Die Brennergrenze im Spiegel geographischer Arbeiten
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Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II
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Abstract
Politische Grenzen sind heute nicht nur für Geographen ein weites Forschungsfeld, auch Rechtswissenschaftler, Ökonomen, Historiker und Sozialwissenschaftler betreiben Grenzforschung. Mit der Etablierung der Nationalstaaten wurden die schon seit der Antike existierenden Vorstellungen von Grenzräumen in sichtbaren Formen dargestellt. Karten sollten mental maps des eigenen Territoriums erzeugen. Markante Landformen wie Gebirgszüge oder natürliche Landschaftsübergänge wie Flüsse oder Küsten dienten als naturgegebene Abgrenzungen. Daraus folgte ein Diskurs, der vor allem von der wissenschaftlichen Geographie getragen wurde. In der Folge des Ersten Weltkrieges wurden in Europa Tausende Kilometer neuer Grenzen gezogen. Eine dieser neu definierten politischen Linien ist die bis heute als Brennergrenze bekannt gewordene politische Abgrenzung zwischen Österreich und Italien. Wie ist diese Grenze entstanden? Welche Rolle spielte dabei die Geographie? Welche Argumente wurden von Seiten der Wissenschaft pro und contra gegenüber der neuen Grenze vorgebracht? Welche Rolle spielten die Vorstellungen von "natürlichen Grenzen" und "Pass-Staaten"? Wie wurden naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse für politische bzw. revanchistische Ansprüche umgedeutet und instrumentalisiert? Die Diskussion um die Rechtmäßigkeit der Brennergrenze währte Jahrzehnte, wobei von beiden Seiten des öfteren die vorhandenen Naturgegebenheiten oder kulturelle Gemeinsamkeiten (z.B. die Hauptwasserscheide am Alpenhauptkamm oder eine einheitliche Sprache) als wissenschaftlich bewiesene Elemente in den Vordergrund gestellt wurden. In dieser Arbeit wird mit Hilfe des Instrumentariums der Diskursanalyse diesem weit außerhalb der Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft getragenen Thema nachgegangen. Dabei stehen die Argumentationen der Wissenschaftler im Mittelpunkt.
Political Borders are not simply a matter for geographers, even jurists, economists, historians and social scientists do research on borders. Due to the consolidation of nation-states, the images of frontiers which existed since the ancient world have been transformed in visible shapes. Maps have been supposed to constitute the image of the own territory. Visible landmarks such as mountain ranges as well as landscape transitions such as rivers or coastlines, have provided constitutional boundaries. A discourse has been developed as a result of this matter which was run by scientists. Thousands of kilometres of new borderlines were drawn after the First World War. One of these new borders is the so-called "Brennergrenze" between Austria and Italy. How did this border emerge? Which role did the scientific geography play? Which arguments were brought forward in favour of and against this new borderline? What part did the imagination of "natural borders" and "Pass-Staaten" (This term was introduced by German and Austrian geographers who insisted that a pass not so much divided but rather united a territory) play? How has natural scientific expertise been exploited for political, or rather even revanchist demands? The discussion on the legitimacy of the new border in the Alps took a long time. For their arguments, both sides insisted on natural as well as cultural givens (e.g. the main watershed on the ridge of the Alps or shared language) as scientifically grounded realities. The aim in this scientific paper is, with the aid of discourse analysis, to question those aspects and to research the argumentation of geographers on both sides of the Austro-Italian border.
Political Borders are not simply a matter for geographers, even jurists, economists, historians and social scientists do research on borders. Due to the consolidation of nation-states, the images of frontiers which existed since the ancient world have been transformed in visible shapes. Maps have been supposed to constitute the image of the own territory. Visible landmarks such as mountain ranges as well as landscape transitions such as rivers or coastlines, have provided constitutional boundaries. A discourse has been developed as a result of this matter which was run by scientists. Thousands of kilometres of new borderlines were drawn after the First World War. One of these new borders is the so-called "Brennergrenze" between Austria and Italy. How did this border emerge? Which role did the scientific geography play? Which arguments were brought forward in favour of and against this new borderline? What part did the imagination of "natural borders" and "Pass-Staaten" (This term was introduced by German and Austrian geographers who insisted that a pass not so much divided but rather united a territory) play? How has natural scientific expertise been exploited for political, or rather even revanchist demands? The discussion on the legitimacy of the new border in the Alps took a long time. For their arguments, both sides insisted on natural as well as cultural givens (e.g. the main watershed on the ridge of the Alps or shared language) as scientifically grounded realities. The aim in this scientific paper is, with the aid of discourse analysis, to question those aspects and to research the argumentation of geographers on both sides of the Austro-Italian border.
Description
Keywords
Erster Weltkrieg, Diskursanalyse, Grenze, Brennerpass, Geodeterminismus, Alpen, Südtirol, Italien, Österreich, Politische Geographie, Irredenta, Ettore Tolomei, Friedrich Ratzel, Albrecht Penck, Robert Sieger, Albrecht Haushofer, Johann Sölch, Viktor Paschinger, Giovanni Marinelli, Olinto Marinelli, Douglas W. Freshfield, Woodrow Wilson, Archivio per l''Alto Adige, discourse analysis, border, Brenner Pass, frontier, Alps, South Tyrol, Italy, Austria, political geography, First World War, Irredenta, Ettore Tolomei, Friedrich Ratzel, Albrecht Penck, Robert Sieger, Albrecht Haushofer, Johann Sölch, Viktor Paschinger, Giovanni Marinelli, Olinto Marinelli, Douglas W. Freshfield, Woodrow Wilson, Archivio per l''Alto Adige
Dewey Decimal Classification
550 Geowissenschaften
Citation
Zauzig, Oliver.(2007). Die Brennergrenze im Spiegel geographischer Arbeiten. 10.18452/14100