<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><cms:container xmlns:cms="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/diml/module/cms"><cms:document><cms:meta><cms:entry ref="front" type="front"/><cms:entry type="title">
			Einfluß des operativen Traumas auf die  Entwicklung pulmonaler Metastasen bei  hämatogen zirkulierenden Tumorzellen  &#8211; Prävention und Immuntherapie
		</cms:entry><cms:entry type="author">Peer Wildbrett</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1008E" part="N1008E" ref="N1008E" type="dedication">
				Widmung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10092" part="N1008E" ref="N10092" type="pagenumber">9</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1009E" part="N1009E" ref="N1009E" type="preface">
				Vorwort</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100A2" part="N1009E" ref="N100A2" type="pagenumber">10</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter1" part="chapter1" ref="chapter1" type="chapter">1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100B8" part="chapter1" ref="N100B8" type="pagenumber">11</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100BD" part="chapter1" ref="N100BD" type="section">1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100C9" part="chapter1" ref="N100C9" type="section">1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100D9" part="chapter1" ref="N100D9" type="subsection">1.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100E0" part="chapter1" ref="N100E0" type="pagenumber">12</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N100FF" part="chapter1" ref="N100FF" type="subsection">1.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10109" part="chapter1" ref="N10109" type="pagenumber">13</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10114" part="chapter1" ref="N10114" type="mm">611#377</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10122" part="chapter1" ref="N10122" type="section">1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10126" part="chapter1" ref="N10126" type="pagenumber">14</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10140" part="chapter1" ref="N10140" type="pagenumber">15</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10147" part="chapter1" ref="N10147" type="mm">504#885</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10152" part="chapter1" ref="N10152" type="pagenumber">16</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10160" part="chapter1" ref="N10160" type="section">1.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10185" part="chapter1" ref="N10185" type="pagenumber">17</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1018B" part="chapter1" ref="N1018B" type="section">1.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101A3" part="chapter1" ref="N101A3" type="subsection">1.5.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101AE" part="chapter1" ref="N101AE" type="pagenumber">18</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101D2" part="chapter1" ref="N101D2" type="subsection">1.5.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101E9" part="chapter1" ref="N101E9" type="pagenumber">19</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N101F3" part="chapter1" ref="N101F3" type="subsection">1.5.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1020C" part="chapter1" ref="N1020C" type="pagenumber">20</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10212" part="chapter1" ref="N10212" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1022A" part="chapter1" ref="N1022A" type="mm">563#886</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10236" part="chapter1" ref="N10236" type="section">1.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1023A" part="chapter1" ref="N1023A" type="pagenumber">21</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1023F" part="chapter1" ref="N1023F" type="subsection">1.6.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10266" part="chapter1" ref="N10266" type="subsection">1.6.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10271" part="chapter1" ref="N10271" type="pagenumber">22</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1116776062" part="chapter1" ref="_1116776062" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1116776105" part="chapter1" ref="_1116776105" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1117114958" part="chapter1" ref="_1117114958" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10294" part="chapter1" ref="N10294" type="mm">544#374</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1029F" part="chapter1" ref="N1029F" type="pagenumber">23</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1116776549" part="chapter1" ref="_1116776549" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1117115029" part="chapter1" ref="_1117115029" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102B0" part="chapter1" ref="N102B0" type="mm">534#374</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102BA" part="chapter1" ref="N102BA" type="subsection">1.6.