal Behaviour 48 : 1183-1194. Kuester, J., Paul, A. & Arnemann, J . 1995. Age-related and individual differences of reproductive success in male and female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Primates 36: 461-476. Kummer, H . 1992. Some impacts of paternity studoes on primate ethology. In Martin, R.D., Dixson, A.F. & Wickings, E.J. (eds.). Paternity in primates: genetic tests and theories. Implications of human DNA Fingerprinting.

Basel

, Karger , p.1-2. Kurland, J.A. 1977. Kin selection in Japanese monkeys. Contributions to Primatology 12 ,

Basel

, Karger . Lacy, R.C. & Sherman, P.W. 1983 . Kin recognition by phenotype matching. The American Naturalist 121 : 489-512. Launhardt, K. 1998. Paarungs- und Reproduktionserfolg männlicher Hanuman-Languren (Presbytis entellus) in Ramnagar/ Südnepal. PhD thesis.

Göttingen,

Cuvillier. Launhardt, K., Borries, C., Hardt, C., Epplen, J.T. & Winkler, P. 2001. Paternity analysis of alternative male reproductive routes among the langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) of Ramnagar. Animal Behaviour 61 : 53-64. Lee, P.C. 1983. Context-specific unpredictability in dominance interactions. In Hinde, R.A. (ed.). Primate social relationship, An integrated approach.

Oxford,

Blackwell, pp . 35-44. Ligon, J.D . 1991 . Co-operation and reciprocity in birds and mammals. In: Hepper, P.G. (ed .). Kin recognition

, Cambridge,

University Press, pp . 30-59. Lindburg, D.G. 1969. Rhesus monkeys: mating season mobility of adult males. Science 166: 1176-1178. Lindburg, D.G. 1971. The rhesus monkeys in North India: An ecological and behavioral study. In Rosenblum, L.A. (ed .), Primate behavior.

New York

, Academic Press , pp. 1-106. Loehlin, J.C. 1992. Genes and Environment in Personality Development

. Newbury Park, CA

, Sage Press. Luty, J.A., Guo, Z., Willard, H.F., Ledbetter, D.H., Ledbetter, S., Litt, M. 1990. Five polymorhic microsatellite VNTRs on the human X chromosome. American Journal of Human Genetics 46: 776-783. Manson, J.H. 1992. Measuring female mate choice in Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques. Animal Behaviour 44: 405-416. Manson, J.H. 1995a. Do female rhesus macaques choose novel males? American Journal of Primatology 37 : 285-296. Manson, J.H. 1995b. Female mate choice in primates. Evolutionary Anthropology 3 : 192-195. Marriot, B.M. 1988. Time budgets of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a forest habitat in Nepal and on Cayo Santiago. In Fa, J.E. & Southwick, C.H. (eds). Ecology and behavior of food-enhanced primate groups

. New York

, Alan R. Liss , pp. 125-149. Marriot, B.M., Smith, J.C. Jr., Jacobs, R.M., Jones, A.O.L., Rawlins R.G. & Kessler, M.J. 1986. Hair mineral content as an indicator of mineral intake in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In Rawlins, R.G. & Kessler, M.J. (eds)., The Cayo Santiago macaques: history, behavior and biology.

Albany,

State University of New York Press, pp . 219-232. Martin, P. & Bateson, P. 1986. Measuring behaviour.

Cambridge,

University Press. Martin, R.D. 1990. Primate Origins.

Princeton,

University Press. Martin, R.D., Dixson, A.F. & Wickings, E.J. (eds.) 1992. Paternity in primates: genetic tests and theories. Implications of human DNA Fingerprinting.

Basel

, Karger. Massey, A. 1977 . Agonistic Aids and kinship in a group of pigtail macaques. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2 : 31-40. Mateo, J.M. 2002. Kin-recognition abilities and nepotism as a function of sociality. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 269 : 721-727. Mateo, J.M. & Johnston, R.E . 2000. Kin recognition and the armpit effect: evidence of self-referent phenotype matching. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 267 : 695-700. Mateo, J.M. & Johnston, R.E. 2001. Self referencing in hamsters. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 74-75. Maynard Smith, J. 1964. Group selection and kin selection. Nature 201 : 1145-1147. McMillan, C.A. 1986. Lineage-specific mating: does it exist? In: Rawlins, R.G. & Kessler, M.J.( eds.). The Cayo Santiago Macaques. History, behavior and biology.

