Acknowledgments

I thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Kaspar Bienefeld, for proposing the topic of my dissertation and for his excellent supervision. I very much appreciate the numerous discussions which we have had on the various aspects of my work, and his valuable advice.

I am thankful to Prof. Dr. Kurt-Johannes Peters and PD Dr. Ricarda Scheiner for willingly accepting to evaluate, guide and assist my work on this dissertation.

I thank Prof. Dr. Otto Kaufmann; Prof. Dr. Eckhard George; Prof. Dr. Carmen Büttner, and Doz. Dr. Michael Böhme who were members of the examination committee, and Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Dieter Kirschke's willing acceptance to chair the committee.

Special thanks are due to Mrs. Marion Schröder, for artificial insemination (The Institute for Bee Research) courses and training.

Special thanks are also due to Dr. Anke Kurz, Institut für Fortpflanzung Landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere, Schönow, for DNA-analysis samples.

I am indebted to Mr. Jörg Schulze and Christiane Stechert at the computer media-service centre for their help in converting the electronic supplementary material.

I am also indebted to express my gratitude to Dr. Birgit Lichtenberg-Kraag, Dr. Jakob Wegener, Mr. Khaled-Mohammed Zakur, Mr. Saad Masry, Mr. Fred Zautke, Mr. Uwe Gerber, Mrs. Katrin Schefe and the other staff members and beekeepers of the Institute for Bee Research, Hohen Neuendorf who have helped me in many ways throughout.

My sincere appreciation goes to Mrs. Theresa Jones for assistance with language correction.

It is a great pleasure to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. M. E. Nour, Economic Entomology (Apiculture), Department of Economic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University for continuous encouragement.

Sincere gratefulness is extended to my parents and wife for giving me the opportunity and encouragement to make it this far.

I am also greatly indebted to my sons Mishal, Mohammed, and Ahmed and to my daughters Fatemah and Dalal for enduring my absence for so long and giving me their love and encouragement throughout. I am also very grateful to all my friends and colleagues here in Berlin and in Saudi Arabia.

I also would like to thank my colleagues in the Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agri. & Food Sciences at King Faisal University, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia, for their encouragement and support.

I also thank, and am greatly indebted to, Saudi Ambassador Prof. Dr. med. Ossama bin Abdul Majed Shobokshi, Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Berlin, for his encouragement and support.

I am furthermore indebted to the Cultural Mission office at the Saudi Arabia Embassy in Berlin for the financial support during my scholarship years at the Berlin, Germany.

This work – presented in thesis form – was supported by the King Faisal University, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia; I greatly appreciate their funding throughout the period of my study.


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