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N102D4" part="chapter1" ref="N102D4" type="pagenumber">24</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1116776839" part="chapter1" ref="_1116776839" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1116776898" part="chapter1" ref="_1116776898" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1116777094" part="chapter1" ref="_1116777094" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N102EF" part="chapter1" ref="N102EF" type="mm">442#176</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10327" part="chapter1" ref="N10327" type="pagenumber">25</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1116777282" part="chapter1" ref="_1116777282" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1116777497" part="chapter1" ref="_1116777497" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1119022205" part="chapter1" ref="_1119022205" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10337" part="chapter1" ref="N10337" type="mm">511#350</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter2" part="chapter2" ref="chapter2" type="chapter">2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1034E" part="chapter2" ref="N1034E" type="pagenumber">26</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10353" part="chapter2" ref="N10353" type="section">2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10367" part="chapter2" ref="N10367" type="section">2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10375" part="chapter2" ref="N10375" type="pagenumber">27</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter3" part="chapter3" ref="chapter3" type="chapter">3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10380" part="chapter3" ref="N10380" type="pagenumber">28</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10385" part="chapter3" ref="N10385" type="section">3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1038E" part="chapter3" ref="N1038E" type="section">3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10397" part="chapter3" ref="N10397" type="section">3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1039C" part="chapter3" ref="N1039C" type="subsection">3.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103A5" part="chapter3" ref="N103A5" type="subsection">3.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103A9" part="chapter3" ref="N103A9" type="pagenumber">29</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N103B3" part="chapter3" ref="N103B3" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1043B" part="chapter3" ref="N1043B" type="mm">606#146</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10446" part="chapter3" ref="N10446" type="section">3.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1044D" part="chapter3" ref="N1044D" type="pagenumber">30</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10453" part="chapter3" ref="N10453" type="section">3.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1045C" part="chapter3" ref="N1045C" type="section">3.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10465" part="chapter3" ref="N10465" type="section">3.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1046E" part="chapter3" ref="N1046E" type="section">3.8.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10477" part="chapter3" ref="N10477" type="section">3.9.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1047B" part="chapter3" ref="N1047B" type="pagenumber">31</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10484" part="chapter3" ref="N10484" type="section">3.10.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1048C" part="chapter3" ref="N1048C" type="subsection">3.10.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10495" part="chapter3" ref="N10495" type="subsection">3.10.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104A8" part="chapter3" ref="N104A8" type="pagenumber">32</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1116779257" part="chapter3" ref="_1116779257" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1116779376" part="chapter3" ref="_1116779376" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N104B5" part="chapter3" ref="N104B5" type="mm">602#407</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104BF" part="chapter3" ref="N104BF" type="subsection">3.10.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104C6" part="chapter3" ref="N104C6" type="pagenumber">33</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104CC" part="chapter3" ref="N104CC" type="subsection">3.10.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104D5" part="chapter3" ref="N104D5" type="subsection">3.10.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104DE" part="chapter3" ref="N104DE" type="subsection">3.10.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104E5" part="chapter3" ref="N104E5" type="pagenumber">34</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104EB" part="chapter3" ref="N104EB" type="subsection">3.10.7.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N104F5" part="chapter3" ref="N104F5" type="section">3.11.