Albany

, State University of New York Press, pp. 201-217. McMillan, C.A. 1989. Male age, dominance, and mating success among rhesus macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80: 83-89. Meikle, D.B. & Vessey, S.H. 1981. Nepotism among rhesus monkey brothers. Nature 294 : 160-161. Melnick, D.J. & Kidd, K.K. 1983 . The genetic consequences of social group fission in a wild population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12 : 229-236. Melnick, D.J. & Pearl, M.C. 1987. Cercopithecines in multimale groups: genetic diversity and population structure. In Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W. & Struhsaker, T.T. (eds .). Primate societies.

Chicago

, University Press , pp.121-134. Melnick, D.J., Pearl, M.C. & Richard, A.F. 1984. Male migration and inbreeding avoidance in wild rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Primatology 7 : 229-243. Moore, S.S., Sargeant, L.L., King, T.J., Mattick, J.S., Georges, M., Hetzel, D.J.S. 1991. The conservation of dinucleotide microsatellites among mammalian genomes allows the use of heterologous PCR primer pairs in closeley related species. Genomics 10 : 654-660. Mundry, R. & Fischer, J. 1998. Use of the statistical programs for nonparametric tests of small samples often leads to incorrect P values: examples from Animal Behaviour . Animal Behaviour 56 : 256-259. Neimeyer, C.L. & Anderson, J.R. 1983. Primate harassment of matings. Ethology and Sociobiology 4 : 205-220. Noë, R. 1989. Coalition forming among male baboons. Unpubl. PhD thesis . University of Utrecht. Noë, R. 1990 . A veto game played by baboons: a challenge to the use of the Prisoner's Dilemma as a paradigm for reciprocity and cooperation . Animal Behaviour 39 : 78-90. Noë, R. 1992. Alliance formation among male baboons: shopping for profitable partners. In Harcourt, A.H. & de Waal, F.B.M. (eds.) Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals .

Oxford

, University Press , pp. 285-321 . Nonacs, P. 2000. Measuring and using skew in the study of social behavior and evolution. The American Naturalist 156 : 577-589. Noordwijk, M.A. van & Schaik, C.P. van 1999 . The effects of dominance rank and group size on female lifetime reproductive success in wild long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. Primates 40 : 105-130. Nürnberg, P., Sauermann, U., Kayser, M., Lanfer, C., Manns, E., Widdig, A., Berard, J., Bercovitch, F.B., Kessler, M., Schmidtke, J. & Krawczak, M. 1998. Paternity assessment in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Multilocus DNA fingerprinting and PCR marker typing. American Journal of Primatology 44 : 1-18. Orr, H.T., Chung, M., Banfi, S., Kwiatkowski, T.J.Jr., Servadio, A., Beaudet, A.L., McCall, A.E., Duvick, L.A., Ranum, L.P.W. & Zoghbi, H.Y. 1993 . Expansion of an unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Nature genetics 4 : 221-226. Packer, C. 1977. Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis. Nature 265: 441-443. Packer, C., Gilbert, D.A., Pusey, A.E. & O'Brien, S.J. 1991 . A molecular genetic analysis of kinship and cooperation in African lions. Nature 351 : 562-565. Parr, L.A. & de Waal, F.B.M. 1999. Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees. Nature 399 : 647-648. Pastor-Nieto, R . 2001. Grooming, kinship, and co-feeding in captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Zoo Biology 20 : 293-303. Paul, A. & Kuester, J. 1996 . Differential reproduction in male and female Barbary macaques. In Fa, J.E. & Lindburg, D.G. (eds.). Evolution and ecology of macaque societies.