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10502" part="chapter3" ref="N10502" type="section">3.12.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1050B" part="chapter3" ref="N1050B" type="section">3.13.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1050F" part="chapter3" ref="N1050F" type="pagenumber">35</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1051C" part="chapter3" ref="N1051C" type="section">3.14.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter4" part="chapter4" ref="chapter4" type="chapter">4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10530" part="chapter4" ref="N10530" type="pagenumber">36</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10535" part="chapter4" ref="N10535" type="section">4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="_1116779506" part="chapter4" ref="_1116779506" type="link"/><cms:entry id="_1116779594" part="chapter4" ref="_1116779594" type="link"/><cms:entry id="N10545" part="chapter4" ref="N10545" type="mm">401#271</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10550" part="chapter4" ref="N10550" type="pagenumber">37</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10554" part="chapter4" ref="N10554" type="mm">397#272</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1055E" part="chapter4" ref="N1055E" type="section">4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10568" part="chapter4" ref="N10568" type="mm">605#286</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10572" part="chapter4" ref="N10572" type="section">4.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10576" part="chapter4" ref="N10576" type="pagenumber">38</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1057B" part="chapter4" ref="N1057B" type="subsection">4.3.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10585" part="chapter4" ref="N10585" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10612" part="chapter4" ref="N10612" type="subsection">4.3.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1061C" part="chapter4" ref="N1061C" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1070B" part="chapter4" ref="N1070B" type="subsection">4.3.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1070F" part="chapter4" ref="N1070F" type="pagenumber">39</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10719" part="chapter4" ref="N10719" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N107AF" part="chapter4" ref="N107AF" type="subsection">4.3.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N107B9" part="chapter4" ref="N107B9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N108F7" part="chapter4" ref="N108F7" type="pagenumber">40</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N108FB" part="chapter4" ref="N108FB" type="mm">587#470</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10905" part="chapter4" ref="N10905" type="subsection">4.3.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1090F" part="chapter4" ref="N1090F" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10996" part="chapter4" ref="N10996" type="subsection">4.3.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1099A" part="chapter4" ref="N1099A" type="pagenumber">41</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N109A4" part="chapter4" ref="N109A4" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10ABA" part="chapter4" ref="N10ABA" type="section">4.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10ABF" part="chapter4" ref="N10ABF" type="subsection">4.4.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10AC9" part="chapter4" ref="N10AC9" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10B7F" part="chapter4" ref="N10B7F" type="subsection">4.4.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B83" part="chapter4" ref="N10B83" type="pagenumber">42</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10B8D" part="chapter4" ref="N10B8D" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10CCE" part="chapter4" ref="N10CCE" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10CD5" part="chapter4" ref="N10CD5" type="pagenumber">43</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DD4" part="chapter4" ref="N10DD4" type="subsection">4.4.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10DDE" part="chapter4" ref="N10DDE" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N10EB0" part="chapter4" ref="N10EB0" type="subsection">4.4.