Cambridge

, University Press , pp . 293-317. Paul, A., Kuester, J. & Arnemann, J . 1996. The sociobiology of male-infant interactions in Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Animal Behaviour 51 : 155-170. Paul, A., Kuester, J., Timme, A. & Arnemann, J . 1993. The association between rank, mating effort and reproductive success in male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Primates 34 : 491-502. Paz y Mino, G. & Tang-Martinez, Z . 1999. Effects of isolation on sibling recognition in prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster . Animal Behaviour 57 : 1091-1098. Pereira, M.E. & Altmann, J. 1985. Development of social behavior in free-living nonhuman primates. In Watts, E.S. (ed ). Nonhuman primate models for human growth and development.

New York

, Alan R. Liss , pp. 217-309. Pereira, M.E., Clutton-Brock, T.H. & Kappeler, P.M. 2000 . Understanding male primates. In : Kappeler, P.M. (ed .). Primate males. Causes and consequences of variation in group composition.

Cambridge

, University Press , pp. 271-277. Petit, O. & Thierry, B. 1994. Aggressive and peaceful interventions in conflicts in Tonkean macaques. Animal Behaviour 48 : 1427-1436. Petrie, M., Krupa, A. & Burke, T. 1999. Peacocks lek with relatives even in the absence of social and environmental cues. Nature 401 : 155-157. Pfennig, D.W., Reeve, H.K. & Sherman, P.W. 1993. Kin recognition and cannibalism in spadefoot toad tadpoles. Animal Behaviour 46 : 87-94. Pope, T.R. 1990. The reproductive consequences of male cooperation in the red howler monkey: paternity exclusion in multi-male and single-male troops using genetic markers . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27 : 439-446. Porter, R.H. & Moore, J.D. 1981 . Human kin recognition by olfactory cues. Physiology and Behavior 27 : 493-495. Porter, R.H., Matochik, J.A. & Makin, J.W. 1983. Evidence for phenotype matching in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus). Animal Behaviour 31 : 978-984. Prud'homme, J. & Chapais, B. 1996. Development of intervention behavior in Japanese macaques: testing the targeting hypothesis. International Journal of Primatology 17 : 429-443. Pusey, A. 1987. Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in birds and mammals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2 : 295-299. Pusey, A. & Wolf, M. 1996 . Inbreeding avoidance in animals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11 : 201-206. Rawlins, R.G. & Kessler, M.J. (eds.) 1986. The Cayo Santiago Macaques. History, behavior and biology.

Albany,

State University of New York Press. Reeve, H.K., Emlen, S.T. & Keller, L. 1998. Reproductive sharing in animal societies: reproductive incentives or incomplete control by dominant breeders? Behavioral Ecology 9 : 267-278. Rendall, D., Rodman, P.S. & Emond, R.E. 1996. Vocal recognition of individuals and kin in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Animal Behaviour 51 : 1007-1015. Sackett, G.P. & Fredrickson, W.T. 1987 . Social preferences by pigtailed macaques familiarity versus degree and type of kinship. Animal Behaviour 35 : 603-606. Samuels, A., Silk, J.B. & Altmann, J . 1987 . Continuity and change in dominance relations among female baboons. Animal Behaviour 35: 785-793. Sapolsky, R.M. & Ray, J.C. 1989. Styles of dominance and their endocrine correlates among wild olive baboons (Papio anubis). American Journal of Primatology 18: 1-13. Sauermann, U., Arents, A. & Hunsmann, G. 1996. PCR-RFLP-based Mamu-DQB1 typing of rhesus monkeys: characterization of two novel alleles. Tissue Antigens 47 : 319-328. Sauermann, U., Nürnberg, P., Bercovitch, F.B., Berard, J.D., Trefilov, A., Widdig, A., Kessler, M., Schmidtke, J. & Krawczak, M. 2001 . Increased reproductive success of MHC class II heterozygous males among free-ranging rhesus macaques . Human Genetics 108 : 249-254. Seth, P.K. & Seth, S. 1986. Ecology and behavior of rhesus monkeys in India. In: Else, J.G. & Lee, P.C. (eds .). Primate Ecology and conservation, Vol 2.

Cambridge

, University Press , pp . 192-305. Seyfarth, R.M. 1976. Social relationships among female baboons. Animal Behaviour 24: 917-938. Seyfarth, R.M. 1980. The distribution of grooming and related behaviours among adult female vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 28 : 798-813. Seyfarth, R.M. & Cheney, D.L. 1984. Grooming, alliances, and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys. Nature 308 : 541-543. Sheffield, V.C., Weber, J.L., Buetow, K.H., Murray, J.C., Even, D.A., Wiles, K., Gastier, J.M., Pulido, J.C., Yandava, C., Sunden, S.L., Mattes, G., Businga, T., McClain, A., Beck, J., Scherpier, T., Gilliam, J., Zhong, J. & Duyk, G.M. 1995. A collection of tri- and tetranucleotide repeat markers used to generate high quality, high resolution human genome-wide linkage maps. Human Molecular Genetics 4: 1837-44. Sherman, P.W., Reeve, H.K. & Pfennig, D.W. 1997 . Recognition systems. In : Krebs, J.R. & Davies, N.B. (eds .). Behavioural Ecology. An evolutuinary appraoch , 4th ed.

Oxford,

Blackwells, pp. 69-96. Silk, J.B. 1978 . Patterns of food sharing among mother and infant Chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Folia Primatologica 29 : 129-141. Silk, J.B. 1982 . Altruism among female Macaca radiata: explanations and analysis of patterns of grooming and coalition formation. Behaviour 79 : 162-188. Silk, J.B. 1987. Social Behavior in evolutionary perspective. In Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W. & Struhsaker, T.T. (eds .). Primate societies.

Chicago

, University Press , pp. 318-329. Silk, J.B. 1992a. Patterns of intervention in agonistic contests among male bonnet macaques. In: Harcourt, A.H. & de Waal, F.B.M. (eds.). Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals

. Oxford

, University Press, pp . 215-232. Silk, J.B. 1992b. The patterning of intervention among male bonnet macaques: reciprocity, revenge, and loyalty. Current Anthropology 33 : 318-325. Silk, J.B. 1993. Does participation in coalitions influence dominance relationships among male bonnet macaques? Behaviour 126 : 171-189. Silk, J.B . 2001. Ties that bond: the role of kinship in primate societies. In: Stone, L. (ed.). New directions in anthropological kinship.

Boulder

, Rowman & Littlefield, pp . 71-92. Silk, J.B. 2002. Kin selection in primate groups. International Journal of Primatology 23 : 849-875. Silk, J.B. & Boyd, R. 1983 . Female cooperation, competition, and mate choice in matrilineal macaque groups. In: Waser, S.K. (ed .). Social Behavior of Female Vertebrates

. New York

, Academic Press, p . 315-347. Silk, J.B., Alberts, S.C. & Altmann, J. 2002. Coalitionary support among adult female baboons: the effects of kinship, reciprocity, and power. Manuscript under review. Silk, J.B., Samuels, A. & Rodman, P.S. 1981. The influence of kinship, rank, and sex on affiliation and aggression between adult female and immature bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Behaviour 78 : 111-137. Singh, M., D'Souza, L. & Singh, M.R . 1992 . Hierarchy, kinship and social interaction among Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata. Journal of Bioscience 17 : 15-27. Smith, D.G. 1993. A 15-year study of the association between dominance rank and reproductive success of male rhesus macaques. Primates 34: 471-480. Smith, K.L . 2000. Paternal kin matter: the distribution of social behavior among wild, adult female baboons. Unpubl. PhD thesis

. University of Chicago

. Smith, K.L., Alberts, S.C., Bayes, M.K., Bruford, M.W., Altmann, J. & Ober, C. 2000. Cross-species amplification, non-invasive genotyping, and non-Mendelian inheritance of human STRPs in Savannah baboons. American Journal of Primatology 51 : 219-227. Smith, T.E. & Abbott, D.H. 1998. Behavioral discrimination between circumgenital odor from peri-ovulatory dominant and anovulatory female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). American Journal of Primatology 46 : 265-284. Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.J . 1995. Biometry.