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EB4" part="chapter4" ref="N10EB4" type="pagenumber">44</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N10EBB" part="chapter4" ref="N10EBB" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N1107D" part="chapter4" ref="N1107D" type="pagenumber">45</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11081" part="chapter4" ref="N11081" type="mm">603#489</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1108B" part="chapter4" ref="N1108B" type="subsection">4.4.5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11097" part="chapter4" ref="N11097" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11136" part="chapter4" ref="N11136" type="subsection">4.4.6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1113A" part="chapter4" ref="N1113A" type="pagenumber">46</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11144" part="chapter4" ref="N11144" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11250" part="chapter4" ref="N11250" type="pagenumber">47</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11257" part="chapter4" ref="N11257" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N113B7" part="chapter4" ref="N113B7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N114C7" part="chapter4" ref="N114C7" type="table"/><cms:entry id="N11587" part="chapter4" ref="N11587" type="table"/><cms:entry id="chapter5" part="chapter5" ref="chapter5" type="chapter">5.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N115FC" part="chapter5" ref="N115FC" type="pagenumber">48</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11601" part="chapter5" ref="N11601" type="section">5.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1160C" part="chapter5" ref="N1160C" type="subsection">5.1.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1162D" part="chapter5" ref="N1162D" type="pagenumber">49</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11638" part="chapter5" ref="N11638" type="mm">604#334</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1165C" part="chapter5" ref="N1165C" type="pagenumber">50</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1167B" part="chapter5" ref="N1167B" type="mm">604#317</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11688" part="chapter5" ref="N11688" type="pagenumber">51</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1168B" part="chapter5" ref="N1168B" type="mm"/><cms:entry id="N116A5" part="chapter5" ref="N116A5" type="pagenumber">52</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116AB" part="chapter5" ref="N116AB" type="subsection">5.1.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116D4" part="chapter5" ref="N116D4" type="pagenumber">53</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N116E6" part="chapter5" ref="N116E6" type="mm">586#406</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11700" part="chapter5" ref="N11700" type="pagenumber">54</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11709" part="chapter5" ref="N11709" type="subsection">5.1.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11722" part="chapter5" ref="N11722" type="pagenumber">55</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11734" part="chapter5" ref="N11734" type="section">5.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11739" part="chapter5" ref="N11739" type="subsection">5.2.1.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1174A" part="chapter5" ref="N1174A" type="pagenumber">56</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1175A" part="chapter5" ref="N1175A" type="subsection">5.2.2.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11763" part="chapter5" ref="N11763" type="subsection">5.2.3.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11777" part="chapter5" ref="N11777" type="pagenumber">57</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11782" part="chapter5" ref="N11782" type="mm">570#441</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N1178D" part="chapter5" ref="N1178D" type="pagenumber">58</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N11798" part="chapter5" ref="N11798" type="mm">510#360</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117A2" part="chapter5" ref="N117A2" type="subsection">5.2.4.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117A9" part="chapter5" ref="N117A9" type="pagenumber">59</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117BB" part="chapter5" ref="N117BB" type="mm">510#389</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117C6" part="chapter5" ref="N117C6" type="pagenumber">60</cms:entry><cms:entry id="chapter6" part="chapter6" ref="chapter6" type="chapter">6.</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117D9" part="chapter6" ref="N117D9" type="pagenumber">61</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N117F5" part="chapter6" ref="N117F5" type="pagenumber">62</cms:entry><cms:entry ref="N11800" type="back"/><cms:entry id="N11802" part="N11802" ref="N11802" type="bibliography">
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				Danksagung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12405" part="N12401" ref="N12405" type="pagenumber">72</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12411" part="N12411" ref="N12411" type="declaration">
				Eidestattliche Erklärung</cms:entry><cms:entry id="N12415" part="N12411" ref="N12415" type="pagenumber">73</cms:entry><cms:entry part="front" type=":current"/><cms:entry type=":lang">de</cms:entry><cms:entry ref=":contents" type=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</cms:entry><cms:entry type=":help"><url href="http://...">Hilfe</url></cms:entry></cms:meta><cms:content><front id="front"><school>Aus der Klinik für Allgemein-, Visceral-,<br/>Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie<br/>der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité<br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin<br/>