New York

, Freeman & Co, 3rd ed. Soltis, J., Thomsen, R. & Takenaka, O . 2001. The interaction of male and female reproductive strategies and paternity in wild Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata. Animal Behaviour 62 : 485-494. Southwick, C.H., Yongzu, Z., Haisheng, J., Zhenhe, L. & Wenyuan, Q. 1996. Population ecology of rhesus macaques in tropical and temperate habitats in China. In Fa, J.E. & Lindburg, D.G. (eds.). Evolution and ecology of macaque societies.

Cambridge,

University Press , pp . 95-105. Stacey, P.B. 1982. Female promiscuity and male reproductive success in social birds and mammals. The American Naturalist 120: 51-64. Stein, D.M. 1984. Ontogeny in infant-adult male relationships during the first year of life for yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus). In Taub, D.M. (ed.) Primate Paternalism.

New York

, Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 213-243. Sterck, E.H.M . 2002 . Reproductive skew and the shareability of monopolizable resources. Manuscript under review. Stevenson-Hinde, J., Stillwell-Barnes, R. & Zunz, M . 1980. Subjective assessment of rhesus monkeys over four successive years . Primates 21 : 66-82. Stewart, K.J. & Harcourt, A.H. 1987. Gorillas: Variation in female relationships. In Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W. & Struhsaker, T.T. (eds.). Primate societies.

Chicago,

University Press , pp. 155-164. Strassmann, J.E., Zhu, Y. & Queller, D.C. 2000. Altruism and social cheating in the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum . Nature 408 : 965-967. Sun, L. & Müller-Schwarze, D . 1997. Sibling recognition in the beaver: a field test for phenotype matching. Animal Behaviour 54 : 493-502. Tang-Martinez, Z . 2001. The mechanisms of kin discrimination and the evolution of kin recognition in vertebrates: A critical re-evaluation . Behavioural Processes 53 : 21-40. Taub, D.M. 1984 . Male caretaking behavior among wild barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). In Taub, D.M. (ed .) Primate Paternalism.

New York

, Van Nostrand Reinhold , pp. 20-55. Tautz, D. 1993. Notes on the definition and nomenclature of tandemly repetitive DNA sequences. In Pena, S.D.J., Charkraborty, R., Epplen, J.T., Jeffreys, A.J. (eds ). DNA-fingerprinting: state of science

.

Basel

, Birkhäuser , pp. 21-28. Todrank, J., Heth, G. & Johnston, R.E . 1998. Kin recognition in golden hamsters: evidence for kinship odour. Animal Behaviour 55 : 377-386. Trivers, R. L. 1971 . The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology 46: 35-57. Trivers, R.L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell, B. (ed .). Sexual selection and the descent of man.

Chicago

, Aldine , pp . 139-179. van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. 1962. Facial expressions in primates. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 8: 97-125. van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. 1988. Meerkatzenartige. In Grzimeks Tierleben (Enzyklopädie, Säugetiere Band 2) ,

München

, Kindler. van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M . 2000. Relationships among non-human primate males: a deductive framework. In : Kappeler, P.(ed.). Primate males ,

Cambridge

, University Press , pp . 183-191. Vehrencamp, S.L. 1983a. A model for the evolution of despotic versus egalitarian societies. Animal Behaviour 31 : 667-682. Vehrencamp, S.L. 1983b. Optimal degree of skew in cooperative societies. American Zoologist 23 : 327-335. Vervaecke, H., de Vries, H. & van Elsacker, L. 2000. The pivotal role of rank in grooming and support behaviour in a captive group of bonobos (Pan paniscus). Behaviour 137 : 1463-1485. Vessey, S.H. & Meikle, D.B. 1987. Factors affecting social behavior and reproductive success of males rhesus macaques. International Journal of Primatology 8: 281-292. Voltz, J. 1999. Charakterisierung polymorpher DNA-Marker zur Paternitätsbestimmung bei Ceylon-Hutaffen (Macaca sinica). Unpubl. Diploma thesis.