			<br/>in Zusammenarbeit mit der<br/>
			<br/>Chirurgischen Klinik im Presbyterian Medical Center<br/>der Columbia Universität New York</school><submission>DISSERTATION</submission><title>
			Einfluß des operativen Traumas auf die <br/>Entwicklung pulmonaler Metastasen bei <br/>hämatogen zirkulierenden Tumorzellen <br/>&#8211;<br/>Prävention und Immuntherapie
		</title><degree>Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades<br/>Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)</degree><major>vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité <br/>der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</major><author>von<br/>
			<given>Peer</given>
			<surname>Wildbrett</surname><suffix>aus Riesa</suffix>
		</author><dean>Prof. Dr. Joachim W. Dudenhausen</dean><approvals>
			<name>PD Dr. med. Christoph Andreas Jacobi</name>
			<name>Prof. Dr. Hans-Detlev Saeger </name>
			<name>PD Dr. med. Matthias Pross </name>
		</approvals><date>eingereicht: 11. April 2002</date><date>Datum der Promotion: 14. Juli 2003</date><abstract lang="de">
			<head>Zusammenfassung</head>
			<p>Hintergrund: In einer Vielzahl von Tierexperimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass malignes Wachstum nach Laparotomie deutlich gesteigert sein kann. Die Mechanismen, welche dieser Beobachtung zugrunde liegen sind bisher nur ungenügend erforscht. Die Schwere des chirurgischen Traumas durch Verletzung der Bauchwand kann mit postoperativer pulmonarer Dysfunktion korrelieren und Änderungen im Hämostasesystem hervorrufen. Durch diese Beeinflussung von Organsystemen und funktionellen Systemen könnten intra- und/ oder postoperativ Bedingungen entstehen, welche das Wachstum pulmonaler, hämatogener Metastasen begünstigen. Die Hypothesen der vorliegenden Studie waren: (a) eine Reduktion des chirurgischen Traumas und (b) die Induktion einer spezifischen Immunantwort gegen die malignen Zellen führen zu einer signifikant geringeren pulmonalen Metastasierung. Beide Hypothesen wurden im Tiermodel getestet. Die Tumorzellen wurden intravenös verabreicht und bildeten pulmonale Metastasen. Methodik: In Studie 1 wurde die Inzidenz von Lungenmetastasen nach Laparotomie (OP) oder Anlage eines CO2 Pneumoperitoneums bestimmt. Insgesamt 60 Tiere wurden in 3 Gruppen aufgeteilt (n=20/Gruppe): Kontroll-Gruppe, Laparoskopie-Gruppe und Laparotomie-Gruppe. 1 x 105 TA3Haushka Adenocarcinom-Zellen wurden direkt im Anschluss an den Eingriff intravenös verabreicht. In Studie 2 wurde die Wirkung einer perioperativen Immunstimulation auf die Entstehung pulmonaler Metastasen untersucht. Insgesamt 100 Tiere wurden in 5 Gruppen aufgeteilt (n=20/Gruppe): Kontroll-Gruppe, Laparotomie-Gruppe (OP), OP + Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA), OP + lysierte Tumorzellen (LTC), OP + MPLA + LTC. Das Vakzine bestand aus 5 x 105 lysierten TA3Ha Tumorzellen (LTC) und wurde fünfmal präoperativ und einmal postoperativ verabreicht. Monophosphoryl Lipid A, ein nichttoxisches Lipopolysaccharid-Derivat wurde in der OP + MPLA Gruppe als Immunstimulans und in der OP + MPLA + LTC Gruppe als Adjuvans verwendet. Allen Versuchstieren wurden analog zu Studie 1 105 TA3Haushka Adenocarcinom-Zellen direkt im Anschluss an den Eingriff verabreicht. Am 14. postoperativen Tag wurden die Tiere getötet, die Lungen entnommen und die Anzahl der pulmonalen Metastasen bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Studie1: Verglichen mit der Kontroll- und Laparoskopie-Gruppe entwickelten die Tiere der Laparotomie-Gruppe signifikant mehr Lungenmetastasen. Zwischen Kontroll- und Laparoskopie-Gruppe bestand kein statistischer Unterschied. Studie 2: Die Tiere der OP + LTC Gruppe und OP + LTC + MPLA Gruppe zeigten signifikant weniger pulmonale Metastasen im Vergleich zur OP Gruppe allein. Nur 30% der Tiere der OP + LTC + MPLA Gruppe entwickelten Lungentumoren. Im Gegensatz dazu traten bei 100% der Tiere der OP Gruppe Lungenmetastasen auf. Zusammenfassung: Das operative Trauma einer Laparotomie war assoziiert mit einer deutlich gesteigerten Inzidenz pulmonaler Metastasen. Die Induktion einer spezifischen Immunantwort gegen die intravenös verabreichten Tumorzellen bewirkte eine deutlich geringere Anzahl pulmonaler Metastasen. </p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="de">
		<keyword>Maligner Tumor</keyword>
		<keyword>Metastasen</keyword>
		<keyword>Laparoskopie</keyword>
		<keyword>Immuntherapie</keyword>
		<keyword>Vaccinierung</keyword>
		</keywords><abstract lang="en">
			<head>Abstract</head>
			<p>Background: Subcutaneous tumor growth and establishment is increased after laparotomy; significantly smaller increases have been noted after CO2pneumoperitoneum (CO2 pneumo). Less is known about the impact of surgery on the fate of blood borne tumor cells. The extent of surgical abdominal wall trauma also correlates with the extent of early postoperative pulmonary dysfunction and changes of the haemostasis. These changes may favor lung metastases (mets) formation. This study's hypotheses were: (a) a reduction in surgical trauma or (b) a specific immune up-regulation would limit lung mets formation. An intravenous tumor cell injection lung met model was used to test these hypotheses. Methods: Study 1 determined the incidence of lung mets after sham laparotomy (OP) and CO2 pneumo. Three groups were studied (n=25/group): Anesthesia control (AC), CO2 pneumo, and OP. 1 x 105 TA3Haushka adenocarcinoma cells were inoculated via tail vein injection into all mice immediately after surgery. Study 2 determined the impact of perioperative immunomodulation on lung mets formation. Five groups were studied (n=20/group) : AC, OP, OP + Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA), OP + lysed tumor cells (LTC), or OP + MPLA + LTC. The vaccine consisted of 5 x 105 lysed TA3Ha tumor cells (LTC) and was given 5 times preop and once postop to the vaccine groups. MPLA, the nontoxic moiety of lipopolysaccharide, was used both as a vaccine adjuvant in the OP + MPLA + LTC group and as a nonspecific perioperative immune up-regulator in the OP + MPLA group. Five periop injections of MPLA were given to the OP + MPLA group. All mice were given tail vein injections of tumor cells after surgery. Fourteen days after surgery all mice were sacrificed, the lungs transected en bloc, and India ink injected into the trachea. The lungs were placed in Fekete's solution to counterstain the tumor foci white. The number of surface lung metastases was determined by two blinded observers, separately. Results: In Study 1, there were significantly more lung tumors in the OP group than the AC group or the CO2 Pneumo group.There were no significant differences in the number of metastases between the AC and the CO2 Pneumo groups or in the incidence of animals in each group with 1 or more lung mets. In Study 2 significantly fewer metastases were noted for the Op + LTC group and the OP + LTC + MPLA group when compared to the OP group. Significantly fewer of the OP + LTC + MPLA group mice developed one or more lung tumors than in the OP, OP + MPLA, and the OP + LTC groups. Conclusions: Full sham laparotomy was associated with more postoperative lung metastases than CO2 pneumo or anesthesia alone in this murine model. Up-regulation of the immune system in the perioperative period with lysed tumor cells, alone or in combination with MPLA, resulted in significantly fewer postoperative lung metastases.</p>
		</abstract><keywords lang="en">
		<keyword>Cancer</keyword>
		<keyword>Metastases</keyword>
		<keyword>Laparoscopy</keyword>
		<keyword>Immunotherapy</keyword>
		<keyword>Vaccine</keyword>
		</keywords><freehead id=":contents">Inhaltsverzeichnis</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N1009E">
				Vorwort</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter1">1.</link> 
				Einleitung<ul><li><p><link ref="N100BD">1.1.</link> Allgemeine Einleitung </p></li><li><p><link ref="N100C9">1.2.</link> Pathophysiologische Folgen operativer Eingriffe<ul><li><p><link ref="N100D9">1.2.1.</link> Neuroendokrine Reaktionen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N100FF">1.2.2.</link> Metabolische Veränderungen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10122">1.3.</link> 
					Überblick über die Pathogenese hämatogener Metastasen </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10160">1.4.</link> Regulation der Tumorangiogenese</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1018B">1.5.</link> Ausgesuchte Tierexperimente zur postoperativen Tumorentwicklung <ul><li><p><link ref="N101A3">1.5.1.</link> Pulmonaler Arrest hämatogen zirkulierender maligner Zellen </p></li><li><p><link ref="N101D2">1.5.2.</link> Operatives Trauma und die Entwicklung von Fernmetastasen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N101F3">1.5.3.</link> Postoperatives Wachstum von Primärtumoren</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10236">1.6.</link> 
					Behandlung maligner Erkrankungen durch Immuntherapie <ul><li><p><link ref="N1023F">1.6.1.</link> Unspezifische Immuntherapieansätze </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10266">1.6.2.</link> Spezifische Immuntherapieansätze</p></li><li><p><link ref="N102BA">1.6.3.</link> Verstärkung der Immunreaktion durch das Adjuvans Monophosphoryl-Lipid-A</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter2">2.</link> 
				Herleitung der Aufgabenstellung<ul><li><p><link ref="N10353">2.1.</link> Entwicklung pulmonaler Metastasen nach operativem Trauma</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10367">2.2.</link> Prävention pulmonaler Metastasen durch spezifische Immuntherapie</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter3">3.</link> 
				Methodik<ul><li><p><link ref="N10385">3.1.</link> Art der Versuchstiere </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1038E">3.2.</link> Haltung der Versuchstiere </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10397">3.3.</link> Versuchsaufbau<ul><li><p><link ref="N1039C">3.3.1.</link> Einfluß des operativen Traumas auf die Entstehung pulmonaler Metastasen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N103A5">3.3.2.</link> 