Humboldt-University Berlin

. von Segesser, F., Scheffrahn, W. & Martin, R.D. 1994. Parentage analysis within a semi-free ranging group of Barbary macaques Macaca sylvanus . Molecular Ecology 3 : 115-120. Waldman, B., Frumhoff, P.C. & Sherman, P.W . 1988. Problems of kin recognition. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3 : 8-13. Walters, J. 1980. Interventions and the development of dominance relationships in female baboons. Folia Primatologica 34 : 61-89. Walters, J.R. 1987. Kin recognition in non-human primates. In Fletcher, D.J.C.& Michener, C.D. (eds.). Kin recognition in animals.

Chichester,

John Wiley & Sons , pp . 359-393. Walters, J.R. & Seyfarth, R.M. 1987. Conflict and cooperation. In Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W. & Struhsaker, T.T. (eds .). Primate societies.

Chicago

, University Press , pp . 306.-317. Watts, D.P. 1997. Agonistic interventions in wild mountain gorilla groups. Behaviour 134 : 23-57. Wedekind, C. & Füri, S. 1997. Body odour preferences in men and women: do they aim for specific MHC combinations or simply heterozygosity? Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 264 : 1471-1479. Wedekind, C., Seebeck, T., Bettens, F. & Paepke, A.J. 1995. MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society London , Series B 260 : 245-249. Weissenbach, J., Gyapay, G., Dib, C., Vignal, A., Morissette, J., Millasseau, P., Vaysseix, G. & Lathrop, M. 1992 . A second-generation linkage map of the human genome . Nature 359 : 794-801. Welker, C., Schwibbe, M.H., Schäfer-Witt, C. & Visalberghi, E. 1987 . Failure of kin recognition in Macaca fascicularis. Folia primatologica 49 : 216-221. West Eberhard, M.J . 1975 . The evolution of social behavior by kin selection. The Quarterly Review of Biology 50 : 1-33. Wickings, E.J., Bossi, T. & Dixson, A.F. 1993 . Reproductive success in the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx): correlations of male dominace and mating success with paternity, as determined by DNA-fingerprinting. Journal of Zoology 231 : 563-574. Widdig, A., Nürnberg, P., Krawczak, M., Streich, W.J. & Bercovitch, F.B. 2001. Paternal relatedness and age proximity regulate social relationships among adult female rhesus macaques. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98 : 13769-13773. Widdig, A., Nürnberg, P., Krawczak, M., Streich, W.J. & Bercovitch, F.B . 2002. Affiliation and aggression among adult female rhesus macaques: a genetic analysis of paternal cohorts. Behaviour in press. Widdig, A., Streich, W.J. & Tembrock, G. 2000. Coalition formation among male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). American Journal of Primatology 50 : 37-51. Wilkinson, G.S. 1984. Reciprocal food sharing in vampire bats. Nature 308 : 181-184. Wilkinson, G.S. 1988. Reciprocal Altruism in bats and other mammals. Ethology and Sociobiology 9: 85-100. Wilson, A.C. & Boelkins, R.C. 1970. Evidence for seasonal variation in aggressive behaviour in Macaca mulatta. Animal Behaviour 18: 719-724. Wrangham, R.W. 1980. An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour 75: 262-299. Wrangham, R.W. 1982. Mutualism, kinship and social evolution. In King's College, Sociobiology Group (ed .). Current Problems in Sociobiology ,

Cambridge,

University Press , pp. 269-289. Wu, H.M.H., Holmes, W.G., Medina, S.R., Sackett, G.P. 1980. Kin preference in infant Macaca nemestrina. Nature 285 : 225-227. Xu, S.Y., Denton, M., Sullivan, L., Daiger, S.P. & Gal, A. 1996. Genetic mapping of RP1 on 8q11-q21 in an Australian family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa reduces the critical region to 4 cM between D8S601 and D8S285. Human Genetics 98 : 741-743.g Yamazaki, K., Boyse, E.A., Mike, V., Thaler, H.T., Mathieson, B.J., Abbott, J., Boyse, J., Zayas, Z.A. & Thomas, L. 1976. Control of mating preferences in mice by genes in the major histocompatibility complex. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 144 : 1324-1335.