						Perioperative Immuntherapie zur Prävention pulmonaler Metastasen</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10446">3.4.</link> Operationsprotokoll: Laparotomie </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10453">3.5.</link> Operationsprotokoll: Laparoskopie</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1045C">3.6.</link> Intravenöse Injektion der vitalen Tumorzellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10465">3.7.</link> Vorbereitung von Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL-A)</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1046E">3.8.</link> Anästhesie der Versuchstiere</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10477">3.9.</link> 
					Tötung der Versuchstiere </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10484">3.10.</link> Zellkultur<ul><li><p><link ref="N1048C">3.10.1.</link> Initiieren der Zellkultu</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10495">3.10.2.</link> Mediumwechsel und Subkultivierung der Tumorzellen </p></li><li><p><link ref="N104BF">3.10.3.</link> Vorbereitung der Tumorzellen zur intravenösen Injektion </p></li><li><p><link ref="N104CC">3.10.4.</link> Kryokonservierung der Tumorzellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N104D5">3.10.5.</link> Bestimmung der Zellzahl </p></li><li><p><link ref="N104DE">3.10.6.</link> Vitalitätstest der Tumorzellen </p></li><li><p><link ref="N104EB">3.10.7.</link> Herstellung des Tumorzelllysats </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N104F5">3.11.</link> Identifikation der Metastasen </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10502">3.12.</link> Quantitative Bestimmung der Lungenmetastasen </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1050B">3.13.</link> 
					Paraffinschnitte und Hämatoxylin/ Eosin-Färbung </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1051C">3.14.</link> Statistische Analyse </p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter4">4.</link> 
				Ergebnisse <ul><li><p><link ref="N10535">4.1.</link> Histologie </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1055E">4.2.</link> Makroskopische Darstellung der Präparate</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10572">4.3.</link> 
					Einfluß des operativen Traumas auf die Entstehung pulmonaler Metastasen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1057B">4.3.1.</link> Letalität</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10612">4.3.2.</link> Inzidenz der pulmonalen Metastasen </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1070B">4.3.3.</link> 
						Verteilung der Daten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N107AF">4.3.4.</link> Deskriptive Statistik </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10905">4.3.5.</link> Mehrfachvergleich</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10996">4.3.6.</link> 
						Paarvergleiche</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10ABA">4.4.</link> Perioperative Immuntherapie zur Prävention pulmonaler Metastasen<ul><li><p><link ref="N10ABF">4.4.1.</link> Letalität</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B7F">4.4.2.</link> 
						Inzidenz der pulmonalen Metastasen </p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DD4">4.4.3.</link> Verteilung der Daten</p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EB0">4.4.4.</link> 
						Deskriptive Statistik</p></li><li><p><link ref="N1108B">4.4.5.</link> Mehrfachvergleich</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11136">4.4.6.</link> 
						Paarvergleiche</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter5">5.</link> 
				Diskussion<ul><li><p><link ref="N11601">5.1.</link> Einfluß des operativen Traumas auf die Entstehung pulmonaler Metastasen<ul><li><p><link ref="N1160C">5.1.1.</link> Einfluß der Lungenfunktion nach Laparotomie auf die pulmonale Absiedlung hämatogen, zirkulierender Tumorzellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N116AB">5.1.2.</link> Einfluß des Hämostasesystems auf die pulmonale Absiedlung hämatogen zirkulierender maligner Zellen</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11709">5.1.3.</link> Extravasation maligner Zellen &#8211; Rolle der Adhäsionsmoleküle</p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11734">5.2.</link> Perioperative Immuntherapie zur Prävention pulmonaler Metastasen<ul><li><p><link ref="N11739">5.2.1.</link> Stimulation des unspezifischen Immunsystems durch MPL-A </p></li><li><p><link ref="N1175A">5.2.2.</link> Stimulation des sypezifischen Immunsystems durch Tumorzellvakzine</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11763">5.2.3.</link> Prinzip der Induktion einer spezifischen Immunreaktion &#8211;  Die zelluläre Immunantwort</p></li><li><p><link ref="N117A2">5.2.4.</link> Die humorale Immunantwort</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li><li><p><link ref="chapter6">6.</link> 
				Zusammenfassung</p></li><li><p><link ref="N11802">
				Literaturverzeichnis</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12401">
				Danksagung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N12411">
				Eidestattliche Erklärung</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-tables">Tabellen</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10212">Tab. 1 Zusammenfassung der unter 1.5 beschriebenen Experimente</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10585">Tab. 2: Letalität</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1061C">Tab. 3: Inzidenz, Chi-Quadrat nach Person: p = 0,271 (NS)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10719">Tab. 4: Datenverteilung, Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Anpassungstest</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N107B9">Tab. 5: Deskriptive Statistik </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1090F">Tab. 6: Mehrfachvergleich</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N109A4">Tab. 7: Paarvergleiche</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10AC9">Tab. 8: Letalität</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10B8D">Tab. 9: Inzidenz derpulmonalen Metastasen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10CCE">
								Tab. 10: Exakter Test nach Fisher; a: Es wurde keine Statistik berechnet, da 100% der Tiere beider Gruppen Lungenmetastasen entwickelten. </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10DDE">Tab. 11: Datenverteilung</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10EBB">Tab. 12: Deskriptive Statistik</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11097">Tab. 13: Mehrfachvergleich</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11144">Tab. 14: Paarvergleiche</link></p></li></ul><freehead id=":toc-media">Bilder</freehead><ul><li><p><link ref="N10114">Abb. 1: Pathophysiologische Folgen schwerer operativer Eingriffe mit Auswirkungen auf ZNS, Endothel, Leber und Blutgerinnung. Wesentliche proinflammatorische Mediatoren sind IL-1, IL-6 und TNF-&#945;. IL-1 und TNF-&#945; bewirken unter anderem die Adhäsion neutrophiler Granulozyten am Endothel. IL-6 bewirkt die Synthese Akuter-Phase-Proteine in der Leber.</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10147">Abb. 2: Pathomechanismen der Entstehung pulmonaler maligner Metastasen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10294">Abb. 3: Transfektion von Tumorzellen mit den Genen für den costimulatorischen Rezeptor B7 erhöht ihre Immugenität</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N102B0">Abb. 4: APC können Tumorantigene in Kombination mit einem costimulatorischen Signal auf ihrer Oberfläche exprimieren und dadurch T- und B-Zellen aktivieren</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N102EF">Abb. 5: Strukturformel Monophosphoryl Lipid-A [R1: C14-O-C14 // R2: C14-OH // R3: C14-O-C14 // R4: C14-OH]</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10337">Abb. 6: MPL-A kann bei Antigen präsentierenden Zellen [APC] (Makrophagen, dentritische Zellen) ein costimulatorisches Signal auslösen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1043B">Abb. 7: Injektionsprotokoll </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N104B5">Abb. 8: Wachstumskurve der Zellkultur</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10545">Abb. 9: pulmonale Metastase eines undifferenzierten Adenokarzinoms (HE, Vergr. 1:10)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10554">Abb. 10: Adenokarzinommetastase mit polymorphen Zellen, polymor-phen Zellkernen, Mitosen und intrazytoplasmatischen Vakuolen (HE, Vergr. 1:100)</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N10568">Abb. 11: pulmonale Metastasen hämatogen zirkulierender maligner Zellen </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N108FB">Abb. 12: Anzahl der Metastasen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11081">Abb. 13: Anzahl der Metastasen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11638">Abb. 14: Pathogenese pulmonaler Metastasen nach Laparotomie</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1167B">Abb. 15: Transdiaphragmatische Druckverhältnisse nach Laparotomie [Pdi - transdiaphragmatischer Druck; Pab - abdomineller Druck; Pes - ösophagealer Druck; Pip - intrapleuraler Druck]</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N1168B">Abb. 16: Lungenfunktionsparameter</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N116E6">Abb. 17: Schema der Blutgerinnung </link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11782">Abb. 18: Naive CD8 T- Zellen werden durch Anitgenpräsentierende Zellen (APC) aktiviert, differenzieren sich in zytotoxische T-Zellen und zerstören die malignen Zellen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N11798">Abb. 19: Aktivierungsstadien der CD4-T-Zellen</link></p></li><li><p><link ref="N117BB">Abb. 20: Aktivierung der B-Zellen </link></p></li></ul></front></cms:content></cms:document></cms:container>